Natural Area Conservation Planning Framework

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British Columbia Region

Salish Sea
Natural Area Conservation Plan (NACP)

Primary Authors: Pierre Iachetti, Director of Conservation Science and Planning, British Columbia
Region
Kate Emmings, Ecosystems Specialist, Islands Trust Fund, Victoria

Regional Authorization:
I have reviewed the following Natural Area Conservation Plan and authorize it to go forward for approval
by the Regional Board and National Board. In doing so, I agree that:
 It accurately reflects the nature of anticipated work at the Natural Area;
 It has the input and support of cross-disciplinary regional staff including science,
securement, stewardship and development / communications;
 All known risks, liabilities and/or conflicts of interest have been disclosed;
 Any substantive changes to the plan will be identified in annual reports and will be
brought forward for re-approval as required.

Regional Vice-President ___________________________________ Date: ________________________
Or Associate RVP:

Review and Recommendation by President:
This plan has been reviewed by the President (as delegated) and meets requirements as documented in the
approved Natural Area Conservation Plan template and NCC Conservation Policy Framework. It is
recommended to move forward for Regional Board approval.

___________________________________ Date: ____________________________
Name and Title

Recommendation to the Regional Board: That, pursuant to the Conservation Policy Framework
adopted on September 29, 2006, the British Columbia Regional Board approves the Salish Sea Natural
Area Conservation Plan per clause 2.1 a.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan
British Columbia Region

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan
Executive Summary

Date of President’s Recommendation: ___________________________

Date of Regional Board Approval: ______________________

Date of Review by Conservation Committee: __________________________

Recommendation to the National Board of Directors: That, pursuant to the Conservation Policy
Framework adopted on September 29, 2006, the National Board of Directors approves the Salish Sea
Natural Area Conservation Plan per clause 2.1 and further approve Conservation Projects in accordance
with clause 2.2 a, subject to completion of satisfactory annual reports per clause 2.6 a.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan i
British Columbia Region

Vision Statement
State the vision statement from your plan.

Goals
List each of the goals stated in your plan.

Conservation Context and Rationale
Locator Map of Natural Area
(250 words or less)
 Why this place?
 Ecological significance and socio-economic
context of the Natural Area.
 Conservation impact of the plan

This section should end with a brief statement that
describes what the overall conservation impact will be if
the plan is successfully implemented. (Note: this statement appears in the introduction to the Actions table
in the main body of the plan).

Biodiversity Targets
Photo of Natural Area
List your targets.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan ii
British Columbia Region

Threats
Summarize major threats by IUCN Level 3 category ranked in order of threat magnitude from very high
to medium. Do not include low magnitude threats in the table. Where necessary, expand the wording of
the threat to include information provided in the Level 1 and / or 2 categories if the level 3 category on its
own does not clearly describe the threat. For example, “3.1.1 - Future operations”, as presented in the full
plan, does not on its own adequately describe the threat when not presented with the higher level
categories. It should therefore be revised in the Executive Summary to say “3.1.1 - Future oil and gas
drilling operations”. The threats presented in the table below must be clearly understandable to the outside
reader without having to refer to the full plan.

Threat Magnitude

Conservation Actions
List conservation actions and summarize as necessary to stay within one page. Please do not present
actions in two columns.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan iii
British Columbia Region

Budget: XX 2010 – XX 2015

Summarize the budget table from your plan as indicated below. Use only the “first order” conservation
action headings from your budget table. Please indicate the months and years the plan spans in the budget
heading.

Conservation Capital Costs Human Resource First Year Five Year
Actions Costs Total Total

Securement -
Land/Water
Protection

Total Expenses
Future Stewardship
Contribution
Total Plan Costs

Financing Plan

Insert the financing plan table from your plan.

