AUSTRALASIAN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, I5, I997
Databases Mining Heritagein Victoria
for ;
I
PETER MILNER
r
In this, the first of a two-part study, the author describes a computeriseddatabase system usedfor storing ln
rf
information on mining heritage. The database brings together information from Mines Department files,
d
newspapers,and other sources,and permits them to be sorted by categoriessuch as locality, type of activity,
F
machinery,etc. As such, it representsa valuable resourcefor researchand heritage management. b
il
il
Heritage studies in Victoria have undergone a number of . What doesS. F. and Co. standfor? (a castinginscription fl
important transformations sincethe 1970s.t Important changes found on pipework associated with two c. 1902 boilers
have been the extensionof these studies to consider the underthreatin Queensland).
n
C
and of
significance conservation industrial sites,2 increased
the Many of these questions variations two fundamental
are on m
level of detailed analysis for particular places with an questions which shouldbe answered any heritage
in study:
emphasis upon the use of primary sourcematerials,3 the and
l. Givena site/artefact, what othercomparable sites/artefacts
of in
assessment significance an ever-widening context.4 All
exist/once existed?and,
this has involved asking new kinds of questionsof the
availableevidence, and arrangingsome of that materialin 2. Given a site/artefact, what can be known about the
ways which have made finding the answers rather more people/companies built it?
who
systematic. a littleeasier.
and Although these questionsare obvious enough, finding
Typical questionsasked in recent industrial heritage to
answers them can be ratherdauntingbecause the vast
of
studies havebeen: amount of materialwhich might have to be reviewed,and
which has invariablybeen assembled ways to suit quite
in
. Was the waterturbineinstalled the Barwonpapermills
at different purposes. This paper describes how some of the
in 1878the first/largest turbineinstalled Victoriain the
in sources informationabout mining activitiesin Victoriaare
of
nineteenth century? beingre-organised orderto providea moresatisfactory
in basis
. How many mining machinerysites were there on the for heritage and
studies a stimulus furtherresearch.
for
MountWills gold field?
. Wasthe first cyaniding Vctoria doneat Sunnyside at
in or
MINING SITVARTEFACT
Cassilis? DATABASEORGANISATION
. Would 1 024 ounces from24 tonsof stone (obtained the
by An early attemptto assemble and to rearrange material
the
YellowGirl Syndicate 1905)be a statistically
in significant associatedwith one particular industrial site was made
yield? $r
between 1917 and 1984 to supportheritagestudiesat the
. Was the Maude and Yellow Girl battery the first stamp Barwonpapermill nearGeelong.s This approach extended
was
batteryin Victoriato be erected a concrete
on foundation? in a more systematic way to supportinvestigations, which
. What survives the mining machineryused in Victoria
in
began 1.9'79, a numberof mining sitesin the Mount Wills
of
of In
area.6 the early stages this study the focus of attention
of
prior to 1870,andwhatshouldwe be lookingfor?
hadbeenuponthephysical remains miningat abouta dozen
of
. If SouthAustraliahad 50 beam engines, how many did sites and the preparationof the histories of these sites
Victoria have,and whereare they? depended exclusively upon the recollections an old miner,
of
. How many other pumpingstations aroundthe world are readily availablereportsfrom the Department Mines and
of
like Spotswood? selected on
extracts mining activities from local newspapers.T
. How do we make sense mining/industrial In order to test the reliability of theserecollections, check
to
of siteswhich
whether the available newspaperextracts were properly
havebeenreducedto rubble?
representative, assess
to just how valuable a source local
. What is significant aboutthe steamengineand pumpsat newspapers might be, and to determinewhetherthere were
Psyche Bend? othermining siteswithin the area,work continued beyondthe
. Is VictoriaDock unique? publication thefirst report8
of with an examination the local
of d
. How manygasworksin Australia andaroundtheworld are newspapers,published and unpublished reports by the tlll
as completeas the one at Bendigo,and which piecesof of
Department Mines,and survivinglease andclaimsregisters MM
plant,machinery equipment this sitearesignificant?
and between1888,when gold and tin in reef and lode formations I*u
at
were first discoveredin the area, and 1952 when active lnl
. Is the McNaughted beamenginedisplayed the Hobart
at commercial mining in the area ceased.9 What this work m
Technical Collegetheoldestextantin the world? was
demonstrated thatlocalnewspapers couldbe a particularly ,ggr'
. How prevalent were six-headstampbatteries relativeto rich source for information about early mining activities. m}
four-headones? Further,where these papershad already been searched by rou
. A wool press Robinson
by and Companyhas beenfound, mining companies only the geologicalinformationhad been MF
half-buried,in southemNew South Wales. Is it worth extractedand the often very detailed descriptionsof the
doing morework at this site? construction and operation mining machinery
of sites(which Gro
are of particularuse for heritagestudies)had been largely nl r
. What is known aboutWanderson Co., one of whose
and ignored.to From this work, which took five yearsof part-time fr@u
stamp batterieshas recently been discovered north- in study to complete, was possible identify 102 machinery
it to r{'!!lir
eastem Mctoria? sitesat Mount Wills and to construct detailedchronologies for Mr
. We havefound a Crossley steamengine(at a mine site in theexploration development the principalmines.l This
and of I r!![
Is
Tasmania). this significant? material was subsequentlyused in the preparation of rM&
30
classification for
reports individualsitesand as the basisfor a assembleall the relevantinformation in a manageable form,
proposal to the Land Conservation Council for the access the original copiesgraduallybecame
to more diffrcult
establishment an historic mining area within the Alpine
of and the plansand sectionswhich accompany someof the later
Region, MountWills.t2
at reports, and even parts of the reports themselves, have
deteriorated quality through use and the simple passage
in of
MINING ACTIVITIES time.
The extensionof such an approach the preparation a
to of To make the identification and assessment significant
of
single State-wide database mining heritagestudieswas
for mining artefacts sitesin Victoria more manageable was
and it
obviously beyondthe technology available the time (pencil,
at decidedto attemptto re-arrange the existing nineteenth
all
raper and typewriter),so something more restricted form
in centuryDepartment Mines data,as well as a selection
of of
:ad to be developed.l3 Apart from reports and articles materialfor the twentiethcentury.The following clusterings of
:ublishedin newspapers, bestconsecutive
the accountof the documents were proposed:
rrogress mining in Victoria throughout secondhalf of
of the l. A rearrangement the reportsof the mining surveyors
of
{lon ::e nineteenth the early part of the twentieth
and centuriesis and mining registrarsfor the period 1859 to 1889 in
i lers ::oi'ided by the various seriesof reportspublishedby the chronological order by district,division and subdivision;
)epartment MinesandtheGeological
of Survey Victoria.In
of the reportsfor each district being containedin at most
'ntal .:derof first appearance these were: threevolumes, indicated:
as Ararat (onevolume),Ballarat
The annual reports the Boardof Science.
