Logistics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logistics









Logistics



Public infrastructure • Earmark

• Fixed cost

• Engineering contracts

• Externality

• Government debt

• Life cycle assessment

• Logistics

• Maintenance

• Monopoly

• Project management

• Property tax

Assets and facilities • Public-private partnership

• Public capital

• Airports

• Public finance

• Bridges

• Public good

• Broadband

• Public sector

• Canals

• Renovation

• Critical infrastructure

• Replacement (upgrade)

• Dams

• Spillover effect

• Electricity

• Supply chain

• Energy

• Taxation

• Freight

• Hazardous waste Issues and ideas

• Hospitals

• Air traffic control

• Levees

• Brownfield

• Lighthouses

• Carbon footprint

• Parks

• Containerization

• Ports

• Congestion pricing

• Mass transit

• Ethanol fuel

• Public housing

• Gas tax

• Public schools

• Groundwater

• Public spaces

• High-speed rail

• Rail

• Highway Trust Fund

• Roads

• Hybrid vehicles

• Sewage

• Just-in-time strategies

• Shipments

• Land-use planning

• Solid waste

• Mobile data terminal

• Telecommunications

• Pork barrel

• Utilities

• Programmable thermostat

• Water locks

• Rapid bus transit

• Water systems

• Recycling

• Wastewater

• Renewables

Concepts • Reverse osmosis

• Smart grid

• Asset management

• Smart growth

• Appropriation

• Stormwater

• Bank

• Urban sprawl

• Benefit tax

• Traffic congestion

• Build-Operate-Transfer

• Transit-oriented development

• Design-Build





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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logistics





• Vehicle efficiency This can involve anything from consumer goods such as

• Waste-to-energy food, to IT materials, to aerospace and defense equip-

• Weatherization ment.

• Wireless technology

Fields of study Origins and definition

• Architecture The term logistics comes from the Greek logos (λόγος),

• Civil meaning "speech, reason, ratio, rationality, language,

• Electrical phrase", and more specifically from the Greek word logis-

• Mechanical engineering tiki (λογιστική), meaning accounting and financial orga-

• Public economics nization[citation needed].

• Public policy Logistics is considered to have originated in the mili-

• Urban planning tary’s need to supply themselves with arms, ammunition

and rations as they moved from their base to a forward

Examples position. In ancient Greek, Roman and Byzantine em-

• Akashi Kaikyō Bridge pires, military officers with the title Logistikas were re-

• Trans-Alaska pipeline sponsible for financial and supply distribution matters[ci-

• Autobahn tation needed].

• Brazilian energy independence The Oxford English Dictionary defines logistics as "the

• Brooklyn Bridge branch of military science relating to procuring, main-

• Channel Tunnel taining and transporting materiel, personnel and facili-

• Chicago wastewater ties." Another dictionary definition is "the time-related

• China’s high-speed rail positioning of resources." As such, logistics is commonly

• Curtiba rapid bus transit seen as a branch of engineering that creates "people sys-

• Danish wind-power tems" rather than "machine systems". When talking in

• British offshore wind-power terms of human resources management, logistics means

• Nuclear power in France giving inputs, i.e. "recruiting manpowers", which ulti-

• Solar power in Germany mately work for the final consumer or to delivery.

• Hoover Dam According to the Council of Logistics Management,

• Hong Kong Int’l Airport logistics contains the integrated planning, control, real-

• Intercity-Express ization and monitoring of all internal and network-wide

• Interstate highways material-,part- and product flow including the necessary

• Jamnagar Refinery information flow in industrial and trading companies

• Kansai Int’l Airport along the complete value-added chain (and product life

• Panama Canal cycle) for the purpose of conforming to customer re-

• Port of Shanghai quirements.

• San Francisco Bay Bridge

• Three Gorges Dam

• Shinkansen Main logistics targets

• Spanish high-speed rail Logistics is one of the main functions within a company.

