Worms Friend OR Foe ?
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=1&n=75
http://www.quia.com/jg/352695list.html
http://www.dof.virginia.gov/images/anim-worm-crawl.gif
CHARACTERISITCS
OF ALL WORMS
Invertebrate protostomes
Elongated bodies
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
Cerebral ganglia “brain”
No respiratory organs
(Breathe through skin)
WHERE DO THEY LIVE?
http://www.ci.austin.tx.us/sws/images/grasscycling.jpg
FREE LIVING
_______________ -
Found in environment
PARASITIC
_______________
Live on or in another organism
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=66&n=75
http://www.placervillevet.com/heartworm.htm
PARASITIC WORMS
Animal host where ADULT feeds and
PRIMARY
reproduces = ______________HOST
Animal host where LARVAL form
lives and feeds = ______________ HOST
INTERMEDIATE
FLATWORMS
PHYLUM: Platyhelminthes
FREE LIVING PARASITIC
Planaria Flukes & Tapeworms
PLATYHELMINTHES
(Flatworms)
http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html
ALL FLATWORMS are ACOELOMATES!
http://www.quia.com/jg/352695list.html
PLANARIA
NOT
PARASITES
http://www.notatall.blogger.com.br/planaria.jpg
ONE opening digestive system
http://www.biologia.edu.ar/animales/images/planaria.jpg
GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY
(Combination Digestive & circulatory)
EXCRETORY
• FLAME
CELLS collect
excess water
and nitrogen
waste
• Excreted
through pores
in skin
Moving cilia look
http://tim.nccu.edu.tw/biotech/biolife/maricopa/flatwormexcret.gif
like little “flames”
REPRODUCTION
http://www.notatall.blogger.com.br/planaria.jpg
SEXUAL-
HERMAPHRODITES
(have both ovary & testes
in one organism)
but trade with a partner
ASEXUAL-
can use regeneration to
grow a new organism from
part of parent worm
http://faculty.stcc.edu/rapp/biol102/biology_links.htm
PARASITIC FLATWORM
Schistosoma
NOT IN USA but infects over 250 million
people worldwide
Worms can block blood
vessels to organs causing
irritation, bleeding,
tissue decay producing
disease called
http://www.coc.org/focus/food/pics/rice_paddy.jpg
= __________________
SCHISTOSOMIASIS
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/lifecycles/schistosoma_lifecycle.gif
HUMAN BLOOD FLUKE
Schistosoma
Adult worms mature & reproduce
in blood vessels; eggs travel to intestines or bladder
Immature worms
burrow through skin
into blood vessels
Eggs leave body in Larvae grow tails
urine or feces and leave snail
Larva hatches from
egg & infects snail
(intermediate host)
http://www.bangkokhealth.com/cimages/tapeworm02.jpg
TAPEWORMS
Dog tapeworm
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/pictures/whole_tapeworms.GIF
PARASITIC FLATWORM
that lives in HOST animal intestines
TAPEWORM VOCAB
SCOLEX
____________- Head with suckers
and hooks to help hold on inside
host http://www.nicksnowden.net/images/Taenia_scolex_drawing.gif
TAPEWORM VOCAB
PROGLOTTIDS
___________________-
hermaphroditic reproductive structures
(contain both male & female sex organs)
Contain
fertilized
eggs
Shed in feces
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/labeled_taenia.html
WORM VOCAB
TEGUMENT
______________
Thickened PROTECTIVE layer on
the outside of worms made of CELLS
CUTICLE
_______________
NON-CELLULAR PROTECTIVE
coating found on the outside of
worms
http://www.nicksnowden.net/images/Taenia_scolex_drawing.gif
Attaches with SCOLEX
http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab__10_platy_nemat/images/taenia_scolex.jpg
http://www.microscopyu.com/galleries/smz1500/images/tapewormscolexsmall.jpg
TAPEWORM
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=66&n=75
NO DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
-absorbs nutrients through skin
TEGUMENT protects them from host
digestive enzymes and immune system
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=65&n=75
TAPEWORMS
Can grow up to 30 ft
(2000 proglottids)
REPRODUCE WITH PROGLOTTIDS
Add new proglottids behind scolex
Mature ones drop off at tail end
Leave body in feces
EX: BEEF TAPEWORM
Adults attach
inside intestines
and absorb
Humans eat digested food
undercooked meat
containing cysts
Proglottids burst
releasing eggs with
larvae inside on ground
Proglottids are
Cows eat grass; released in feces
larvae travel through blood vessels;
make cysts in muscle http://net.unl.edu/wonderwise/12parasi/a-para.htm
ROUND WORMS
Phylum: Nematoda
Ascaris
Trichinella
Hookworms
Pinworms
Filarial worms
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=1&n=75
NEMATODA
(Round worms)
ALL
ROUND WORMS
are
PSEUDOCOELOMATES
http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html
http://www.hillsdale.edu/Personal/Swinehart/Aquatics/Courses/Biodiv/ascaris_bolus.gif
ROUND WORM
Ascaris
PARASITIC
Have a 2 OPENING
digestive system
Lives in intestines
Feeds on passing food
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/images.html
Females can grow up to 1 ft long
& produce 200,000 eggs/day
Humans become
infected when they
eat FOOD or WATER
contaminated with
eggs
Image from: http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=0&n=75
Most common
worm infection
WORLD WIDE
Mostly in children
Estimated 25%
of world’s
population is
infected with
Ascaris
ROUND WORM
Trichinella
Humans infected by Cysts release
eating undercooked larvae that burrow
into intestinal wall &
meat containing cysts
mature
Larvae forms
cysts in muscle
Adults release
larvae that travel
through bloodstream
to muscles
http://jeggeri.pri.ee/Kontuur/Loomad/pig.gif
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/lifecycles/trichinella_lifecycle.html
http://www.umm.edu/images/ency/fullsize/trichinella_spiralis_in_human_muscle_2638.jpg
Trichinella
Trichinella infection can lead to disease
TRICHINOSIS-
called = __________________
Symptoms: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/unsegm3.jpg
Muscle pain & stiffness
Can be fatal if cysts form in heart
TRICHINOSIS
Less than 100 cases/year in USA from PORK
Most from eating wild game
Curing (salting), drying, smoking, or
microwaving meat does not consistently kill
infective worms.