of This boardwas (two volumes), Beechworth (threevolumes), Bendigo(one
'rcts constituted on l5 February 1858 and reports were volume), Castlemaine(two volumes), Gippsland (one
produced the end of 1858 and 1859respectively.
at The volume)and Maryborough (two volumes).19
secondreport contained collectionof statistical
a tables, 2. A rearrangement all the statisticaldata so that the
of
the
and the time series on which these were based were availableinformation on a particular subject could be
subsequently continued a separate
in publication.t+ assembled displayed one placeand in chronological
and in
Jing
- The reports the mining surveyors mining registrars.
by and order.Whereverpossibleall the data would be graphedso
ast
" Ertracts/summaries published
were monthlybetween May thatthe information couldbe presented with greaterimpact
and
i859 and November1863 and the full reportsquarterly and economyand in a way which readily indicatedits
:ulte
'-hereafter, commencingin March 1864 and ending in variability,the levelsof certaintyand the existence any
of
the
December1889. Quarterly summariesof these reports anomalies. Threevolumeswere envisaged which, in tum
'.\erecommenced June1884and these
in continued would present dataon the natureand extentof mining
the
'JSIS
until
S ept em ber 1891 . activity; the machinery, plant and equipmentemployed;
andthe costsinvolved andthe retumsobtained.
' The statistical tablesshowingthe nature, extentand value
ri miningfor eachyear.The first setwaspublished 1860 in 3. The preparation of several special reports on the
:: continuation the tablesprovided the second
of in annual distributionof yields,tonnages and locationof parcels of
::port of the Board of Science. Publication this set of
of stone, dirt and other material treated in Victoria, the
:rial ::ra ceased theendof I 888.
at t5 locationand specification machinery
of sites,and on new
- l. e annual reports the Chief Inspector Mines.These
of mining technology.
the of
.r:re published between 1874and i883, afterwhich time Considerableprogresshas been made with all these
:ded
::.3sereportswere includedin the annualreportsof the series2o the resultshave alreadybeenappliedin several
and
rich I
Ir'ills ::,-retaryfor Mines,and recent heritage studies.2
.tion ' .e reportsof progressand the specialreports of the
::ological Survey of Victoria. The hrst of these was
MINING MACHINBRY
)zen
:ites :rblishedin 1874and annually thereafter until 1878. The Whilst the Department Minesreports
of and publications have
:ner, :::nainingvolumesin the serieswere then published less an understandable focus upon the occurrenceand production
and '::quently: 1880,I 884,I 894,I 898and I 899.In thelast
in of minerals,such mattersare generallyof only secondary
:rs.7 : rheseyears new series monthlyprogress
a of reports was importancein heritagestudieswhere attentionis primarily
'teck :::rblished and these werepublished between April 1899 directedtowards surfaceworkings, plant and machinery.The
erly .:J \{arch 1900.In the twentiethcenturythesereports majortime series relatingto mining machinery werepublished
lcal ..:re replaced the GeologicalSurvey
by Bulletin and the in the GoldfieldsStatistics,laterMineralStatistics Victoria,
of
i gre : : ologicalSurvey Recordseries.l6 between 1859and 1888. The difficulty with this is thatthedata
: rhe :..1these publications wereessentially reports the status
on arenet aggregates which cannotbe interpreted a siteby site
on
Jcal ' ::nins within Victoriaat particular instants time; the
of basis.Synchronous with this statisticalseries,however,the
rhe -'::. rls between reports beingchosen either satisfy
to certain Departmentof Mines also published reports of mining
iters -:- - I rr\ requirements or the interests of investors. activities in the various divisions of each of the mining
:o n s - districts. the periodfrom May 1859to December
In
':quently, in studyingthe progress a particularly
of long- 1861these
Itlve --- :-.rne. development miningin a particular
the of locality,or reportswere often particularlydetailed, the surveyors
as and
^ -t, - -:iaining some measureof comparison with mining reglstrars were newly appointed and therewas a considerable
..irly -,-. ..ileS in other parts of Victoria,with the information amount experimentation new machinery processes.
of with and
iles. r-:r'rtid in this form, it would not be unusual have to to Thereafter,the quality of this reporting becamemuch more
:by ":j-:r throu_qh least a hundredseparate
at reports.lT any
In variable, although major installationswere nearly always
:Een ::::.: ular study, course,
of only a very smallproportion the of coveredin considerable detail.The informationprovidedby
the - - =r3tion presentedwould ever be important, so that these official reportscan,however, augmented a variety
be by
rich -:r':rJh *ork cameto resemble alluvialminingoperation
an of other sources,such as the Colonial Mining Journal
: tt.)
- ..i:ch a few nuggets widely dispersed
are amongst greater
a (1858-1861), Dicker's Mining Record (1861-1870),
:rme -::r ,rf otherwise barrenwashdirt. the same
At time, and with AustralianMining Standard(1888-), ChemicalEngineering
lery .-. ie* exceptions, statistical
the data were not graphedso and Mining Journal(1908-),and localnewspapers.22
. for --:: .i \\as difficult to readily determine accuracy,
the range From such sources, computerised inventoriesfor about
This ::: r-ile\ance the masses figurespresented.t8
of of Finally, 4 000 mining machinery sites have been prepared.This
of " -. rr rhesheer volume all thismaterial
of made difficultto
it numberrepresents about 4O per cent of the total numberof
31
such sites which it has been estimated were established in Not all the plant, machinery and equipmentused in
Victoria.23 Someentriesconsistof no more than one or two Mctorian mineswas madelocally.Up to at least1860,before
lines of text; but in other cases,becausethe mines were local manufacturers becomeproperly established,
had most
longer-lasting, wereleaders the useof new technology,
they in items would have been imported with the majority coming
they had particularlylargeinstallations machinery, they
of or from Britain. After 1890,with the encouragement British
of
usedmachinery which wasjudgedto be novelor uniqueat the investment Victorianmining,therewas yet another
in surgein
time, entriescan be severalpageslong. A typical entry, for of
the importation overseas technology. orderto placeboth
In
the Bolivia Reef Companyat Castlemaine, displayedin
is this andlocal manufacture a wider contexta chronology
in has
Table1.24 beenprepared steam
for as
technology, the dominant sourceof
Whilst particularinventories might help make senseof powerduringthe periodin question. This chronology contains
summarytechnicalspecifications, prepared chiefly from the
confused and ruined sites,furtheraggregation necessary
is in
for
orderto makethe datauseable comparative purposes. a Britishjoumals Engineering and The Engineer,2e all kinds
of
As
of steam-drivenmachinery.30 By analysing this data in
result anotherdatabase has been constructed which the
in
preciselythe same way as for the inventories Mctorian
of
various major items of plant, machinery and equipment
mining machinery, can
comparisons be madeaboutthe local
installed the variousminesin Victoriafor the period1857to
at
of
introduction certainclasses steammachinery well as
of as
1939 have been classifiedby type and size and arranged
the importance survivinglocal examples.
