Psychology 101A, Spring 2006 - DOC

							PSYCHOLOGY 101A: Winter 2009
Exam #2, VERSION A KEY

1. Leah is a 14-month-old who is taking part in Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation assessment. When
her mother leaves, she barely seems to notice, and seems interested and fairly cheerful when the stranger
enters. When her mother returns, Leah does not react very strongly because she is interested in some of
the toys in the room. What type of attachment best describes Leah’s relationship with her mother?
    a) Resistant Attachment
    b) Avoidant Attachment
    c) Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
    d) Secure Attachment

2. The components of memory in the three-stage model of memory are __________________.
   a) explicit memory, implicit memory, and procedural memory
   b) semantic memory, episodic memory, and procedural memory
   c) anterograde, retrograde, and prospective memory
   d) sensory memory, short-term/working memory, and long-term memory

3. Stefan wants to train his dog Chipper to walk on his front legs, which is something Chipper has never
done before. To elicit this novel behavior, Stefan will most likely use ____________________.
   a) an application of operant conditioning called shaping, in which negative reinforcement is used
       over a period of time in response to successive approximations of the desired behavior
   b) an application of operant conditioning called shaping, in which positive reinforcement is
       used over a period of time in response to successive approximations of the desired behavior
   c) an application of classical conditioning called stimulus generalization, in which responses are
       conditioned over a period of time to successive approximations of the conditioned stimulus
   d) an application of classical conditioning called stimulus generalization, in which responses are
       conditioned over a period of time to successive approximations of the unconditioned stimulus

4. Heritability refers to the extent to which ____________________.
   a) unrelated individuals share common genes
   b) genetic mutations can be transmitted to one’s offspring
   c) trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations
   d) adult personality is determined by infant temperament

5. Research suggests that, in general, children who have imaginary companions __________ than
children who do not have imaginary companions
    a) are more sociable
    b) are less sociable
    c) perform worse on false belief tasks
    d) are more likely to show signs of autism

6. At the grocery store where Carla shops, there is a strong heater just inside the door during the winter
months. Every time Carla enters the store, she feels the warm air, and her whole body relaxes. One day
in March, Carla enters the store and the heater is gone. Even without the warm air, Carla enters the store
and immediately feels very relaxed. In this example, the warm air from the heater is the ___________.
    a) unconditioned stimulus
    b) conditioned stimulus
    c) unconditioned response
    d) conditioned response

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7. Early theorists referred to adolescence to as a time of “storm and stress.” Research suggests that this
idea might be true to some extent, because adolescents _________________________.
    a) are significantly more depressed than children or adults
    b) tend to engage in violent arguments with their parents about important, non-trivial matters
    c) engage in more risky behavior than children or adults
    d) in all cultures, particularly those in Samoa, show strong and clear signs of disturbance during this
       phase of life

8. Fabio is trying to remember the name of the current Secretary of State. It is on the “tip of his tongue”
until someone reminds him that the Secretary of State is the wife of a former president and Fabio
exclaims, “Of course! Hillary Clinton!” Fabio’s initial inability to recall this name was most likely
caused by ______________.
    a) encoding failure
    b) state-dependent memory
    c) repression
    d) retrieval failure

9. Research suggests that children of _____________ parents tend to have higher levels of self-esteem,
self-reliance, and social competence than children of parents who use other parenting styles.
    a) authoritarian
    b) authoritative
    c) indulgent/permission
    d) neglecting

10. In one study on pretend play, Paul Harris and his colleagues showed six-year-olds two boxes and told
them to imagine that one box contained a puppy and one contained a monster. Which of the following
best describes the results of the study?
    a) When asked if the puppy and monster were real, most children said, “no,” and when the
        children were left alone with the boxes, they seemed to be somewhat afraid of the box that
        contained the imaginary monster.
    b) When asked if the puppy and monster were real, most children said, “no,” and when the children
        were left alone with the boxes, they did not treat the two boxes differently.
    c) When asked if the puppy and monster were real, most children said, “yes,” and when the children
        were left alone with the boxes, they did not treat the two boxes differently.
    d) When asked if the puppy and monster were real, most children said, “yes,” and when the children
        were left alone with the boxes, they seemed to be somewhat afraid of the box that contained the
        imaginary monster.