PARASITIC ROUND WORMS
Guinea worm
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=5&n=75
Found in AFRICA
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=6&n=75
PARASITIC ROUND WORMS
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=5&n=75
Guinea worm
Blisters pop and larvae
are released in water
Female bodies under skin fill with eggs
and break open; larvae form blisters
Larvae eaten by small crustaceans
Humans infected by drinking water
Larvae mature and adult worms
migrate to skin
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=6&n=75
FILARIAL
ROUNDWORMS
are transmitted
by insects
DISEASES caused by
FILARIAL ROUND WORMS
DOG HEARTWORM
Elephantiasis
Loa Loa - eye worm
FILARIAL
ROUND WORMS
DOG HEARTWORM
Carried by
mosquitoes
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=66&n=75
DISEASES caused by
FILARIAL ROUND WORMS
Elephantiasis
Adult worms
live in lymph
nodes causing
blockage so
fluid back ups
http://www2.niaid.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/32FF6DCF-75CF-42D0-BCAE-297EFDE27CF1/0/elephantiasis.jpg
ELEPHANTIASIS
Common in
tropical countries
Adult worms can
grow to 4” long
http://health-pictures.com/elephantiasis-picture.htm
ELEPHANTIASIS
Mosquito picks up Larvae develop into
larvae from blood juveniles inside mosquito
when it feeds
Mosquito injects
Adult worms live
and reproduce in
lymph vessels juveniles which
migrate to lymph
nodes and mature
http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/updated-lymphatic/lymph3.html
FILARIAL ROUND WORMS
Loa loa
Found in AFRICA
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/loa.html
Loa Loa worm
• Humans are infected with
larvae when bitten by loa fly
• Larvae mature & crawl
around under skin
(especially near face)
• Adults mate and produce
larvae which can be picked
up by another fly and
transmitted to another
person
http://maven.smith.edu/~sawlab/fgn/pnb/loaloa.html
PARASITIC ROUND WORMS
Hookworms http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=1&n=75
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/placoconus.html
Live in intestine;
feed on BLOOD
Ancylostoma
HOOKWORM LIFE CYCLE
Return to intestines;
Larvae are coughed mature & mate
up & swallowed;
Adult worms live in
Larvae enter body by burrowing
through skin on feet & travel to lungs intestine and feed on blood
Eggs leave body in feces
and hatch as larvae in soil
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/polk/health/carbon/fact3.htm
http://www.retiredgreyhounds.co.uk/page12.htm
http://www.barefooters.org/1995-spring/gifs/mtn_pjl_feet.jpg
Hookworms in Humans
• PROBLEMS
caused by
migrating larvae
• Cause intense
reaction in skin at
site
• Infect 40 million
people worldwide
Parasitic ROUND WORMS
Pinworms
• Most common
parasitic infection IN
UNITED STATES
• 1/5 children are
infected
• Worldwide
500 million people
are infected with
pinworms Grow up to ½ inch long
http://curezone.com/image_gallery/parasites/all/default.asp?i=16&n=75
Parasitic ROUND WORMS
• Adult Pinworms live in intestine
• Females crawl out through anus at
night and lay 15,000/day eggs on skin
• Intense itching causes host to scratch
• Eggs under fingernails and on hands
are spread back to self or to others
when objects/food are touched
SEGMENTED WORMS
(PHYLUM: ANNELIDA)
ALL
SEGMENTED
WORMS
are
EUCOELOMATES!
“True coelom”
http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html
SEGMENTED WORMS
Annelida
FREE LIVING PARASITIC
Earthworms Leeches
SEGMENTED WORMS
Earthworms play an important role in soil fertility
Return nutrients to soil by
decomposing dead leaves
and organic matter
Burrowing allows air and
water to penetrate to
roots
“intestines of the earth”
-Aristotle
Tunnels loosen soil so roots
can grow more easily
PARASITIC SEGMENTED WORMS
LEECHES
Medical uses