of
chronologically.2s Although such a database has been
constructed from a far from complete set of machinery CONCLUSION
the for
inventories, coverage such importantitems as stamp
batteries, steamenginesand puddling machines, which for The identification and assessmentof elements of Victoria's
aggregate statistics are available, is nevertheless quite mining heritage in the context of increasing demands for
For
substantial. example, throughout mostof the latterhalf of greater detail and wider comparability make it necessaryto re-
the nineteenthcentury in Victoria there were about 6 000 organise the existing sources of information so that scarce
stampheadsinstalledat any one time. Some22 500 of these resourcesare not committed to needlessduplication of effort.
are recordedin this database. the I 000 steamengines
Of What has been described is but one way to tackle the overall
installedat any time, about2 000 are entered the database
in problem. It may not be optimal, becausepartial solutions have
(798 by cylinder size and I 209 by horsepower). The total been obtained to specific sub-problems as needs have arisen,
installed horsepowerrepresented these entries is over
by and against a background, over time, of changing
45 700, which also comparesfavourablywith the total of t e c h n o l o g i c ac a p a b i l i t i e s .
l
between10 000 and 20 000 horsepower recorded installed
as Rather than one large database several smaller ones,
at any onetime.For puddlingmachines, however, only 411 are however incomplete they may be at present,have been shown
in
recorded the database, althoughthe statistics show that in to be effective in mining heritage studies. The biggest
the early 1860s therewereten timesthat numberin operation. deficiency at present is that no comparable heritage databases
it
Nevertheless, seemslikely that most, if not all, the larger appear to exist for the mining activities of other states,
installations have beenincluded.because almostall of these although there is a degree of comparability between the
were in the Ballaratdivisionsbetween1859and 1869,when historic mining records of each State. As a consequence,the
reports miningactivitytherewereparticularly
of detailed. assessment ofnational significance remains a rather haphazard
With informationassembled this fashionit is possible
in and time-consuming exercise.
not only to place particular artefacts in some kind of Within Victoria, however, it is now possible to find more
technological to
sequence, determine representativeness and readily than hitherto many of the answers to the kinds of
relative rarity, but also to actively shape the direction of questions posed at the beginning of this paper, and in certain
researchby searchingfor sites where particular types of selected instances to directly reach conclusions about the
machinery were installed the first time: the first horizontal
for intemational significance of artefacts and sites. The Barwon
tandem compoundpumping engine, the first large locally mill turbine seemsto have been the largestbut not the first to be
madebeamengine, and thelargest stampbattery, instance.
for installed in Victoria in the nineteenth century. Registrationsfor
102 mining machinery sites have been found for the Mount
MANUFACTURINGDATA ORGANISATION Wills field, and nearly all of them appear to have been erected,
although there is not much to show these days. Cyaniding
Site and artefact significancecan be enhancedby the probably began at Cassilis,although the plant at Sunnysidewas
knowledgeof who was involved in its constructionand not far behind. The resemblances between the Mount Wills and
A
operation. Hunt and Opie battery,for example,is more Mount Bischoff plants are superficial. 42 ouncesper ton from a
significant than one by Johnsand Waygoodby virtue of the parcel of 24 tons is significant. Bendigo was first with stamp
in
position of the former manufacturer the formativeyears batterieson concrete foundations. Pre-1870 iron-framed stamp
both of Ballaratindustryand of stampbatterydevelopment in batteries are especially important and such a Hunt and Opie
Victoria. The data obtainedfrom the Department Mines
of battery has recently been re-discoveredat Heathcote.Victorian
reportscontainlittle on the sources manufacture, what
of but mines had 38 confirmed and a further seven possible beam
little that it provides can be substantiallyaugmentedby engine installations(seven of which were re-installations;.rt
reference1o selectednewspapers,26 GovemmentGazettes, Spotswood seems to be unique for the range and type of
patent indexes,and professional and trade directoriesand pumping machinery displayed.An inventory of equipment can
joumals.zr From these sources a databaseon Victorian make good senseof all but the most ruined sites. The Psyche
engineering has
manufacturers beenestablished, with the data Bend engine is the oldest extant stationary triple expansion
arranged under the following headings: proprietor,business steam engine in the world. Victoria Dock is unique and was
name,location,period of operation, products, plant, existing years ahead of British dock practice at the time of its
records, activities,notes, chronology,and references.28 A construction. Bendigo gas works has some of the oldest gas
sample entry, illustrative of one of the medium-sized treatmentplant and is one of the few relatively intact sites in the
in
engineeringestablishments Melboume which supplied world. The McNaughted engine at Hobart is the oldest extant
somemining equipment, providedin Table 2. For most of
is engine of its class in the world. Six-head batterieswere more
the largerengineering establishments entriesoccupyupward prevalent prior to I 870 than four-head ones; thereafter they
of 20 pages text.
of became rare. Robison Brothers (not Robinson and Company)
3Z
.lsed in
Table 1. Sample entry from the database on victorian mining machinery sites.
. before
I most BOLIVIA REEFCOMPANY/AJAXQUARTZMININGASSOCIATION/AJAX
COMPANY
BoliviaHill,Castlemaine
:oming
British 05.1857 reel renamed Boliviainstead Specimen [1.171]-
of Hill
.urge in 09.1859 claimpurchased t4 000 and Bolivia
for Company formed[1.17.|]
.-e both 02.1860 erectingsteam engine[1.20]
rg1 has 05.1860 3^5_hors_epower enginedriving16 head batterywith heavy revolving
steam stampers
'urce of (200-250tons of stone per week);to add another8 head [1.23]
ontains 12.1860 35 horsepower steam engine,16 head batteryand pumpsvaluedat t4 600.
cm the Company woundup 11 .44,1.171)
.1 kinds 01. 1861 mine acquiredfor e3 000 by william clarke and company and renamedAjax euartz
lata in Mining Association 71]
[.1
.,-tonan 02.1 861 substituting
squarefor revolving stampers[1.48]
:,- local 06. 1861 strikegold [1.171]
tributers
* ell as
09. 1 1
86 erectingadditional head ol stampers[1.65]
8
' 11. 1861 erecting machinery [1.71]
03.1 862 P.N. Russelland Company, 21
Sydney, inch by 36 inch steam engineboiler:32 feet
by 6 leet 6 inches4 x 4 head battery, 6.5-Z hundredweight stamplrs, g with square
headsand 20 inch cornish barrelsand cams, B newlyeiectedwith z inch by t i inch
--toria's
lds for cams;70 dropsper minute;ripplescontracting towardsthe dischargeend wjth
.r Io re- shakingtablesand blankets[3.5]
scalce 05.1862 tramwaylrom tunnelextended a transferstationdirectlyover the lowertramwayro
to
the battery [3.12]
'effort.
