BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY
Worksheet 13
Homo sapiens: A Special Vertebrate
1. Humans are primates. They share the mammalian order with _______________,
_______________, _______________, _______________, _______________,
_______________, and the _______________.
Evolutionary Characteristics
2. Scientists believe that at one time all primates lived _______________. The successful species
were those that developed adaptations for _______________life. Over evolutionary time,
species such as _______________, _______________, and _______________have left the trees
and have adapted to _______________. However, certain characteristics persist in the ground-
living species that show close relationship to their tree-living “_______________”.
3. Figure 13.1 illustrates the comparative shapes of hands of some primate species. These hands
were adapted for _______________objects such _______________, enabling the animals to
_______________by _______________from tree limb to tree limb. Even the feet and tails of
some primate species are _______________, adapted for _______________. A second primate
characteristic is the ______________________________. The eyes of most other mammals are
located at the sides of the head. The eyes of a primate are directed forward, a structural
arrangement that permits _______________vision. This means that primates can see in
______________________________, a characteristic that enables them to see ahead with
clarity the branches that they grasp. Another primate adaptation is the development of a
_______________and more ______________________________. Convolutions are
______________________________ that increase surface area and allow for a greater number
of nerve cells. Mention should also be made of two other primate characteristics. Primates
have _______________that are less specialized for tearing and more useful for
_______________and _______________of a varied diet. Primates also have a small number of
_______________and provide ______________________________for the young.
4. Though humans are primates, they are set apart from other primates by some
_______________and _______________adaptations. Bipedalism, the ability to
_______________, has freed the _______________for doing work. The human can walk
_______________ and _______________from region to region – things that aid in
_______________, _______________, or _______________.
5. Humans can live in the most _______________of _______________and are the most
______________________________of the primates. The human adjustment to various climates
and land surfaces is probably due to the ______________________________. In all probability,
brain development is the single greatest factor contributing to human ability to
________________and to _______________. Speech is tied to a myriad of intricate brain
functions: ______________________________, ______________________________,
_______________. The formulation of the spoken word leads to the creation of the written
word. When ideas are _______________, they are _______________. The human being is the
only animal that can ______________________________. Human civilization function in terms
of _______________called _______________.
6. The human body is divided into a _______________, _______________, _______________, and
two pairs of _______________– namely, the _______________and _______________. Hair is
BIOLOGY
present _______________, _______________, sparsely on the arms and legs, and around the
_______________; in males there is a greater distribution of body hair, often on the
_______________and heavily on the _______________, on the arms and the legs and on the
_______________. The face is directed forward in a _______________, the main axis of the
body is set _______________, also.
7. In humans, as in other mammals, to _______________cavity is divided into three different
areas. The _______________encloses the heart; _______________contain the lungs; and the
_______________ holds the major part of the _______________, the _______________, and
the _______________.
The Skeletal System
8. The human skeleton, like that of all vertebrates, is a living _______________that grows with the
body. At birth, the human baby has a body that is made up of _______________. Due to the
fusion of separate bones, the mature skeleton is composed of _______________.
9. The human skeleton is a ______________________________. The primary purpose of the
skeleton is to _______________and to ______________________________the internal organs.
The skeleton must be _______________and able to absorb reasonable amounts of
_______________without _______________. At the same time, the body framework must be
_______________and _______________in weight to permit _______________. Skeletal bones
move in response to muscles that work like _______________, allowing a variety of movements
such as _______________, _______________, _______________, _______________,
_______________, _______________and _______________.
10. The human skeleton is divided into two major parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular
skeleton.
11. The skull, the thorax and the vertebral, or spinal, column are the three regions of the axial
skeleton.
12. Which bones compose the skull?
13. What are the two regions of the skull?
14. How many bones form the cranium?
15. How many bones form the facial region?
16. What are the smallest bones in the body? Where are they located?
17. How many bones compose the vertebral column?
18. Name the bones (and how many) form the vertebral column at birth.
19. What is the sacrum?
20. What is the coccyx?
21. How many pairs of ribs are attached to the vertebral column?
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22. What is another name for the rib cage?
23. What is the sternum?
24. What parts of the body make up the appendicular skeleton?
25. What is an appendage?
26. Which is the longest and strongest bone in the body?
27. Name the other bones in the legs?
28. Name the bones in the arms?
29. In general, long bones are shaped like _______________with _______________at the ends
which are designed to fit into other bones for form _______________. The ends of the long
bones are filled with _______________, a structural device which makes _______________but
_______________. The open spaces in spongy bone are filled with _______________; while
_______________ fills the shaft of the long bone.
30. What is red marrow?
31. What is yellow marrow?
32. What percent of bone is water? What does the other percent consist of?
33. Where are collagen fibers found?
34. What is the role of osteoblasts?
35. What is the role of osteoclast?
36. What is the function of osteocyte?
37. What is the periosteum?
38. What percent of total body weight do muscles represent?
39. Muscle tissue is characterized by ________________ and ________________, two distinctive
properties that enable it to effect movement of the body and its parts.