Funding Source Estimated % of Restrictions on Match Notes
Total Plan Fund Use Requirements
Costs

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan iv
British Columbia Region

Maps

Map 1 - Conservation Context and Rationale
 Cadastral boundaries, protected areas, existing NCC lands, major
road and towns, hydrography, etc

(may be separate page)

Map 2 - Conservation Actions
 Prioritization of lands for securement (e.g., Priority 1, 2, 3 etc. as
described in the relevant appendix) must be clearly shown for the
Natural Area and/or for each focal area where applicable. If,
because of scale, map(s) showing prioritization of lands within
focal areas (if applicable) is presented in an appendix to the full
plan, please indicate so in a note within the legend of this
conservation actions map.
 Depict the location and spatial extent of each category of
conservation actions where possible

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan v
British Columbia Region

SALISH SEA
Natural Area Conservation Plan
Table of Contents

List major and minor section headings with appropriate page numbers.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PROJECT TEAM AND KEY PARTNERS

1. CONSERVATION CONTEXT AND RATIONALE
A. Context
i. Geographic Context
ii. Ecological Context
a. Natural Cover / Ecosystem Types
b. Dominant Environmental Processes
c. Significant Species
iii. Socio-Economic / Cultural Context
B. Biodiversity Targets and Associated Threats
i. Biodiversity Targets
ii. Threats
C. Opportunities

2. VISION AND GOALS
A. Conservation Vision
B. Goals

3. CONSERVATION/BUSINESS ACTIONS AND MEASURES OF
SUCCESS

4. BUDGET AND FINANCING
A. Budget
B. Financing Plan

5. MAPS

6. REFERENCES

7. APPENDICES

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan
British Columbia Region

SALISH SEA
Natural Area Conservation Plan (NACP)
Annotated Template – Main Body of Plan
Writing Guidelines

Please refer to approved NACPs plans for guidance on plan style and content. They can be found in the
F:\National Conservation Operations\Project Files\NACPs Approved folder.

Recommended planning resource: The Nature Conservancy. 2007. Conservation Action Planning
Handbook: Developing strategies, taking actions and measuring success at any scale. TNC, Arlington,
VA. 129p. It is located on NCC’s Training and Resources Website under the Reference Materials /
Conservation / Campaign / Natural Area Conservation Planning (NACP) / NACP Resource Materials /
TNC CAP Process folder “TNC CAP Handbook June 2007 Final”.

Use NatureServe Explorer http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/ for proper usage of common and
scientific species names. At the first mention of the species by NatureServe Explorer’s common name,
authors should insert the scientific name, as well as any alternative common name in parentheses. The
common name (or most commonly used name) can then be used throughout the plan. For example, “The
CVNA contains the best examples of Oregon White Oak stands (Quercus garryana, commonly known in
Canada as Garry Oak)… The remaining stands of Garry Oak on the island…”

Define abbreviations at first mention, and provide a list of all abbreviations used in the report as an
appendix.

Use metric or provide a metric equivalent for all measurements of area (e.g., acres / hectares).

PROJECT TEAM AND KEY PARTNERS

The Salish Sea NACP was a collaboration between Nature Conservancy of Canada, Islands Trust Fund,
Parks Canada, The Nature Trust of BC, the BC Ministry of Environment, BC Ministry of Forests and
Range, and Integrated Land Management Bureau to develop a shared regional conservation strategy for
the Natural Area. The project team also benefited from the input of numerous individuals and agencies
interested in conservation of the Natural Area. X workshops were held in Victoria, Nanaimo, XX, and
XX. The list of attendees is provided in Appendix XX.

Name Role Organization Phone Email
Pierre Iachetti* Project lead Nature 1(250) Pierre.Iachetti@natureconservancy.ca
Conservancy of 413-8015
Canada
Kate Emmings Ecosystem Islands Trust 1 (250) kemmings@islandstrust.bc.ca
Protection Fund 405-5176
Specialist

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 1
British Columbia Region
Todd Ecologist Gulf Islands 1 (250) todd.golumbia@pc.gc.ca
Golumbia National Park 654-4011
Reserve, Parks
Canada
Andy Forest BC Ministry of 1 (250) Andy.Mackinnon@gov.bc.ca
MacKinnon Ecologist Forests and 952-4432
Range
Kim Everett Species At BC Ministry of 1(250) Kim.Everett@gov.bc.ca
Risk Environment 387-9342
Peter Arcese Conservation The Nature Trust 1(604) arcese@interchange.ubc.ca
Biology of BC and the 822-1886
University of BC
Bill Zinovich Land and Integrated Land 1(250) Bill.Zinovich@gov.bc.ca
Resource Management 751-7032
Specialist Bureau