12. 1863 erectingnew machinery: 150paid lor Chambersstamp batteryand pumps;!350
t1
overall '
for Chambersstonebreakerand t316 for Vivian,s boilert3.26gl
rs have
02.1864 new batteryalmostcompleted[3.27]
arisen,
anging 03.1864 Robertsand company (tributers) re-erecting inch cylinder35 horsepower
20 steam
engineon granitefoundations new site near engineshaft (someblocksweighing
at
4-5 tons),togetherwith 20 head batterywith revolving stampers, stampersf,er oox,
5
' ones, round headsliftedby cam discs and screw,sellfeeders;Chambershydraulic
shown stonebreaker; crushingfollowedby long rippleboardswith mercurywells,blanket
risgest tablesand revolving barrel amalgamator. inchplunger
12 pumpand 15.5inchsteam
winding engine 1. 8 1 - 8 2 ,1 . 1 7 4 )
[
:abases
06. 1864 machinery started; operating the clunes principles; erectchilianmillsand
on to
states,
appliances treat linal tailings[1.84]
to
:n the
09.1 864 Robertsand Companyhaveabandonedrollersas being inefficient .gB]
ce. the [1
hazard 11. 1864 new 20 head batteryoperating place of the old 16 head battery;error made in
in
drawingup the curvefor the new cams so that the stamperswere arresteddurinotne
tall of the discs;{aultnow rectified. New batteries and batteryhouse now one o{ ihe
I more finestcrushingestablishments the colony;boxesdischargeboth lront and back;
in
nds of buildingroomyand well lit with stone flags on the floor;chambers stone breaker
,-ertain erected[3.206]
ur the 13.02. 866 testimonial Chamberspatenthydraulic
1 for stone breaker[3.CXVl]
iarwon 03.1 866 25 horsepower steam engine,windingand pumpinggear and other appliances similar
;t to be to thoseusedon Ballarat erected [1.100]
rns for 10. 07. 1866 40 horsepower steam enginelor crushingand pumping2 boilers:30 feet by 6 feet
\lount 20 head battery, revolving stampers180 leet of 12 inch pipingin the water shaft
Chambersstone breakermine let on tributeto philip and party lor 3 years;one year
rected,
alreadyexpired[3.19]
niding
07.1 868 tenderscalledfor sinkingmain shaft from the 300 foot level[4.4]
le was
lls and 09. 1871 machinery overhauled; engineshaftdown 230 feet;whim erectedon a shaftsunk to
92 f eet[ 1. 121]
liom a
06.1 873 f ixingpumps, poppetheadsand additional appliances .129]
[1
sramp
sramp 1877-1879 very little workdone;bankin possession .174] [1
.IBB3
1 Opie usingWinks, Cowling and Hosken overwindingprevention device[2.(1S)]
:lonan 1. Victoria,Department Mines,Reportsof the Mining Registrars
of and surveyors,caslemaine
beam division.
Dns ). 1 I Victoria, Report of the Chief Inspectorof Mines.
Dickefs Mining Record.
:Pe of
4. Dicker'sMining Record and Public CompaniesGazette.
:nt Can
)s1che The numbersin squarebracketsin the form [a, b] referto page b in referencea
,rnsion at the end of the entry.
:.1 was
of its
:st gas
. in the
i\unt
: more
r they
lpany)
JJ
Table 2. Sample entry f rom the data base on Victorian manufacturing establishments 1840-1940. TMru
'l1il' ilm
MACHAR, I LLI AM ; M ACHAR
W AND M A C H A R
,Mna
propnetor fflr {!
WilliamMacharand Teal[3]; mry
WilliamMacharand SimeonTeal (by 1899-[1902])[2,4,7]; lmnu
Machar, Machar (by
and Machar 190a-[1906])[7];
William Machar, Machar and Machar(by 1907-[1910])[7] Mlfrn
business name $
Collingwood Engineering Works (by 1888-?) [1], urll{lu
MacharandTeal(by 1882-[1883], [1885]-[1895], [1897]-[1902]) [5,1,6,4,7], ,'rtrt
William Machar and Sons(by 1903-?1904, [1907]-t19101) [7] lnd
Macharand Sons(by 190a-t19061) [7], 'In
locataon
185 Simpson's Road,Collingwood (1881-[1888]);
,m
[1] iln
185Simpson (by
Road,Collingwood 1BB1-[1887]); [a,5]
185Victoria Street, (by
Collingwood 1882-[1883], [1885]); ]
[
||h
4l3VictoriaStreet, (by
Abbotslord 1888-[1893], [1903], [1910]); [4,6,7] LQ
(by
4 l 5 VictoriaStreet,Abbotsford 1B9a-[1895], [1897]-[19 10]);[4,3,7] mtilMl
425 Victoria Street, (by
Abbotsford 1910-?1911).[7] )|lllu[ir
periodoi operation: 1881-[1910] ,3,4,71
by t1 Irm
products film L
"Fawcett's" patentbrick-making machinery(1881-?1 883) [1,2] Intfl
semi-dryand plasticbrick-making machinery(by 1888-?) [1,6] 1ffi
brick-making machinery, grindingmillsto g feet in diameter, hoistinggear, axles,
clay mixers,elevators, qfl
tile presses, pug mills, (by
wirecutters 188&-[1903]) ,3,51 t1
miningmachinery, stampbatteries, winding (by
engines 1888-[19031)t1,2,3] rt"
engines[2] ,r@
irrigation plant[3]
olant Wf,IW
existingrecords lIil|ll|n
1. 3-headiron lramed mountain battery(Tallangatta) ll*l@,
2.4-head woodenlramedgravitystamp battery(55HEV430235) Lfrtts,
Patent 541331.10.1887 Machar's patent doubleactionsemi-dry brickmoulding machine (notgranted). ilm&
activities
engineers, (by
machinists 1882-[1883], [1885]-[1895], [1897]-[1902], [1904]-[1910])[4,7] ]Imd
(by
@achsmiths 1889-[1895])[ ]
tilflfiu
bric* makingmachinery makers(by 1903-?1904, t19101)t7l
NOIES
mm
WilliamMacharwas born at Montrose, Scotland, 31st May 1853.He servedhis apprenticeship the
on to
rmtm
engineering trade with Messrs.Fairbourne, Kennedy, and Naylor,of Leeds,with whom he remainedfor lll[t r
eightyears.He arrivedin Victoriain 1878,workedlor D. Munro in Melbournefor 18 monthsand spent r0I
somefurther timegaining in
experience othercolonies his
beloreestablishing own lirm in Collingwood
in 1881. 3, 1]
]U
[ rmn|
Simeon Tealcameout to Victoria the time of the Melbourne
at International in
Exhibition 1880in
connection the Kirkshall
with Forge's exhibits. joinedMacharin partnership following
He the year.[1] W
in
Columnadvertisements [7]for 1903,1910. fiilnlri
Enteredas "WilliamMachauand Sons"in [5Jfor 1903. illlln
ffiwxtt
chronology
1881 Machar and Tealcommenced in
business Simpson's Road,Collingwood, employing onlyone rffi
to
boy in addition themselves. At aboutthis time Machartook up the manulacturing
[1] agency ffiMm
lor Fawcett's patentbrick-making machineswhich he retaineduntilabout 1883.[1] .ru,lit
by 1884 Were advertising repairand erect machinery.