• French TGV rail The main targets of logistics can be divided into perfor-

• Spanish autovias and autopistas mance related and cost related. They are high due date

• Transcontinental Railroad reliability, short delivery times, low inventory level and

• Power transmission in the USA high capacity utilization. But when decisions need to be

Infrastructure portal made, there is always a trade off between these targets.

This is what makes being a logistician challenging and in-

Logistics is the management of the flow of goods between teresting.

the point of origin and the point of destination in order

to meet the requirements of customers or corporations.

Logistics involves the integration of information, trans-

Logistics viewpoints

portation, inventory, warehousing, material handling, Inbound logistics is one of the primary processes and

and packaging, and often security. Logistics is a channel it concentrates on purchasing and arranging inbound

of the supply chain which adds the value of time and movement of materials, parts and/or finished inventory

place utility. Today the complexity of production logis- from suppliers to manufacturing or assembly plants,

tics can be modeled, analyzed, visualized and optimized warehouses or retail stores.

by plant simulation software, but is constantly changing.



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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logistics





Outbound logistics is the process related to the stor- military industries to ensure an easily supportable sys-

age and movement of the final product and the related tem with a robust customer service (logistic) concept at

information flows from the end of the production line to the lowest cost and in line with (often high) reliability,

the end user. availability, maintainability and other requirements as

defined for the project.

Logistics Fields In military logistics, logistics officers manage how

and when to move resources to the places they are need-

Given the services performed by logistics, one can distin- ed.

guish the main fields of it as it follows: Supply chain management in military logistics often

• Procurement Logistics deals with a number of variables in predicting cost, dete-

• Production Logistics rioration, consumption, and future demand. The US Mil-

• Distribution Logistics itary’s categorical supply classification was developed in

• After sales Logistics such a way that categories of supply with similar con-

• Disposal Logistics sumption variables are grouped together for planning

purposes. For instance, peacetime consumption of am-

Procurement Logistics consists of activities such as mar- munition and fuel will be considerably less than wartime

ket research, requirements planning, make or buy de- consumption of these items, whereas other classes of

cisions, supplier management, ordering, and order con- supply such as subsistence and clothing have a relatively

trolling. The targets in procurement logistics might be consistent consumption rate regardless of war or peace.

contradictory - maximize the efficiency by concentrating Troops will always require uniform and food. More

on core competences, outsourcing while maintaining the troops will require more uniforms and food.

autonomy of the company, and minimization of procure- Some classes of supply have a linear demand relation-

ment costs while maximizing the security within the sup- ship—as more troops are added more supply items are

ply process. needed—as more equipment is used more fuel and am-

Production Logistics connects procurement to distri- munition is consumed. Other classes of supply must con-

bution logistics. The main function of production logis- sider a third variable besides usage and quantity: time.

tics is to use the available production capacities to pro- As equipment ages more and more repair parts are need-

duce the products needed in distribution logistics. Pro- ed over time, even when usage and quantity stays consis-

duction logistics activities are related to organizational tent. By recording and analyzing these trends over time

concepts, layout planning, production planning, and con- and applying to future scenarios, the US Military can ac-

trol. curately supply troops with the items necessary at the

Distribution Logistics has, as main tasks, the delivery precise moment they are needed.[1] History has shown

of the finished products to the customer. It consists of or- that good logistical planning creates a lean and efficient

der processing, warehousing, and transportation. Distri- fighting force. Lack thereof can lead to a clunky, slow,

bution logistics is necessary because the time, place, and and ill-equipped force with too much or too little supply.

quantity of production differs with the time, place, and

quantity of consumption.

Disposal Logistics’ main function is to reduce logistics

Business logistics

cost(s), enhance service(s), and save natural resources.