11. The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most strongly emphasized in cultures
characterized by ______________.
    a) gender schemas
    b) gender-typing
    c) collectivism
    d) individualism




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12. For her 8th grade science fair project, Tiffany is using operant conditioning to train pigeons in a
Skinner Box. Specifically, she is measuring how many trials it will take for the pigeon to learn to peck
when it sees a red light, but to hop up and down when it sees a blue light. In this study, the color of the
light is the ___________________.
    a) unconditioned stimulus
    b) primary reinforcement
    c) secondary reinforcer
    d) discriminative stimulus

13. According to research on infant development, the earliest age at which infants can tell the difference
between their own mothers’ voices and other mothers’ voices is ________________.
    a) two months old
    b) one month old
    c) two weeks old
    d) several days old

14. In one of our in-class activities, you were each assigned to one of three conditions and then presented
with a list of words. For each word, you were asked to answer a yes or no question, either a structural
question, a phonological question about the sound of the word, or a semantic question. Then you tried to
recall as many of the words as you could. Which of the following best describes the results of this study?
    a) There weren’t any differences across conditions.
    b) Students in the semantic condition remembered the most words on average.
    c) Students in the phonological condition remembered the most words on average.
    d) Students in the structural/visual condition remembered the most words on average.

15. Minh is trying to remember a recipe for chocolate chip cookies; Aisha is remembering a picnic she
had with her friends last year when she ate chocolate chip cookies. How would you describe the
difference between Minh’s and Aisha’s memories?
    a) Minh is using procedural memory; Aisha is using declarative memory.
    b) Minh is using implicit memory; Aisha is using explicit memory.
    c) Minh is using semantic memory; Aisha is using episodic memory.
    d) Minh is using episodic memory; Aisha is using semantic memory.

16. According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves _________________.
    a) behavior based on self-interest
    b) affirmation of self-defined ethical principles
    c) strong concern for social approval
    d) unquestioning obedience to authority figures

17. Four days after memorizing a list of words in an in-class activity, you are most likely to remember
the words _______________ of the list.
    a) at the beginning and the end
    b) at the end
    c) at the beginning
    d) in the middle




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18. Every time your friend Javier studies for his intro psychology exam, he bundles up in a warm blanket.
When you see him at the exam, you see that he has brought along a heating pad. Javier hopes to enhance
his ability to remember the content he studied by replicating the warmth that was present while he was
learning the information. In other words, he is applying the concept of _______________.
    a) context-dependent memory
    b) prospective memory
    c) mnemonic devices
    d) elaborative rehearsal

19. Josh (a boy) and Miranda (a girl) are adolescents who have reached puberty earlier than their peers.
Research on physical development suggests that during adolescence, _____________________.
    a) both Josh and Miranda will probably experience certain social advantages over their peers
    b) both Josh and Miranda will tend to show lower self-esteem and lower academic achievement than
       their peers
    c) Miranda will probably experience certain social advantages over her peers, whereas Josh will tend
       to show lower self-esteem and lower academic achievement than his peers
    d) Josh will probably experience certain social advantages over his peers, whereas Miranda will
       tend to show lower self-esteem and lower academic achievement than her peers

20. Two individuals are most likely to differ in personality if they are _________________________.
    a) identical (monozygotic) twins who were raised apart.
    b) identical (monozygotic) twins who were raised together.
    c) fraternal (dizygotic) twins who were raised apart.
    d) fraternal (dizygotic) twins who were raised together.

21. Dominic is conducting a study of classical conditioning. He separates rats into two groups: Group A
and Group B. Rats in Group A will receive a mild electric shock every time they drink water flavored
with a novel taste and rats in Group B will receive a mild electric shock every time they see a bright light.
Based on what you know from research by Garcia and Koelling, what do you think will be the result?
    a) Group A will show a conditioned fear response to the sweet taste
    b) Group B will show a conditioned fear response to the bright light
    c) Both a and b
    d) Neither a nor b

22. You are babysitting for an eight-year-old named Eleanor and her older sister Julia. You pour some
juice for Eleanor in a short, wide cup, and you pour the same amount for Julia in a tall, skinny glass.
Based on what you know about Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, will Eleanor think she has the
same amount of juice as her sister?
    a) No, because she is probably the concrete operational stage.
    b) No, because she is probably in the preoperational stage.
    c) Yes, because she is probably in the concrete operational stage.
    d) Yes, because she is probably in the preoperational stage.