to [5] mn
by 1888 The firm had manuJactured brick-making machinery some of the largestbrick-works
lor in rullil
il
Victoriaincluding Gambleand Sons at Preston; the
Cornwall's Brunswick; New Northcote
at *,,i,tlf@
Company; and the Universal BrickWorks at Ringwood. The {irm was by this stage able to keep lhur
'15employees work.
at [1]
1903 '"fhe firm makesa specialtyof the manulacture brick-making
of machinery, and their plantsare
to be found in all importantbrick-making centres.lt is claimedthat these machinesare capable lflr lfi
ol turningout a greaterquantityoJbricksoJa betterqualitythan any other machine,either ,,ntilrf
in
importedor manufactured these States".[3] I
"11
'The firm has alsobuilta greatnumber miningof plants, suchas batteries, winding engines, r ri,l[]tll1
etc.,which are well and lavourably knownthroughout Australia".[1] :)'rffi;
"A numberol new millingmachineshave latelybeen added to the alreadyextensive plant,and
llr I rlli
the firm is now in a position furnish
to mining, brickmaking, irrigating, otherplantsof any
and
:iu'l-'lu
size or description". [3]
" ,,,illll:l
reJerences
1. A. Sutherfand,"Victoria lts Metropolis:Pastand Presenf',Melbourne,
and Mccarron-Bird, 1888, iltr,..
v ol. 2, 611.
p. L,Uh
2. C. G. T.Weic*hardt, personal communication, May 1985.
29
3. J. Smith,"The Cyclopaedia Victoria;'Melbourne,
of Cyclopaedia, vol.l, 1903,pp.582-583. ,*o
4. Sandsand McDougall's Melbourne and suburbandirectories.
p.6,
5. TheAqe,03.06.1884, col.5,(advertisement).
6. TheAge,28-02.1889, p.10,col.3,(advertisement).
7. Sandsand McDougall's Melbourne, suburbanand countrydirectories. ' rm
8. Victoria,PatentOlfice,"Patentsand patentees." Melbourne, Government Printer,28volumes,
1854/66-1 893.
34
nrade wool presses, thecasting
so should
inscriptiorVnameplate sizeof the steam technology database, example, expected
for is
be checked. Anderson
W and Companymadestampbatteries to be about 3 000 pages of text and over 750 pages of
of
endseveral their batteries havebeenrecorded otherparts
in references. Ideally, what is requiredis a readily accessible
-rf Victoria. The Crossley.steamengine is probably a gas magnetic storage mediumwith a capacity about100Mbsize
of
:ngine, in which case the site should be examinedfor the (Zip drives) and personalcomputerswith suffrcientRAM
::mains of a gas producer. F. and Co. is not a recognised
S. (>32Mb) and speed(-200MHz) to make computersearches
:rbreviationfor anyVictorianengineering manufacturer. feasible.With the pace of current developments this may be
A small database Victorianengineering
on manufacturers widely availablewithin thenextfew years.
'r:s begunin 1979in order to supportsite work which also Apart from an Australian Research Councilsmall grantof
::gan in that year on the Mount Wills gold and tin fields in $15 000, usedchiefly to transferseveral thousand handwritten
- rrrh-eastem Victoria,and chiefly to assistin differentiating entriesinto the manufacturing the
database, development of
:,.!\\een the local engineering manufacturers machinery
and has
thesedatabases beenunfunded, and undertaken a part-
on
.::nts for the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century time basis with equipment usually acquired and largely
- ring machinery By
which was then being recorded. 1985 dedicated otherpurposes.
to This is likely to be thecasefor the
- . database had several hundredone-page entries,initially foreseeable future.
--.rg file cards, laterconstructed
but usinga ratherprimitive
:,.: editorandstoredon several floppy discsassociated awith ABBREVIATIONS
: )?-! computerusedfor teaching and research work in the DoMIE Department of Mechanical and Industrial
-::rrtment of Mechanical Manufacturing
and Engineering at Engineering
- = L-niversity Melboume.The major expansionof this
of
1985and 1992in orderfirstly to NTAV NationalTrustof Australia(Victoria)
-:':rase occurred between
-::"rrr a National Estatefunded study,undertaken the by UoM Universityof Melboume
.: rr3l Trustin Victoria,of historicVictorianmanufacturing
'.- rnitiallywith Julie Stacker and thenJan Penney), and NOTES
":-.:Jlr to supportpostgraduate research undertaken by
I Thesetended be rathersuperficial, the Crown Lands
to eg.
':'-.r.3\\' Churchward into the development engineering
of
- ..--:rcture in Victoria in the nineteenth survey of historic mining sites in Victoria (Anonymous
century. During this
-: .rdilidual entriesfor some of the major manufacturers 1978)andJacobs LewisandVines1979.
* :-: :.rnsiderably (in
expanded some cases to 50 pages
up of 2 This includesboth mining and manufacturingsiteseg. the
: ;rr entry); the scopeof the database was widened to classificationreport for the Barwon paper mill (Milner
-, -:: otherkinds of manufacturers (about20 000 entries); I 983b).
, :rer databases were constructed, one for machinery
- -. :J on Victorian mines (4 000 entries)and anotherfor 3 Examples the classification
are reports the Mount Wills
for
- :-:i:onal steam technology (3 000 entries). The Proprietary mining site (Milner 1984b), Spotswood
tin the
- -.--:.--turing database currently occupies l4.3Mb, the pumping station(Milner 1985a),and the Rubicon power
- - -: nachinerybase2.4Mb and,until the currentupgrade, (Evans
station 1993).
' : .-:rn technologyfile occupied l.5Mb, with entries
4 Firstly at a regional, then a state, national and even
- -'::J in WordPerfect version6.0a. intemational to
level,both with respect what is extantand
- : :lrajor entries in both the manufacturing and the what once existed. Examples are Moloney and
- - - ::l'hinery databases have been made availablein Churchward1994, Milner 1990b, 1992a,1992b, 1992c,
,: ----:-: ::ports togetherwith an analysisof the types and 1992d, 1994, and Milner, Ward and Vines 1991.All of
.:i -r :rning machinery usedon the Victorianmines.32 The these siteshavebeenassessed to the intemational
up level.
* *::\: :or intemational steam and
technology an analysis of
.:-: - :r: ind sizesof machinery recorded it has also been
in 5 This resulted the preparation threevolumes source
in of of
-..--: :.':lable.l3In addition, these have
databases beenused materials, includingphotographs, drawingsand newspaper
of on
:-.,:-:3 a number reports specific technologies such articles,recorded oral history,correspondence public
and
records (Milner 1984a and 1985b).
- r,::r-. engines and agricultural machinery, and on
-.*- -::::iring establishments specific
in of
areas the State.34 6 at
The studyof thesemining siteswas initially undertaken
- '-:r r.ports are availableeither from the Engineering
the request the Heritagesub-committee the Victoria
of of
, r-:-.. The Universityof Melboumeor from the National of
Divisionof the Institution Engineers,Australia.