Military logistics

Main article: Military logistics

In military science, maintaining one’s supply lines while

disrupting those of the enemy is a crucial—some would

say the most crucial—element of military strategy, since

an armed force without resources and transportation is

defenseless. The defeat of the British in the American

War of Independence and the defeat of the Axis in the

African theatre of World War II are attributed to logis-

tical failure.[citation needed] The historical leaders Hannibal

Barca, Alexander the Great, and the Duke of Wellington

are considered to have been logistical geniuses. A logistics provider’s warehouse of goods being stacked on pal-

Militaries have a significant need for logistics solu- lets with a forklift.

tions, and so have developed advanced implementations.

Integrated Logistics Support (ILS) is a discipline used in



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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logistics





Logistics as a business concept evolved in the 1950s due and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and relat-

to the increasing complexity of supplying businesses ed information between the point of origin and the point

with materials and shipping out products in an increas- of consumption in order to meet customer and legal re-

ingly globalized supply chain, leading to a call for experts quirements. A professional working in the field of logis-

called supply chain logisticians. Business logistics can be tics management is called a logistician.

defined as "having the right item in the right quantity at Logistics management is known by many names, the

the right time at the right place for the right price in the most common are as follows:

right condition to the right customer", and is the science • Materials Management

of process and incorporates all industry sectors. The goal • Channel Management

of logistics work is to manage the fruition of project life • Distribution (or Physical Distribution)

cycles, supply chains and resultant efficiencies. • Business or Logistics Management or

In business, logistics may have either internal focus • Supply Chain Management

(inbound logistics), or external focus (outbound logistics) The Chartered Institute of Logistics & Transport (CILT)

covering the flow and storage of materials from point of was established in the United Kingdom in 1919 and was

origin to point of consumption (see supply chain man- granted a Royal Charter in 1926. The Chartered Institute

agement). The main functions of a qualified logistician is one of the professional bodies or institutions, for the

include inventory management, purchasing, transporta- logistics and transport sectors, that offers professional

tion, warehousing, consultation and the organizing and qualifications or degrees in logistics management.

planning of these activities. Logisticians combine a pro-

fessional knowledge of each of these functions to coor- Warehouse management systems and

dinate resources in an organization. There are two fun- warehouse control systems

damentally different forms of logistics: one optimizes a

Main articles: Warehouse management system and Ware-

steady flow of material through a network of transport

house control system

links and storage nodes; the other coordinates a se-

Although there is some functionality overlap, the differ-

quence of resources to carry out some project.

ences between warehouse management systems (WMS)

and warehouse control systems (WCS) can be significant.

Production logistics

Simply put, a WMS plans a weekly activity forecast based

The term production logistics is used to describe logistic on such factors as statistics and trends, whereas a WCS

processes within an industry. The purpose of production acts like a floor supervisor, working in real time to get

logistics is to ensure that each machine and workstation the job done by the most effective means. For instance, a

is being fed with the right product in the right quantity WMS can tell the system it is going to need five of stock-

and quality at the right time. The concern is not the keeping unit (SKU) A and five of SKU B hours in advance,

transportation itself, but to streamline and control the but by the time it acts, other considerations may have

flow through value-adding processes and eliminate come into play or there could be a logjam on a conveyor.

non–value-adding ones. Production logistics can be ap- A WCS can prevent that problem by working in real time

plied to existing as well as new plants. Manufacturing and adapting to the situation by making a last-minute de-

in an existing plant is a constantly changing process. cision based on current activity and operational status.

Machines are exchanged and new ones added, which Working synergistically, WMS and WCS can resolve these

gives the opportunity to improve the production logistics issues and maximize efficiency for companies that rely

system accordingly. Production logistics provides the on the effective operation of their warehouse or distrib-

means to achieve customer response and capital efficien- ution center.[2]

cy.