23. Which of the following sequences of CS and UCS would be most effective in conditioning a fear
response in rats by pairing a bright white light with a mild electric shock.
    a) Forward conditioning with a short delay (a few seconds) between the CS and UCS
    b) Forward conditioning with a fairly long delay (10 minutes) between the CS and the UCS
    c) Simultaneous conditioning (presenting the CS and UCS at the same time)
    d) Backward conditioning (presenting the CS after the UCS)

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24. Willemina was in a bike accident one year ago and received a fairly severe head injury. She
remembers everything that happened after the accident and can form new memories, but even today, she
cannot remember what happened during the 24 hours before the accident. Willemina suffers from ______.
    a) anterograde amnesia
    b) retrograde amnesia
    c) proactive interference
    d) retroactive interference

25. A police officer stops you to ask you about an automobile accident you may have witnessed the
previous day. Since you were in the area at the time of the accident, the officer asks how fast the cars
were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Loftus and Palmer, how
might the officer's wording effect your recollection of the incident?
    a) You would be more likely to report a more serious accident than if the officer had used other
       wording (e.g., "hit" each other).
    b) You would be more likely to report a less serious accident than if the officer had used other
       wording (e.g., "hit" each other).
    c) You would remember no details of the accident because the officer was intimidating to you.
    d) The officer's wording would not affect your memory of the incident.

26. In one study, Albert Bandura showed children a video of an adult acting aggressively towards a
“Bobo” doll. Then he placed the children in a room with a Bobo doll to see if they would imitate the
behavior. What did Bandura find?
    a) Children will imitate the aggressive behaviors they saw on the video, but would not engage in any
        other type of aggressive behavior towards the Bobo doll
    b) Children are more likely to imitate the aggressive behavior if they have seen the behavior
        punished than if they have seen the behavior rewarded.
    c) Children will not imitate the aggressive acts unless they are offered a large prize for doing so.
    d) Children are more likely to imitate the aggressive behavior if they have seen the behavior
        rewarded than if they have seen the behavior punished.

27. Henry Wellman and his colleagues have frequently used the “unexpected contents” task in their
research on children’s developing theories of mind. The task begins by showing children a clearly labeled
box, such as a Band-Aids box, and asking them what is inside. Almost all participants in these studies
say, “Band-Aids!” Then, the box is opened to reveal something else, such as crayons. After closing the
box, the experimenter shows the child a puppet who has never seen inside the box, and asks, “What will
the puppet say is inside the box?” Research indicates which of the following about responses to this test
question?
    a) Children younger than four years old usually answer “Band-Aids!”
    b) Children older than five years old usually answer “Crayons!”
    c) Children younger than four years old usually answer “Crayons!”
    d) Children with autism usually answer “Band-Aids!”

28. Alyssa has trained her dog Slush to raise his paw in the air for a treat. She decides that she wants to
train him to raise his paw in the air three times in a row to get a treat. Alyssa has put Slush on a
___________ schedule of reinforcement.
    a) fixed-ratio
    b) variable-ratio
    c) fixed-interval
    d) variable-interval

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29. In one study of spontaneous recovery described in class, rats received a shock after hearing a tone.
After many conditioning trials, eventually the tone alone caused the rats to freeze with fear. After hearing
the tone without the shock many times, the rats eventually do not freeze with fear when they hear the tone
alone (i.e., extinction). Then the experimenters waited for a period of time and presented the tone without
the shock again. What were the results?
    a) No matter how long the period of time after extinction, the rats never froze in fear again when they
        heard the tone without the shock.
    b) No matter how long the period of time after extinction, the rats always froze in fear when they
        heard the tone without the shock.
    c) The rats were more likely to freeze with fear if the tone was presented one day after extinction
        than if it was presented two weeks after extinction.
    d) The rats will be more likely to freeze with fear if the tone was presented two weeks after
        extinction than if it was presented one day after extinction.

