Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11th ed. Chapter 16: Lymphatic System and Immunity
Chapter 16: Lymphatic System and Immunity
I. Introduction
A. The __________________________is a vast collection of cells that travel in
___________________ and the organs and glands that produce them.
B. The lymphatic system includes ____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
C. Lymphatic vessels transport ___________________________________________ and
return it to the ____________________________________________________________
D. The organs of the lymphatic system also defend ______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
II. Lymphatic Pathways
A. Lymphatic Capillaries
1. Lymphatic capillaries are ________________________________________that
extend into_________________________________________________________
2. The walls of lymphatic capillaries are similar to _________________________
3. The thin walls of capillaries make it possible for ________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Lymph is _______________________________________________________
5. Lacteals are _____________________ and function to ___________________
_______________________________________________________________
B. Lymphatic Vessels
1. The walls of lymphatic vessels are similar to those of ____________________
2. Lymphatic vessels have _______________ which prevents backflow of lymph.
3. Larger lymphatic vessels lead to _____________________________________
4. After leaving nodes, lymphatic vessels merge into ______________________
___________________________________________.
C. Lymphatic Trunks and Collecting Ducts
1. Lymphatic trunks drain _________________________________________ and
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are named for ______________________________________________________
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2. Examples of lymphatic trunks are ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Lymphatic trunks join _____________________________________________
4. The two collecting ducts are ________________________________________
5. The thoracic duct is located _________________________________________
_________________________ and empties into __________________________
6. The thoracic duct drains ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. The right lymphatic duct is located ___________________________________
________________________ and empties into ___________________________
8. The right lymphatic duct drains ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. After leaving the two collecting ducts, lymph enters __________________ and
becomes part of _____________________________________________________
III. Tissue Fluid and Lymph
A. Introduction
1. Lymph is _______________________________________________________
2. Lymph formation depends on _______________________________________
B. Tissue Fluid Formation
1. Capillary blood pressure filters ______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________ and
the resulting fluid consists of __________________________________________
2. Water is drawn back into capillaries because ___________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Lymph Formation
1. Filtration from the plasma normally exceeds___________________________ ,
leading to __________________________________________________________
2. Tissue fluid moves into lymphatic capillaries because ____________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Lymph formation prevents __________________________________________
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D. Lymph Function
1. Lymphatic vessels in the small intestine play a major role in _______________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Lymph returns____________________________________________________
to the bloodstream.
3. Lymph transports ____________________________________ to lymph nodes.
4. Lymphatic capillaries can receive proteins and foreign particles that blood
capillaries cannot because _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The lumen of a lymphatic capillary remains open because _________________
__________________________________________________________________
IV. Lymph Movement
A. Introduction
1. The _______________ pressure of tissue fluid drives lymph into ___________
__________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________ largely influences movement of
lymph through lymphatic vessels.
B. Lymph Flow
1. Lymph is under __________________________________________ pressure.
2. Contracting _______________________________ compress lymphatic vessels.
3. Lymph does not flow back because ___________________________________
4. Breathing aids lymph circulation by __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
C. Obstruction of Lymph Movement
1. Conditions that interfere with lymph movement causes ___________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The continuous movement of lymph from______________________________
__________________________________________ stabilizes the volume of fluid
in interstitial spaces.
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V. Lymph Nodes
A. Introduction
1. Lymph nodes are located ___________________________________________
2. Lymph nodes contain ________________________________________ , which
fight ______________________________________________________________
B. Structure of a Lymph Node
1. The hilum of a lymph node is _______________________________________
2. Afferent lymphatic vessels are _______________________________________
3. Efferent lymphatic vessels are _______________________________________
4. Lymph nodules are ________________________________________________
5. Germinal centers contain ___________________________________________
6. Tonsils are composed of ___________________________________________
7. Peyer’s patches are located ______________________________________ and
are composed of ____________________________________________________
8. Lymph sinuses are ________________________________________________
C. Locations of Lymph Nodes
1. Lymph nodes generally occur in ______________________ along the paths of
______________________________________________________ but are absent
__________________________________________________________________
2. Major locations of lymph nodes are___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Lymph nodes of the cervical region are associated with lymphatic vessels that
drain _____________________________________________________________
4. Lymph nodes of the axillary region are associated with lymphatic vessels that
drain _____________________________________________________________
5. Lymph nodes of the supratrochlear region are associated with lymphatic vessels
that drain __________________________________________________________
6. Lymph nodes of the inguinal region are associated with lymphatic vessels that
drain _____________________________________________________________
7. Lymph nodes of the pelvic cavity are associated with lymphatic vessels that
drain _____________________________________________________________
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8. Lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity are associated with lymphatic vessels that
drain _____________________________________________________________
9. Lymph nodes of the thoracic cavity are associated with lymphatic vessels that
drain _____________________________________________________________
D. Functions of Lymph Nodes
1. The two primary functions of lymph nodes are __________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Along with ______________________________ , lymph nodes are centers for
lymphocyte production.
