LATIN I: NATIONAL LATIN EXAM NOTES
I. LANGUAGE
NOUNS: Declensions 1-3
- nominative: subject
- genitive: possession (“of”)
- dative: indirect object (“to/for”)
- accusative: direct object
object of the prepositions: ad, ante, circum, contra, in, inter, per, post, prope, trans
- ablative: object of the prepositions: ab, cum, de, e/ex, in, pro, sine, sub
- vocative: direct address (same as nom., except –us to –e and –ius to –i.
PRONOUNS:
personal ego, tu, nos, vos (nominative, dative, accusative)
Singular Singular
Nom. ego I Nom. tu you (singular)
Dat. mihi to/for me Dat. tibi to/for you
Acc. më me Acc. të you
Plural Plural
Nom. nös we Nom. vös you (plural)
Dat. nöbïs to/for us Dat. vöbïs to/for you
Acc. nös us Acc. vös you
NB: mecum, tecum, nobiscum, vobiscum
interrogative quis, quid, qui (nominative and accusative only)
ADJECTIVES: Declensions I/II
- noun-adjective agreement
- interrogatives: quot, quis, quid
- cardinal numbers 1 - 10, 1 00, 1000
- Roman numerals (I, V, X, L, C, D, M)
ADVERBS:
- positive forms from: -ë and -iter
- interrogatives: cur, ubi, quomodo
- irregular: bene, male
CONJUNCTIONS: et, neque, quod, sed, ubi, et. ..et, neque ...neque
ENCLITICS: -ne,-que
VERBS: Conjugations I-IV
- four tenses of the indicative mood: present, imperfect, future, perfect (active voice)
- present active imperative s. and pl.; negative imperative with noli, nolite
- irregular verb sum: present, imperfect, future, perfect
- present active infinitive (-re)
IMPERATIVE COMMANDS
- positive (from inf. take off –re for s. and add –te to form pl.)
- negative (noli/nolite + inf.)
II. CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION
GEOGRAPHY:
- important Italian locations, e.g., Ostia, Pompeii, Herculaneum, Mt. Vesuvius, Naples, Brundisium, Apennine Mts., Alps, Rome’s Seven Hills
and the Tibur
- provinces and major cities, e.g., Africa, Athens, Gallia, Carthage, Asia Minor, Troy, etc.
- rivers/seas: Rhine, Po, Nile Rubicon/Adriatic, Aegean, Black, etc.
- regions/countries: Britannia, Hispania, Gallia, Sicilia, Germania, Graecia, Aegyptus, etc.
- cities: Troia, Carthago, Roma, Athens, etc.
HISTORY:
- basic historical divisions (Monarchy, Republic, Empire) and associated terms (king, consul, emperor)
- kings of Rome and early Roman heroes, e.g., Romulus, Tarquinius Superbus, Horatius, Cincinnatus
MYTHOLOGY:
- major heroes and monsters, e.g., Hercules, Aeneas, Medusa, Cyclops
- major gods and goddesses:
- Olympians and associated myths, e.g., Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and Minerva
- Trojan war, e.g., Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, Helen
ROMAN LIFE:
- city of Rome, e.g., Palatine Hill, Via Appia, Curia
- architectural structures and their functions, e.g., aquaeductus, thermae, circus (aurigae, spina, metae), amphitheatrun, curia, basilica,
carceres
- housing, e.g., hortus, tablinum, perisylium, villa, insulae; meals, e.g., cena, culina, triclinium; clothing, e.g., toga, tunica, stola
BASIC SPOKEN PHRASES: e.g., Salve, Quid est nomen tibi? Gratias tibi ago, Sol lucet, Quota hora est? Adsum, Quid novi?, Surgite, omnes,
etc.
DERIVATIVEESn: glish words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes, e.g., sedentary, sorority, puerile, quadruped
EXPRESSIONS, MOTTOES AND ABBREVIATIONeS.g: ., ie., A.D., Veni vidi vici, summa cum laude, per annum, etc.