-- .- : ,\ustralia (Victoria).
includepreparation versiontwo
of 7 Theseextracts werecontained the DyasonCollectionin
in
-:::nt developments
-: -:i.lm technology database. now hasabout16000
This the Universityof MelboumeArchivesand were drawn to
'- ,- :' .i ith a further5 000 awaitingentry,and an estimated by
my attention FrankStrahan, Archivist.
University
-- -:,:r!e sizeof about l5Mb. Eventually, is hopedto
it 8 1979.
MilnerandPengilley
-'..-.,: ''ir3 of this information more accessible graphical
in
:::.rnrinarywork hasalready begunon version two of 9 16
OmeoTeLegraph December 1887-15May 1896,Omeo
'- - - :.Snrachinery databasebased, part,on someof the
in Standard 4 November 1893-25 June 1942. Mines
.-- :: .r.rrk undertaken Mount Wills and on David
at Departmentrecordswere locatedat the Omeo court house
: ----::r'> recentlycompletedstudiesof Victorianmining and at the Treasuryvaultsin Melboume.A smallARC grant
:. .-.1 lor which a tenfold increase storagesize (to
in wasobtained orderto examine analyse material.
in and this
- .1: :in be expected. second
A version themajorentries
of
- --: --.jnufacturers database also to be published,
is which l0 This conclusion beenconfirmedby an examination
has of
, ::lude information on other than ensineerins the WestemMining Corporation's indicesto the Bendigo
i- . it al\ .
Advertiser and the extractsof the Castlemaine Mail held
- -
-'-::::r accessto the databases by Newmontat WattleGully.
themselvesdependcrucially
-:, ,- developmentsin storage technology. The overall 1I Six volumes and several additional sub-volumeswere
- -::3nt
,: . ,: :l)e databases are now such that hard copy, however projected. substantial
A amountof materialwas gathered
" : --:-::nced. is no longer an appropriate format. The final for eachof these onlv someof which haveso far
volumes.
35
been publishedas Milner 1985c, 1985d, 1986m,and 20 Mi l ner1986a,1986b,1986c, 1986d,1986e, 198611986g,
1986n; Councilstudyof 1978had
The Land Conservation 1986h, The
1986i,1986j,1986k,19861. rearrangement of
identified morethantwo sitesin the area.
no data is contained Milner 1989d
someof the statistical in
and two specialreportshave also been prepared,Milner
which continued
l2 SeeMilner 1984b, work begunin Milner 1989f Mi l ner1991.
and
andPengilley1979,andMilner 1982andMilner 1983a.
21 For instance,in the assessment mining sites in the
of
13 With the advent of computersit has been possibleto Melbourne Eaststudyarea,in the shireof Korong,and in
presentinformation from local newspapers rather more themunicipalities Bendigo Eaglehawk.
of and
effectively than hitherto, although it remains a time-
consumingactivity to extract such information in the 22 T\e files relating to the operation of the Mining
absence of reliable digital scanning and character Development of 1896 are also particularlyuseful as
Acr
recognition algorithmscapable handlingthe fonts,sizes
of they often contained detailed inventories of plant,
and quality of old newsprint.Testsundertaken Ray by machineryand equipmentwhich were preparedso that
Supplein 1993 with then commerciallyavailabledigital mining companies could offer such items as securityfor
scanners selected
on samples of
from Department Mines loans obtained from the Govemmentfor development
that characterrecognitionsuccess purposes. as not all companies
But availedthemselves of ffiil
reports demonstrated
ratesno higherthan about 80 per centcould be achieved, the provisions this Act, and as it was operational
of only
and this was not sufficientto make it more efficientthan duringthe periodof sustained declinein miningactivity.
existing manualmethodsof data extraction. The general coverage ratherhaphazard.
is
approachoutlined here has been adoptedin a modified
23 Between1866 and 1891,a period during which fairly
form in thecurrentsurvey historicVictorianminingsites
of
reliable data are available,there had been, on average,
(Bannear 1991 1993a, 993b, 1993c,1993d,1993e).
, 1
installedin
about!2 000 000 worth of mining machinery
14 Additionalgold mining statistics the periodprior to this
for Victoria.For all this time there were alwaysabout I 000 .,ir:
weresubsequently published (Smyth1869). steamengines useon thesegoldfields. it is supposed
in If
that,on average, therewasone steamengineat everysuch ,r{l!
15 Between1860and 1863thesereportswere entitledGold site (some sites would obviously have had many more,
Field Statistics thereafter
and Mineral StatisticsofVictoria. whilst others had machinery driven by waterwheels,
In the first few years of publicationto 1864 the tables turbines,horsesor, on occasions, windmills and cattle), f,
the
summarised, to someextentregularised statistical
and that installations lasted,on average, about five years,
for
informationpresented from time to time in the reportsof and thatthe reallyproductive phase mechanized
of mining {tl]lllt
the mining surveyorsand mining registrars. Thereafter, lastedfor 50 years(from 1860to 1910)then therewould
they did not always include all the detailed statistical havebeen 1000 x 50/5: 10000 siteswheremachinery
informationpresented the quarterly
in reports,particularly had been installeci Victoria. Thus 4 000 entrieswould
in fllhr
with respect the distributionof the mining population,
to just
represent 40 percentof this estimated total.
but they did contain a great deal of informationabout
mining activitiesnot included in those reportswithin a 24 All the more detailed entries have been arranged
singlevolume and arranged a more accessible
in format. alphabetically the namesof the companies
by which last
After 1888 a reduced of statistical
set tableswas published occupied siteswherethe machinery
the was installedand rm*
with the annual reports until 1895. From 1864 these publishedin separate volumes by districts (Milner and
volumesof statistics also contained annualreportsof
the C hurchw ard 1988a, 1
1988b,l 9tl 8c, 1988d, 988e, 19881
the Secretary Minesandfrom 1878the annual
of reportsof 19889). For the present there is a great deal more
the Inspector of Explosives.These two report series information on the mines of the Ballarat district than ryii
eventually becamepart of the basisfor the singleannual elsewhere, chiefly because the biasesevident in the
of
reports the Secretary Mines,whenthe Department's
of for sourcessurveyedso far. The mines in the Sandhurst
publications between
wererationalised 1888and 1891 . divisionin particular were neverdescribed much detail
in
manyof the mine owners
in the official reports, thereseem
16 The functions theGeological
of SurveyRecordserieswere to have been reluctant to divulge the details of their m
subsumed Journal from
within the Mining and Geological operations thereporters Dicker'sMining Record,and
to for
I 937 onwards. large scalemechanisation not begin on Bendigountil
did
1870,by which time the level of detailedreportingof
17 Therewere,afterall, 188 individualreports the mining
of
had declined. This emphasis may be
mining machinery iry{
surveyors of
and subsequently the
and mining registrars,
corrected time by reference local newspapers.