40. What are the two common disorders of locomotion and/or other movements?
41. What are the three types of muscle tissue?
42. Describe smooth muscles?
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43. Describe striated muscles?
44. Describe cardiac muscles?
45. The nervous system in humans is made up of two major parts:
________________________________ and the ________________________________.
46. The basic unit of function of the nervous system is the ________________, or nerve cell.
47. What are the parts of the nerve cell?
48. What is the role of the dendrites?
49. What is the role of the axon?
50. What is the role of the cyton?
51. What is the name of the fatty substance covering many of the axons in the vertebrate body?
52. What is the benefit of the myelin sheath?
53. What are the three types of neurons in the nervous system?
54. Describe sensory neurons?
55. Describe associative neurons?
56. Describe motor neurons?
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57. What is the primary function of the nervous system?
58. What is resting potential?
59. What is action potential?
60. What is meant by the “all or none response”?
61. Axons with myelinated sheaths can conduct impulses at the rate of ______________________.
Naked axons may conduct impulses at the rate of a ________________________________.
62. Impulses travel from one neuron to another crossing a specialized gap called the
________________. Describe this gap?
63. Describe the function of neurotransmitters?
64. What are the two main neurohumors?
65. What is the junction between the nerve fibers and the muscles known as?
66. The ________________ and the ________________ compose the central nervous system.
67. The brain is the ________________________________ of the body, processing
________________ that is ________________ by the sense organs.
68. The brain ________________, ________________, ________________, and ________________
information.
69. The brain is divided into several parts each with special functions. What are those parts?
70. What is the largest and most highly developed part of the brain?
71. What part of the brain is known as the seat of intelligence?
72. Wrinkles formed on the cerebrum are known as what?
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73. What are the right and left sides of the brain referred to as?
74. Describe gray matter?
75. Describe white matter?
76. What is the function of olfactory lobes?
77. What is the function of the thalamus?
78. What is the function of the hypothalamus?
79. What parts of the brain form the brainstem?
80. The _______________ controls the precision and coordination of voluntary movements such as
_______________, _______________, _______________, _______________,
_______________, and _______________.
81. The hindbrain is composed of the _______________ _______________, the _______________,
and the _______________.
82. The cerebellum controls body _______________, _______________, and _______________. It
receives sensory signals about body position and balance and integrates these signals with those
coming from the sense organs: _______________, _______________, _______________, and
_______________.
83. The pons serves as a _______________. Bands of nerve extending from the pons fibers link the
_______________, _______________, and _______________.
84. Describe the spinal cord.
85. The _______________nervous system connects the _______________nervous system – the
_______________and _______________– with the other organs of the body. It has two parts –
_______________and _______________.
86. Describe the somatic nervous system.
87. Describe the autonomic nervous system.
88. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the _______________ system and the
_______________ system.
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89. Give a description of the following disorders:
a. Cerebral palsy
b. Meningitis
c. Stroke
d. Polio
90. What are the functions of hormones?
91. The endocrine system is made up of the _______________, the _______________, the
_______________, the _______________, the _______________ in the pancreas, the
_______________, the _______________, and the _______________.
92. Through their secretions the endocrine glands regulate _______________, _______________,
_______________, _______________, _______________, _______________,
_______________, and the _______________ and _______________ of the reproductive
system.
93. The pituitary gland, sometimes called the _______________, hangs from the base of the brain
and is thought to exert control over much of the ______________________________.
94. Recreate Table 13.4 Endocrines and their hormones.
95. Describe respiration.
96. Where are the sinuses located and what is their function?
97. Describe the path air takes as it is inhaled.
98. The trachea divides into two branches called _______________ which divides into smaller
tubules called _______________; which has tiny air sacs at the end called _______________.
99. Oxygen diffuses from the _______________into the _______________and is transported to all
parts of the body by way of the _______________. Conversely, carbon dioxide diffuses
_______________into the _______________ and makes the reverse trip through the
_______________, finally leaving the body through the _______________.
100. What is the double membranous sac enclosing the lungs called?
BIOLOGY
101. Give a description of the following disorders of the respiratory system:
a. Pleurisy
b. Bronchitis
c. Asthma
d. Emphysema
e. Hiccough (hiccup)
102. The human heart lies in the _______________behind the _______________and slightly
to the _______________. The heart is a bundle of _______________specialized for rhythmic
_______________and _______________known as _______________. The rate of average
heartbeat is _______________ per minute.
103. In size, the heart is about as large as a person’s _______________. The walls are
_______________ on one side than on the other. The surface is covered with a number of small
_______________and _______________; these small arteries are the _______________, which
carry blood laden with _______________and _______________to the muscle fibers of the
heart. A number of large arteries and veins lead into the top of the heart. These carry blood
_______________and _______________the other parts of the body.
104. Draw the structure of the heart as shown in Figure 13.15.
105. The inside of the heart is divided into ______________________________. The two
chambers at the top are the _______________, or the _______________. The lower chambers,
the _______________are _______________. Each atrium is separated from the ventricle below
by a _______________. The atrium and the ventricle on the right are separated from the left
atrium and ventricle by a _______________ called the _______________.