LATIN II: NATIONAL LATIN EXAM NOTES
VERBS
A. all tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect
B. there are two sets of endings for the future tense:
C. irregular verbs: master the following: esse, posse, velle, nolle, ire, and ferre THE MIGHTY FUTURE
D. imperative commands -äre/-ëre -ere/-ïre
1. positive (from inf. take off –re for s. and add –te to form pl.) 1s -bo -am
2. negative (noli/nolite + inf.) 2s -bis -ës
3. irregulars: dic, fer, fac, duc, etc. 3s -bit -et
E. impersonal verbs: licet, placet, libet, taedet, etc. 1pl -bimus -ëmus
2pl -bitis -ëtis
VERBALS 3pl -bunt -ent
Participles
A. present (stem of 2nd p.p. + -nt- + 3rd decl. ending; -ns for nom. s. only)
B. perfect (stem of 4th p.p. + -us, -a, -um as a 1st and 2nd decl. adj.)
C. future (stem of 4th p.p. + -ürus, -üra, -ürum as a 1st and 2nd decl. adj.)
D. ablative absolutes: present (while, as) and perfect (after, since, although, because)
Infinitives:
A. present, perfect and future (see handouts)
B. uses of infinitives:
1. complimentary (with posse, velle, nolle, iubere, solere, necesse est, placet, licet, etc.)
2. indirect statement (note handouts)
NOUNS (Declensions I-V)
A. cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and vocative
B. time constructions:
1. accusative duration of time: viginti horas, for twenty hours
2. ablative of time when: decimö annö, in the tenth year
3. note time words:
hora, horae, f. mensis, mensis, m. aestas, aestatis, f.
dies, diei, m./f. annus, anni, m. hiems, hiemis, f.
ADJECTIVES
A. positive, comparative and superlative
B. quam + superlative = as . . . as possible (e.g., quam cellerime, as quickly as possible)
C. irregular comparative and superlative:
bonus, -a, -um melior, melius optimus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um maior, maius maximus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um peior, peius pessimus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um plus, plures, plura plurimus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um minor, minus minimus, -a, -um
ADVERBS:
A. common endings: -ë, -iter
B. common adverbs:
diu cotidie statim ubi intereä
cräs heri iam saepe
hodie tum mox nunc
C. interrogative adverbs:
cur quare quo
nonne qui quomodo
num quid quot
quando quis unde
PREPOSITIONS
ab/a contra in + abl. per sine
ad cum in + acc. post sub
ante de inter pro trans
circum ex/e ob propter
PRONOUNS
A. personal pronouns: B. relative, interrogative & demonstrative: pp. 270-271
- ego, mei, mihi, me, me (mecum) - qui, quae, quod, who, which
- tu, tui, tibi, te, te (tecum) - is, ea, id, he, she, it
- nos, nostri, nobis, nos, nobis (nobiscum) - hic, haec, hoc, this, these
- vos, vestri, vobis, vos, vobis (vobiscum) - ille, illa, illud, that, those
CONJUNCTIONS
aut et...et postquam sed -ne
aut...aut nec quamquam ubi -ve
et neque...neque quod -que
THREE USES OF QUAM
exclamatory - HOW (quam stultus es! How foolish you are!)
comparison – THAN (puer stultior quam asinus. The boy is dumber than an ass.)
with a superlative – AS...AS POSSIBLE (e.g., quam cellerime, as quickly as possible)
HISTORY
Visit: http://www.forumromanum.org/history/morey01.html
MYTHOLOGY
Visit: http://www.pantheon.org/
CULTURE
Visit: http://www.dl.ket.org/latin2/index.htm
GEOGRAPHY
Rivers/seas: Rhine, Po, Nile Rubicon/Adriatic, Aegean, Black, etc.
Regions/countries: Britannia, Hispania, Gallia, Sicilia, Germania, Graecia, Aegyptus, etc.
Cities: Troia, Carthago, Roma, Athens, etc.
LATIN III/IV: NATIONAL LATIN EXAM NOTES
VERBS
A. all tenses of the indicative and subjunctive
B. irregular verbs: esse, posse, velle, nolle, ire, ferre, and fieri
C. imperative commands
1. positive (from inf. take off –re for s. and add –te to form pl.)
2. negative (noli/nolite + inf.)
3. deponent verbs: sequere/sequimini
4. irregulars: dic, fer, fac, duc, esto, memento, etc.