in to
Secretary Mines, betweenthe flrst in May 1859 and
for
I 9l 4, whenthefirst phase miningcameto an abruptend'
of 25 This existsin both a computerised a hard copy form
and
(Mi l ner1989e).
l8 This applies particularly to estimates of mining
populations, accuracyof which depended
the both upon TheAge, TheArgus,
26 For examplelhe GeebngAdvertiser,
the diligence registrlrs.
andpersistence the relevant
of Ironmonger.
and theAustralasian
19 The originals were photocopied (or printed and copied and trade sectionsof the
27 ln particular,the professional
from microfiche)and cut and pastedchronologically by Sands and McDougall directories, lhe Chemical and
divisions of
and districts.Such plansand sections a size Mining EngineeringJournal. and The Commonv'ealth
larger than a normal page,which were includedin later Engineer.
reportsand often in association with specialreportson
particularmines or localities,togetherwith thosereports 28 This database existsin both a computerised a hard
and
pertaining the districtas a whole andan indexto all the
to copyfornt.The formercontains the current
all entrles(now
propernamesand certaintechnical in
termscontained all in excess of 20 000) for most classes of Victorian
these reports were to be brought together in a separate manufacturing chiefly for the period between 1857 and
companionvolume for each district' CRA have already 1939,although selected entries outside
refer to activities
used thesevolumesto construct their own gazetteerof The latterfocusattention
this interval. uponthe principal
mining companies localities.
and engineeringestablishments the major centres of
in
JO
15g. Ballarat, Bendigo and Castlemaine,Geelong and other CHURCHWARD, M. S. AND p. MILNER, 1988c. The
:t of .-ountrycentres,and Melboume(Churchward and Milner principal engineering establishments in Victoria:
,\9 d , 988a. ,
1988b1 9 8 8 c1 9 8 8 d ).
, 1842-1945, III. Geelong and other country towns',
lner TechnologyReport,DoMIE, UoM, No.TR-S814.
- ' TheEngineer beencontinuously
has published a weekly
on
:asis sinceI 856 andEngineering since1866,so both span CHURCHWARD, M. S. AND P. MILNER, 1988d. 'ThE
the ::e period during which mining was most active in principal engineering establishments in Victoria:
.trin Victoria.Although both were publishedin Britain anil 1842-1945, Melboume',Technology
IV. Report,DoMIE,
::cussed specificallyon developments British steam
in UoM, No.TR-88/5.
::--hnology, they both describedleadingdevelopments in EVANS, P. 1993. 'Rubicon hydro-electric scheme',
'.tng .-.r!technology occurringin America and Europe.Even classification report, Industrial History Committee,
las :.,>traliandevelopments (notablyrailway developments,
-..--rorian NationalTrustof Ausrralia(Vctoria) (NTAV).
3nI. mining, locomotive manufacture the phoenix
at
'}tat :,:ndry and Norman Selfe's GeologicalSurveyRecord
engineering activitiesin
lbr ' " :re) ) gained Gold Field Statisrics
attention
from time to time.
rent
i of r . . \ lilner 199 0 . JACOBSLEWIS AND VINES, 1979..Historicsite survey-
nl) North Centralstudy area',unpublished reportto the Land
1t) . l- Joes not includethefive confirmed(andtwo possible) Conservation Council,Victoria.
'
-.::-r engines installed in Victorian manufacturins
- i,:il.icSat thetime. MILNER, P. 1982.'Historic mining sitesin the Mount Wills
area',Technology Report,DoMIE, UoM, No. TR-g214, a
rrll
. .' -i: 1989b, 1989c,and 1989e,
Milner and Churchward report on behalf of the Industrial History Committee,
- . . .. 1988b,1988c,1988d,1988e,19881 1988e. NTAV, and forming part of a submissionto the Land
1in
Conservation Council,Victoria.
,00 - : : 1990a.
.ed MILNER, P. 1983a.'On a proposecl historic areaat Mouni
.N-h - - : : 1988, th i s v o l u me ;Mi l n e r 1 9 8 9 a .; e n ney
p n.d.a, Wills', Technology Report,DoMIE, UoM, No. TR-g3/2,a
rre. -' report on behalf of the Industrial History Committee,
:l s . NTAV, and forming part of a submissionto the Land
} XtsLIOGRAPHY Conservation Council,Victoria.
rfS. MILNER, P. 1983b. 'The Barwon paper mill, Fyansford',
:n o '" : I.1OL'S.
1978.'Preservation HistoricGold-Mining
of Technology Citation, (DoMIE), (UoM), No. TC_83/1,
'',li , . report theMinister Conservation,
to for report to the IndustrialHistory Committee,NTAV.
:r) _;nRuUtished
.rld MILNER, P. 1984a. 'source materials industrial
for activityat
D. 1991.'Reporton historicminingsitesin the the Barwon paper milt, Fyansford. l. Drawings',
mining division', North Central Goldfields Technology Report,DoMIE, UoM, No. TR-94/g,reportto
D.partment of Conservationand Environment, theIndustrial HistoryCommittee, NTAV.
,ist MILNER, P. 1984b.'The Mount Wills proprietarvmine and
fid :.-R. D. 1993a. 'Report historic
on miningsitesin the batterysite',Technology Citation,DoMIE, UotrA, fC-
No.
nd :-,aloc FryersCreekminingdivisions',North Central 84/9,reportto the Industrial HistoryCommittee, NTAV.
if. -' : :s project, Department of Conservationand
lre '--. Rlsources, MILNER, P. 1985a.'The Melboumeand Metropolitan Board
NorthWestArea,Bendieo.
of Works pumping station at Spotswood',Technology
" , .:..R. D. 1993b.'Report on historic mining sites in the Citation, DoMIE, UoM, No. TC-95/1, report to the
fie
- : --,i'- i3 tWaranga South) mining division', North Industrial HistoryCommittee,
NI NTAV.
:-:: Goldfields project, Department of Conservation
erl MILNER, P. 1985b. 'sourcematerials industrial
for activityat
-.-- '.:i-:ll Resources, North West Area, Bendigo.
lm the Barwonpapermill, Fyansford. Newspapers,
2. articles,
i ir -." .: r-R. D. 1 99 3c .' Repor t on his t or ic m ining s i t e s oral history,correspondence,
in the public recordsand an index
'- - - mrning division', North Central Goldfields to photographs', Technology
-u
-ttr Report,DoMIE, UoM, No.
:ri l r- ':- i- Department of Conservation and Natural TR-85/1, report to the Industrial History Committee,
of ; : ,::.>. \orth West Area, Bendigo. NTAV.
-
re " . . '. : :.-R.D. I 993d. 'Report on historic mining sites in the MILNER, P. 1985c. 'sourcematerials mininein the Mount
for
; Wills area.I. Newspapers periodicals.
-.- ^ ':lh r\\'aranga North) mining division,, North and Section1. The
,-:,. Goldfields project, Department of Conservation OmeoTelgraph and Omeo Standard'. Technology Report,
-"-: \.:::il Resources, North West Area, Bendigo. DoMIE, UoM, No. TR-85/2.