*Project contact

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 2
British Columbia Region

1. CONSERVATION CONTEXT AND RATIONALE

A. CONTEXT

This section provides an overview of the ecological and socio-economic / cultural context of the Natural
Area. Ensure you address the following under each subheading:

i. Geographic Context

This section should include:
 A description of the location and size (in acres, hectares and sq. km) of the Natural Area (province,
ecoregion) – with reference to a location map.
 An ecological justification of the Natural Area boundary.
 Summary of NCC’s work to date within the Natural Area including land securement acreages /
percent of the Natural Area, and other conservation work.
 Summary of the number of acres and percent of the Natural Area in natural heritage designations,
parks and other protected areas as a table where applicable.

The Salish Sea Natural Area covers an area of 15,418 km2 (1,541,838 ha/3,809,950 acres). It includes the
terrestrial, freshwater and marine realms from the east side of Vancouver Island just south of Campbell
River down to Victoria and west to Port Renfrew and on the BC mainland from just north of Powell River
down through the Fraser Valley west of Hope and to the US border (Map 1). The NA encompasses the
coastal waters of the Strait of Georgia and Juan de Fuca Strait. The NA abuts the Discovery Pass NA at
its northern extent and the Cowichan Valley NA on its southwest extent.

Salish Sea refers to…

The NA boundary corresponds with the extent of the Coastal Douglas-fir (CDF mm) and dry Coastal
Western Hemlock (CWH xm1 and xm2) biogeoclimatic zones on eastern Vancouver Island and the lower
mainland with some modifications (Map X). The status of biodiversity in the CDF (and to a lesser degree,
dry CWH) biogeoclimatic zone has received considerable recent attention. Historic and current
development pressures have, and are having significant negative impacts on biodiversity values and it is
widely recognised that considerable efforts will be required to restore and maintain biodiversity values
within the zone (Holt 2007).

The Nature Conservancy of Canada has had a long history of conservation in the Natural Area. NCC has
been working for decades to preserve areas of high biodiversity value in this region, and to date has
secured over 740 acres (300 hectares) of land in partnership with various parks agencies and local land
trusts. Over the next five years, NCC will continue with this important work to both improve on the
stewardship of lands already secured and secure additional areas in partnership with other organizations.

Parks and Protected Areas in the NA include the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, …and numerous
regional parks and protected areas.

Marine Conservation Areas
Orca Pass International Stewardship Area is a transboundary MPA initiative which encompasses the
waters between the Gulf Islands and San Juan County in Washington State. As these waters are really a
single ecosystem, the stewardship area was designated to help manage them as such.

Currently Parks Canada in partnership with the Province of British Columbia is conducting a study to
determine if it would be feasible to create a National Marine Conservation Area (NMCA) in the southern

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 3
British Columbia Region
Strait of Georgia. If so, this NMCA would be included in the system of national marine conservation
areas.

Acres % of Natural Area
Regional Parks 49,617 1.3
Provincial Parks 108,656 2.9
National Parks 15,312 0.4
Other protected lands (NGOs) 11,992 0.3

ii. Ecological Context

This section should include:
 An overview of the ecological significance of the Natural Area - Why this place? What is the
ecological significance of this area? –with reference to a conservation context map. Include in this
overview how the Natural Area relates to the relevant Conservation Blueprint. What areas of
biological significance identified from the Conservation Blueprint does the Natural Area
incorporate? What is the significance of this area(s) within the context of the ecoregion? Etc.

The Salish Sea Natural Area falls within the Willamette Valley – Puget Trough – Georgia Basin
ecoregion. This ecoregional assessments was completed by the Nature Conservancy of Canada in
partnership with The Nature Conservancy (Oregon and Washington Field Offices), the Washington
Department of Fish & Wildlife, the BC Conservation Data Centre, Washington and Oregon Natural
Heritage Programs and NatureServe (Floberg et al. 2004).

Many areas in the NA are of high value in term of conservation and vulnerability, from both terrestrial
and marine perspectives. The Salish Sea Natural Area is situated between the two largest urban centres in
British Columbia (Vancouver and Victoria), and is under extreme threat from land conversion, invasive
species and other anthropogenic influences. High numbers of rare species and plant community types
exist in this area.