Production logistics is becoming more important

with decreasing batch sizes. In many industries (e.g. mo- Logistics outsourcing

bile phones), a batch size of one is the short-term aim, al- Logistics outsourcing involves a relationship between a

lowing even a single customer’s demand to be fulfilled ef- company and an LSP which, compared with basic logis-

ficiently. Track and tracing, which is an essential part of tics services, has more customized offerings, encompass-

production logistics—due to product safety and product es a broad number of service activities, is characterized

reliability issues—is also gaining importance, especially by a long-term orientation, and, thus, has a rather strate-

in the automotive and medical industries. gic nature.[3]



Logistics management Third-party logistics

Main article: Logistics Management Main article: Third-party logistics

Logistics is that part of the supply chain which plans, Third-party logistics (3PL) involves using external orga-

implements and controls the efficient, effective forward nizations to execute logistics activities that have tradi-



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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Logistics





tionally been performed within an organization itself.[4] or within the logistics department of a company. How-

According to this definition, third-party logistics in- ever, as mentioned previously, logistics is a very broad

cludes any form of outsourcing of logistics activities pre- field encompassing procurement, production, distribu-

viously performed in-house. If, for example, a company tion and disposal activities. Hence, the career perspec-

with its own warehousing facilities decides to employ ex- tives are very broad also. A new trend in the industry are

ternal transportation, this would be an example of third- the 4PL, or Fourth-party logistics - consulting companies

party logistics. Logistics is an emerging business area in offering logistics services. They hire students with a BA

many countries. or MA in International Logistics.

Some universities and academic institutions train

Fourth-party logistics students as logisticians, offering undergraduate and

Main article: Fourth-party logistics postgraduate programs.

The concept of Fourth-Party Logistics (4PL) provider was

first defined by Andersen Consulting (Now Accenture) as See also

an integrator that assembles the resources, capabilities

and technology of its own organization and other orga- • Cargo

nizations to design, build, and run comprehensive supply • Document automation in supply chain management

chain solutions. Whereas a third party logistics (3PL) ser- & logistics

vice provider targets a function, a 4PL targets manage- • Inventory

ment of the entire process. Some have described a 4PL as • Inventory management software

a general contractor who manages other 3PLs, truckers, • Performance-based logistics

forwarders, custom house agents, and others, essential- • Returns management system

ly taking responsibility of a complete process for the cus- • Reverse logistics

tomer. • Sales territory

• Supply chain management



Emergency logistics References

Emergency logistics is a term used by the logistics, supply

chain and manufacturing industries to denote specific [1] Joint Logistics Analysis Tool

time critical modes of transport used to move goods or [2] John T. Phelan, Jr. P.E. "Guest Column: Knowing

objects rapidly in the event of an emergency.[citation need- When a WMS or WCS Is Right for Your Company".

ed] The reason for enlisting emergency logistics services Supply & Demand Chain Executive. Enom, Inc.

could be a production delay or anticipated production http://www.sdcexec.com/web/online/

delay, or it could be that specialist equipment is needed FulfillmentLogistics-Trends/Guest-Column--

urgently to prevent instances such as aircraft being Knowing-When-a-WMS-or-WCS-Is-Right-for-Your-

grounded (also known as "aircraft on ground"--AOG), Company/15$10982. Retrieved 15 September 2009.

ships being delayed, or telecommunications failure. [3] Wallenburg, C., Cahill, D., Michael Knemeyer, A.,

Emergency logistics services are typically sourced from a and Goldsby, T. (2011): Commitment and Trust as

specialist provider.[citation needed] Drivers of Loyalty in Logistics Outsourcing

Relationships: Cultural Differences Between the

United States and Germany. Journal of Business

As a profession Logistics, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 83-98, DOI 10.1111/

A logistician is a professional logistics practitioner. Pro- j.2158-1592.2011.01008.x

fessional logisticians are often certified by professional [4] Baziotopoulos (2008). An Investigation of Logistics

associations. One can either work in a pure logistics com- Outsourcing Practices In the Greek Manufacturing

pany such as shipping line, airport or freight forwarder Sector. PhD thesis- "".





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