D. impersonal verbs: licet, libet, taedet, etc.
E. subjunctive: constructions (result, purpose, etc.), independent, and conditions
F. poetic syncopated forms (e.g., conticuëre = conticuerunt, vocasset = vocavisset, etc.)
VERBALS
Participles
A. present (stem of 2nd p.p. + -nt- + 3rd decl. ending; -ns for nom. s. only)
B. perfect (stem of 4th p.p. + -us, -a, -um as a 1st and 2nd decl. adj.)
C. future (stem of 4th p.p. + -ürus, -üra, -ürum as a 1st and 2nd decl. adj.)
D. ablative absolutes: present (while, as) and perfect (after, since, although, because)
Infinitives:
A. present, perfect and future (see handouts)
B. uses of infinitives:
1. complimentary (with posse, velle, nolle, iubere, solere, necesse est, placet, licet, etc.)
2. indirect statement (note handouts)
C. Gerunds and Gerundives: -nd- + -i, -o, -um, -o and -nd- + 1st and 2nd declension endings; purpose and necessity
D. Supine: stem of 4th p.p. + -um = “to ...”
NOUNS (Declensions I-V)
A. cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and vocative
B. time constructions:
1. accusative duration of time: viginti horas, for twenty hours
2. ablative of time when: decimö annö, in the tenth year
3. note time words:
hora, horae, f. mensis, mensis, m. aestas, aestatis, f.
dies, diei, m./f. annus, anni, m. hiems, hiemis, f.
ADJECTIVES
A. positive, comparative and superlative
B. quam + superlative = as . . . as possible (e.g., quam cellerime, as quickly as possible)
C. irregular comparative and superlative:
bonus, -a, -um melior, melius optimus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um maior, maius maximus, -a, -um
malus, -a, -um peior, peius pessimus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um plus, plures, plura plurimus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um minor, minus minimus, -a, -um
ADVERBS:
A. common endings: -ë, -iter
B. common adverbs:
diu cotidie statim ubi intereä
cräs heri iam saepe
hodie tum mox nunc
C. interrogative adverbs:
cur quare quo
nonne qui quomodo
num quid quot
quando quis unde
PREPOSITIONS
ab/a contra in + abl. per sine
ad cum in + acc. post sub
ante de inter pro trans
circum ex/e ob propter
PRONOUNS
A. personal pronouns: B. relative, interrogative & demonstrative: pp. 270-271
- ego, mei, mihi, me, me (mecum) - qui, quae, quod, who, which
- tu, tui, tibi, te, te (tecum) - is, ea, id, he, she, it
- nos, nostri, nobis, nos, nobis (nobiscum) - hic, haec, hoc, this, these
- vos, vestri, vobis, vos, vobis (vobiscum) - ille, illa, illud, that, those
- quidem, quaedam, quoddam, a certain (adj.)
- quisque, quaeque, quodque, each (adj.)
CONJUNCTIONS
aut nec/neque quod tot...quo nisi
aut...aut neque...neque sed -que abhinc
et postquam ubi -ne
et...et quamquam sive...sive -ve
METRICS AND POETIC DEVICES
- dactylic hexameter and elegiac couplet; dactyl, spondee, elision, etc. / onomatopoeia, litotes, chiasmus, etc.
THREE USES OF QUAM
exclamatory - HOW (quam stultus es! How foolish you are!)
comparison – THAN (puer stultior quam asinus. The boy is dumber than an ass.)
with a superlative – AS...AS POSSIBLE (e.g., quam cellerime, as quickly as possible)
HISTORY
Visit: http://www.forumromanum.org/history/morey01.html
MYTHOLOGY
Topics: figures and events in the Trojan War, tales of lovers and transformation, etc.
Visit: http://www.pantheon.org/
CULTURE
Visit: http://www.dl.ket.org/latin3/index.htm
GEOGRAPHY
Rivers/seas/mountains: Rhine, Po, Nile Rubicon/Adriatic, Aegean, Black/Atlas, Parnassus, etc
Regions/countries: Britannia, Hispania, Gallia, Sicilia, Germania, Graecia, Aegyptus, etc.
Cities: Troia, Carthago, Roma, Athens, Cyprus, Phoenicia, Ithaca, Mycenae, etc.