3. Lymphocytes attack _______________________________________________
4. The functions of macrophages are ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
VI. Thymus and Spleen
A. Thymus
1. The thymus is composed of _________________________________________
and is located_______________________________________________________
2. After puberty, the thymus __________________________________________
3. Most cells of the thymus gland are ___________________________________
4. The hormones secreted by the thymus gland are called ___________________
5. Thymosins function to _____________________________________________
B. Spleen
1. The largest lymphatic organ is _______________________________________
2. The spleen is located ______________________________________________
3. The spleen resembles ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. White pulp contains _______________________________________________
5. Red pulp contains _________________________________________________
6. The functions of the spleen are ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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VII. Body Defenses Against Infection
A. An infection is _________________________________________________________
B. Examples of pathogens are _______________________________________________
C. Innate defenses are ___________________________________________ and include
________________________________________________________________________
D. Adaptive defenses are ___________________________________________________
and are carried out by ______________________________________________________
VIII. Innate Defenses
A. Species Resistance
1. Species resistance refers to _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. A species may be resistant to diseases that affect other species because ______
__________________________________________________________________
B. Mechanical Barriers
1. Mechanical barriers prevent _________________________________________
2. Examples of mechanical barriers are __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The first line of defense is __________________________________________
4. The second line of defense is ________________________________________
C. Chemical Barriers
1. Chemical barriers are ______________________________________________
2. Examples of chemical barriers are ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Interferon is produced by ________________________________________ and
its functions include _________________________________________________
4. Defensins are produced by __________________________________________
5. The functions of defensins are _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Collectins are _________________________________________________ and
their functions include________________________________________________
D. Complement
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1. Complement is ___________________________________________________.
2. Activation of complement __________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
E. Natural Killer Cells
1. Natural killer cells are _____________________________________________
2. Functions of natural killer cells are ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Perforins are _____________________________________________________
F. Inflammation
1. Inflammation produces ____________________________________________
2. Redness of inflammation is the result of_______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Swelling of inflammation is the result of _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Heat of inflammation is the result of __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Pain of inflammation is the result of __________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Cells that commonly migrate to areas of inflammation are _________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Pus is the result of ________________________________________________
8. The functions of inflammation are ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
G. Phagocytosis
1. Phagocytosis removes _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Examples of phagocytic cells are _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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3. The mononuclear phagocytic system is ________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
D. Fever
1. A fever begins when ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. The functions of fever are __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
IX. Adaptive (Specific) Defenses or Immunity
A. Introduction
1. Immunity is _____________________________________________________
2. An immune response is based on _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Antigens are _____________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________carry out immune responses.
B. Antigens
1. Receptors on lymphocyte surfaces enable cells to recognize _______________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Antigens may be _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The antigens most effective in eliciting an immune response is _____________
__________________________________________________________________
4. A hapten is ______________________________________________________
5. Examples of haptens are ___________________________________________
C. Lymphocyte Origins
1. T cells are derived from ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. B cells are derived from ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The blood distributes _________________________________________ cells.
4. B cells and T cells are abundant in ___________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
D. Lymphocyte Functions
1. The cellular immune response is _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Cytokines are produces by __________________________________________
3. Examples of cytokines are __________________________________________
4. Functions of cytokines are __________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. T cells may also secrete toxins that __________________________________ ,
growth-inhibiting factors that _______________________________________ , or
interferon that ______________________________________________________
6. B cells differentiate into ____________________________________________
7. Plasma cells produce ______________________________________________
8. The humoral immune response is ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. A clone is _______________________________________________________
10. Different varieties of T cells and B cells have a particular type of __________
___________________________________________ on their cell membranes that
__________________________________________________________________
E. T Cells and the Cellular Immune Response
1. A lymphocyte must be __________________________ before it can respond to
an antigen.