30. In contrast to what Piaget concluded from his observations, Renée Baillargeon and other researchers
have found evidence that infants as young as ________________ understand that objects continue to exist
when hidden.
   a) a few days old
   b) one month old
   c) four months old
   d) twelve months old

31. Sandra was in a very bad car accident several months ago and now she is quite fearful of moving
cars. She also walks everywhere she goes, avoiding all busy streets. Sandra’s situation combines
_____________________.
    a) a classically conditioned fear response with negative punishment of her walking behavior
    b) a classically conditioned fear response with negative reinforcement of her walking behavior
    c) positive reinforcement of her fear response with a classically conditioned walking response
    d) positive punishment of her fear response with a classically conditioned walking response

32. Many psychologists are skeptical of claims that chimpanzees can acquire language because the
chimpanzees have not shown the ability to __________________.
    a) acquire even a limited vocabulary
    b) acquire verbal speech
    c) use symbols meaningfully
    d) use syntax in communicating

33. Nina was raised in a Catholic household and until she was 18, she identified herself with that religion.
Then she went to college and became very close with her friend Chris who is a Buddhist. After speaking
with Chris quite a bit about religion, Nina started to wonder what it meant to be Catholic and now she
does not know if she wants to be Catholic any more. Based on Marcia’s theory of identity formation,
Nina’s identity status in the domain of religion is _____________.
    a) identity achievement
    b) identity moratorium
    c) identity diffusion
    d) identity foreclosure




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34. Premature babies are especially likely to gain weight if stimulated by _________.
    a) movement and acceleration
    b) touch and massage
    c) light and colors
    d) sound and music

35. Herbert the cat is at home alone when a breeze from an open window blows the door of the laundry
room almost completely closed. Herbert’s food is in the laundry room and soon he grows hungry. He has
never had to open a door before, but he is aware that (1) his paw will usually move things and (2) the door
is in his way. Eventually, he sticks his paw into the space under the door and pulls, and the door opens.
This sudden perception of a useful relationship without any operant or classical conditioning is referred to
as __________________.
     a) biological predisposition
     b) discrimination
     c) instinctive drift
     d) insight

36. Ellen learned Spanish for three years in high school and is now learning Italian in college. During
class, she often mistakenly says Spanish words for things instead of the Italian words, an example of
___________________.
    a) proactive interference
    b) retroactive interference
    c) anterograde amnesia
    d) retrograde amnesia

37. In regards to working memory, what is the “magic number” (i.e., the average number of pieces of
information we can hold in working memory)?
    a) 5 plus or minus 3
    b) 7 plus or minus 2
    c) 9 plus or minus 3
    d) 11 plus or minus 5

38. Alice and Cassandra both have kids who never clean their rooms. Alice decides that she wants to
encourage her children to clean their rooms by giving them $3 every time she comes into their rooms in
the morning and sees them clean. Cassandra decides she wants to stop her kids from leaving their rooms
messy, so if she comes into their rooms in the morning and the rooms are messy, she makes them do 20
push-ups (which they do not enjoy). In this scenario, _______________________.
    a) Alice and Cassandra are both using positive reinforcement
    b) Alice is using positive reinforcement and Cassandra is using negative reinforcement
    c) Alice is using positive reinforcement and Cassandra is using positive punishment
    d) Alice is using negative reinforcement and Cassandra is using positive punishment

39. The method of loci is an example of ________________ .
    a) a tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
    b) a mnemonic device
    c) iconic memory
    d) echoic memory



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40. Jamie recently participated in a study in which he read a story about someone visiting a doctor’s
office. When asked if the story mentioned magazines in the doctor’s office, Jamie said “yes,” even
though there were no magazines in the story. One possible explanation for this mistake was that Jamie
was relying on an existing mental framework about the concept “doctor’s office” that included magazines.
This existing mental framework is also called a _________________.
    a) flashbulb memory
    b) recovered memory
    c) schema
    d) mnemonic device




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