- '".: :-R..D. 1993e.'Report on historic mining sites in the MILNER, P. 1985d. 'sourcematerials minins in the Mount
for
:-----:.i. Eag lehawk and Ray wood m ining di v i s i o n s ', Wills area. Indexto photographs'.
VI. TechnologyReport,
. ri- C:ntral Goldfields project, Department of DoMIE, UoM, No. TR-85/3.
-r::.:tion and Natural Resources,North West
:14 Area. MILNER, P. 1986a.'The progress mining. I. The Ararat
of
: , : _- . - district. Section 1. The mining registrars' repqrts,
:it - : . . - 1' n\ RD. M .S. A N D P . MIL N ER . 1 9 8 8a.,The 1859-1889', Technology Report,DoMIE, UoM, No.TR-
: - - - ::. en_eineering establishmentsin Victoria: 86t3.
.-- ,jj. I. Ballarat', Technology Report,Depanment
-.t MILNER, P. 1986b.'The progress mining. II. The Ballarat
of
- \1:: ienical and Industrial Engineering(DoMIE),
district. Section 1. The mining registrars' reports,
- .::..:i .rf \lelboume(UoM),No.TR-S8/2.
;n 1859-1889, Nos. l-6, Central,Southem,
for Buninyong
-,t - i -::"\.iRD. \,1.S. AND P. MILNER, 1988b. ,The and Smythesdale divisions',Technology
Report,DoMIE-,
ic : - - : : r . ens l n e e n n g e s ta b l i s h me n tsn v i ctori a:
i UoM, No.TR-86/4.
-l ':-- .:-<. II. Bendigoand Castlemaine', Technologv MILNER, P. 1986c.'The progress mining. II. The Ballarat
dl
i: t , , : . D, . \ 11E . -o M. o .T R -8 8 /3 of
:tf L N district. Section 2. The mining registrars, reports,
3l
1859-1889, for Creswick, Gordon, Steiglitz and MILNER, P. 1989b.'Engineering in
achievements Victorian
Blackwood divisions and Blue Mountain South manufacturing, l84O-1945. I. The achievements',
subdivision',
Technology
Report,DoMIE, UoM, No.TR- Technology
Report,DoMIE, UoM, No.TR-89/18.
86/5.
MILNER, P. 1989c.'Engineering achievements Victorian
in
MILNER, P. 1986d. 'The progressof mining. III. The manufacturing, 18.10-1945. II. The manufacturers',
Beechworth district. Section 1. The mining registrars' Technology
Report,DoMIE, UoM, No.TR-89119.
reports,1859-1889, SpringCreeUBeechworrh,
for Indigo, MILNER, P. 1989d 'Mechanisationand productivity on
SnakeValley,Yackandandah, Omeo,Mitta Mitta, Bethanga Victoria's goldfields- a statisticalstudy, 1864-1891',
and Dark River divisions',TechnologyReport,DoMIE, Technology Note,DoMIE, UoM, No.TN-89/1,
UoM, No.TR-86/6.
MILNER, P. 1989e'Mining machineryinstallations Victoria:
in
MILNER, P. 1986e. 'The progress of mining. III. The 1857-1939. classification
A accordingto type and size',
Beechworth district. Section 2. T-be mining registrars' TechnologyReport,DoMIE, UoM, No.TR-89/12.
reports, 1859-1889, for Buckland, Wandiligong and
MILNER, P. 1989f, 'Rich yields from the Victorian
Jordan North divisions', Technology Report, DoMIE, goldfields',Technology
Note,DoMIE, UoM, No.TN-89/5.
UoM. No.TR-86/7.
MILNER, P. 1990a. 'The development steam
of technology
on
MILNER, P. 1986f. 'The progress of mining. IIL The land and sea: 1600-1940',TechnologyReport, DoMIE,
Beechworth district. Section 3. The mining registrars' UoM, No. TR-90/2.
reports, 1862-1866,for Gippsland,Jordan South and
Omeo divisions', Technology Report, DoMIE, UoM, MILNER, P. 1990b.'The pumpingengineat PsycheBend',
TechnologyReport,DoMIE, UoM, No. TR-90/3, report to
No.TR-86/8.
the HistoricBuildingsCouncil,Victoria.
MILNER, P. 19869.'The progress mining.IV. The Bendigo
of
MILNER, P. 1991. 'Reports of new mining technologyin
district. Section l. The mining registrars' reports,
official publications the Mines Department,
of Victoria',
1859-1889',Technology Report,DoMIE, UoM, No.TR- TechnologyNote, DoMIE, UoM, No.TN-91/3,February
86t9. 1991,2opp.
MILNER, P. 1986h. 'The progress of mining. V. The MILNER, P. 1992a.'An assessment the plant, machinery
of
Castlemaine district. Section 1. The mining registrars' and equipmentat the Bendigo gas works', Technology
reports, 1859-1889,for Castlemaine, Fryers Creek and Report, DoMIE, UoM, No. 'lR-92120, report ro Graeme
Taradaledivisions', TechnologyReport, DoMIE, UoM, Butler andAssociates.
No.TR-86/10.
MILNER, P. 1992b. 'A chronology for the Bendigo gas
MILNER, P. 1986i. 'The progress of mining. V. The works', TechnologyReport,DoMIE, UoM, No. TR-92125,
Castlemainedistrict. Section 2. Tl:,e mining registrars' report to GraemeButler andAssociates.
reports,1859-1889, St. Andrews,Hepburn/Daylesford
for MILNER, P. 1992c. 'Conservation strategiesfor the plant,
and Maldon/Tarrangowerdivisions and Blue Mountain machineryand equipmentof the Bendigo gas works',
North subdivision', Technology Report, DoMIE, UoM, TechnologyReport, DoMIE, UoM, No. TR-92126,report
No.TR-86/11. to GraemeButler andAssociates.
MILNER, P. 1986j. 'The progress of mining. VI. The MILNER, P. 1992d. 'Engineeringand other establishments
Gippsland district. Section 1. The mining registrars' associatedwith the Bendigo gas works', Technology
reports,1867-1889',Technology Report,DoMIE, UoM, Report, DoMIE, UoM, No. TR-92123,report to Graeme
No.TR-86/12. ButlerandAssociates.
MILNER, P. 1986k. 'The progressof mining. VII. The MILNER, P. 1994. 'The State coal mine at Wonthaggi',
Maryborough district. Section 1. The mining registrars' TechnologyReport,DoMIE, UoM, No. TR-9412, report to
reports,1859-1889, Maryborough,
for AmherstandAvoca Andrew C. Ward and Associates for submission the
to
divisions', TechnologyReport; DoMIE, UoM, No.TR- Historic PlacesSection,Department Conservation
of and
86t13. NaturalResources,Melboume.
MILNER, P. 19861.'The progressof mining. VII. The MILNER, P. AND M. S. CHURCHWARD, 1988a. 'The
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39