2. T cell activation requires ___________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Antigen-presenting cells are ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. T cell activation begins when _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. The major histocompatibility complex is ______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. MHC antigens help _______________________________________________
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7. Class I MHC antigens are located ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. Class II MHC antigens are located ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. The functions of helper T cells are ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. The functions of cytotoxic T cells are ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
11. The functions of memory T cells are _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
F. B Cells and the Humoral Immune Response
1. Introduction
a. B cells may become activated when ____________________________
____________________________________________________________
b. Upon activation, B cells ______________________________________
c. T cells help B cells by _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
d. The functions of memory B cells are ____________________________
____________________________________________________________
e. The functions of plasma cells are _______________________________
____________________________________________________________
f. An immune response may include several types of antibodies
manufactured against a single microbe because ______________________
____________________________________________________________
g. A polyclonal response is _____________________________________
2. Antibody Molecules
a. Antibodies are _____________________________________________
b. Each antibody is composed of _________________________________
____________________________________________________________
c. The light chains are _________________________________________
d. The heavy chains are ________________________________________
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e. The five major types of antibodies are distinguished by _____________
____________________________________________________________
f. The variable region is ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
g. Variable regions are specialized to _____________________________
____________________________________________________________
h. Antigen-binding sites are _____________________________________
i. Idiotypes are _______________________________________________
j. Constant regions are _________________________________________
3. Types of Immunoglobulins
a. The five major types of immunoglobulins are _____________________
____________________________________________________________
b. The three types of immunoglobulins that make up the bulk of circulating
antibodies are ________________________________________________
c. IgG is found in _____________________________________________
d. The functions of IgG are _____________________________________
____________________________________________________________
e. IgA is found in _____________________________________________
f. The functions of IgA are ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
g. IgM is found in_____________________________________________
h. The functions of IgM are _____________________________________
____________________________________________________________
i. IgD is found in _____________________________________________
j. The functions of IgD are ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
k. IgE is located ______________________________________________
l. The functions of IgE are ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. Antibody Actions
a. The three ways antibodies react to antigens are ____________________
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____________________________________________________________
b. In a direct attack, antibodies combine with _______________________
and cause them to _____________________________________________
c. Phagocytic cells can engulf antigen-bearing pathogens more readily when
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
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d. Antibodies can also cover _________________________________ and
neutralize ___________________________________________________
e. Complement is activated by ___________________________________
f. Functions of complement are __________________________________
____________________________________________________________
g. IgE antibodies are usually attached to membranes of _______________
h. Mast cells release their biochemicals when _______________________
____________________________________________________________
G. Immune Responses
1. The primary immune response occurs when ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Following a primary immune response, some B cells produce ______________
__________________________________________________________________
3. The secondary immune response occurs when __________________________
__________________________________________________________________
H. Practical Classification of Immunity
1. Naturally acquired active immunity develops when ______________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Artificially acquired active immunity develops when _____________________
_________________________________________________________________ `
3. A vaccine is _____________________________________________________
4. Artificially acquired passive immunity occurs when______________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Naturally acquired passive immunity occurs when _______________________
__________________________________________________________________
I. Allergic Reactions
1. An allergic reaction is _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Allergens are ____________________________________________________
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3. An immediate-reaction allergy occurs when ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Anaphylactic shock is _____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Antibody-dependent cytotoxic reactions occur when _____________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. Immune complex reactions occur when _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. Autoimmunity refers to ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. A delayed-reaction allergy occurs when _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
J. Transplantation and Tissue Rejection
1. Transplanted tissues and organs include _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. A tissue rejection reaction is ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Tissues are rejected because ________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Isografts are _____________________________________________________
5. Autografts are____________________________________________________
6. Allografts are ____________________________________________________
7. Xenografts are ___________________________________________________
8. Immunosuppressive drugs are used to _________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
K. Autoimmunity
1. Autoantibodies are ________________________________________________
2. Reasons people develop autoimmunities are ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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3. Scleroderma is ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
X. Life-Span Changes
A. The immune system begins to decline ______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
B. By age 70, the thymus ___________________________________________________
C. Elderly people have a higher risk of developing cancer and infections because ______
________________________________________________________________________
D. AIDS is more difficult to diagnose in older people because______________________
________________________________________________________________________
E. Elderly people may not be candidates for certain medical treatments because _______
________________________________________________________________________
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