106. The heart is a _______________ _______________. Blood flows from the
_______________into the _______________which pumps the blood through the
______________________________to the _______________where it _______________and
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_____________________________________________. The _______________represents the
first pump. Blood returns from the _______________to the _______________by way of the
______________________________and empties into the _______________. The left atrium
then sends the ______________________________into the _______________which then
pumps it out to ______________________________. The ventricle represents the
______________________________.
107. Blood is _______________in the _______________. Deoxygenated blood leaves the
heart by way of the ______________________________. Oxygenated blood is returned to the
______________________________by way of the ______________________________.
Arteries ______________________________; veins _______________the heart.
108. Heart valves ______________________________of blood. Separating the right atrium
from the right ventricle is the ______________________________, so named because it has
_______________or _______________. The opening and closing of these cusps is controlled by
______________________________. A valve with two cusps, the _______________, separates
the left atrium from the left ventricle. Other valves are located where the _______________and
the ______________________________join the _______________.
109. When a doctor listens to your heart through a stethoscope, describe the “lubb” and the
“dub” he or she hears?
110. Describe the systole and diastole contraction phases.
111. What is a normal blood pressure?
112. Blood consists of a liquid medium called _______________.
113. What are the three kinds of blood cells?
a.
b.
c.
114. The human body contains about ______________________________.
115. What are the smallest of the cellular elements in the blood?
116. The main types of blood are _______________?
117. Give a description of the following circulatory system disorders:
a. Cardiovascular disorder
b. Hypertension
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c. Coronary Thrombosis
d. Angina pectoris
e. Blood disorders
f. Anemia
g. Leukemia
118. Homo Sapiens actually has ______________________________.
119. Describe lymph.
120. What is edema?
121. The human digestive system begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. It is often
referred to as a “______________________________”.
122. What are the five separate jobs that have to do with the processing and distribution of
nutrients?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
123. Waves of muscle contractions that moves food down the esophagus are called what?
124. What is hydrolysis?
125. Describe what happens to food in the stomach. (Include terms like gastric glands,
gastric juices, rennin, pepsin, bolus, chime, pyloric sphincter, duodenum, live, gallbladder,
pancreas, colon.)
126. Undigested food is called _______________.
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127. Give a brief description of the following disorders of the digestive system.
a. Ulcer
b. Constipation
c. Diarrhea
d. Appendicitis
e. Diverticulosis
f. Gallstones
128. Using Figure 13.20 list the parts of the urinary system.
129. The _______________ transports blood into the kidney.
130. Give a description of the following disorders of the urinary system.
a. Kidney stones
b. Nephritis
c. Gout
131. The human body has five major senses -- _______________, _______________,
_______________, _______________, and _______________ -- that provide information about
the external environment and transmit the stimuli to sensory nerves and ultimately to the brain
for processing.
132. The ability to bring objects into focus although they are located at different distances is
______________________________.
133. What is the iris?
134. What is the pupil?
135. Explain the functions of rods and cones?
136. What are the three divisions of the human ear?
BIOLOGY
137. The middle ear contains three bones called: _______________, the _______________,
and the _______________, which are the _______________ in the body.
138. The sense of smell comes from the ______________________________.
139. The organs of taste are found on the _______________. They distinguish between
_______________, _______________, _______________, and _______________.
140. The organs of touch are located on the _______________ and respond to
_______________, _______________, and _______________.
141. The _______________ contains the _______________, glands that produce sperm and
the male hormone testosterone. Also positioned outside the body is the _______________, the
organ that delivers _____________________________________________.
142. What are the three important functions of the female reproductive system?
a.
b.
c.
143. Explain the process of human embryo production.
144. Name a few of the characteristics that identify human population groups.
145. Modern anthropologists divide Homo sapiens into three major stocks:
_______________, _______________, and _______________.
146. The Caucasoid stock is composed of four white races: _______________,
_______________, _______________, and _______________.
147. The Asian stock is divided into the _______________, _______________, and
_______________ populations.
148. The African stock is separated into the _______________, _______________,
_______________, and _______________ populations.
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149. COMPLETE THE REVIEW EXERCISES FOR CHAPTER 13. CHECK OFF AFTER EACH IS
COMPLETED.
WORD-STUDY CONNECTION (DEFINE EACH TERM)
SELF – TEST PART A
SELF – TEST PART B
SELF – TEST PART C
CONNECTING TO CONCEPTS
150. SCIENTIST STUDY
CHOOSE ONE OF THE SCIENTISTS LISTED AND DO A ONE-PAGE SCIENTIST STUDY. FOLLOW
THE FORMAT GIVEN BY THE TEACHER.