Forest development history on southern Vancouver Island is some of the longest in the Province. Crown
land is very limited in extent (approximately 7% of the total), with much of the remainder of the landbase
is held as private land. Protected Areas are some of the lowest in the province (X%). Primary land use
consists of forestry, agricultural and some of the highest density urban, suburban and rural development
to be found anywhere in BC. As a result, the landscape is a matrix of second growth forests, small pockets
of old growth attributes, and development (Holt 2007).

 Please include the following sub-sections under the Ecological Context section:

a. Natural Cover / Ecosystem Types
Description of ecosystem and vegetative community types within the Natural Area. Identify
community and ecosystem targets from the conservation blueprint that have been identified
within the Natural Area. Use tables to summarize information as appropriate.

Terrestrial

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 4
British Columbia Region
The CDF ecosystem is located in the Leeward Island Mountains within the Eastern Vancouver Island
Ecoregion and Georgia Depression Ecoprovince. The CDF is characterised by low precipitation and tends
to have dry summers and mild winters. This region is highly ecologically diverse, with a diversity of
forested and non-coniferous forested ecosystems (Garry oak, wetlands), and grass-dominated ecosystems
on some sites, many of which are associated with a large number of rare species. The region also supports
endemic species because the area remained ice-free during the last ice-age (Holt 2007).

CWH (xm1 and xm2)

Freshwater
[note: describes old NA boundary – needs to be updated]
The Salish Sea NA is within the Vancouver Island Ecological Drainage Unit (EDU). EDUs represent
distinct major drainage basins that contain unique fish assemblages based on broad zoogeographic,
physiographic and climatic patterns. The Vancouver Island EDU is in the North Pacific Coastal
Freshwater Ecoregion. The climate of the Vancouver Island EDU is mild and very wet. The Island’s
rivers are short with high gradients, and the lakes have high flushing rates. Native fish in this EDU are
primarily euryhaline, meaning they can tolerate a wide range of salinities, such as salmonids.
Based on Ecological Aquatic Units for BC (EAU BC) (Ciruna et al. 2007), river ecosystems are classified
at the 3rd order watershed scale into one of four general categories: coastal (C), headwater (H), tributary
(T) and mainstem (M). They have been further defined into sub-types according to a suite of watershed
attributes, such as hydrology and gradient. The only river ecosystem sub-type found within the Salish Sea
NA is the Sheltered Outer Coast and Island Coastal Rivers river ecosystem sub-type (C1b). This river
ecosystem sub-type has a low average elevation and shallow mainstem gradients with shallow to
moderately steep valley walls. It also has the lowest average annual precipitation (1,636 mm/yr) and the
largest average drainage area of all coastal river types and the highest average annual temperature
(8.88oC) of all river types. There is no glacier influence and relatively high wetland and lake influence
within the C1b sub-type. River systems in this sub-type flow predominantly through CWH (69%) and
CDF (29%) BEC zones.

Lake Ecosystems are classified in EAU BC into three general classes: drainage (D), isolated (I), and
headwater (U). Each of these general classes is represented in the Salish Sea NA. There are four different
lake ecosystem types, (Table 1) with the most commonly found lake type being D1: Coastal Drainage
Lakes. These lakes have a highly complex shoreline and large average drainage area and are relatively
warm with the second highest average number of degree days above 4oC. The average stream outflow
order is a second order stream, with the perimeter of the lake predominantly in the CWH (95%) zone. The
second most common lake type is U1: Coastal Headwater Lakes. These lakes have a small average
drainage area (0.42 km2) and are the warmest of all headwater lakes. They generally occur at low
elevations and mainly in the CWH (98%) zone.

There are also two of the isolated lake types within the Salish Sea NA, the most common being I1:
Coastal Isolated Lakes. Coastal Isolated Lakes have the smallest average surface area (1.95 ha) of all lake
types, and on average, have a very small drainage area (0.02 km2). Water temperatures are warm; these
lakes have the highest average number of degree days above 4ºC of all lake types. Coastal isolated lakes
are located predominantly within the CWH (97%) zone. The second isolated lake type, I2, Interior, Low
Relief Isolated Lakes in the North East are predominantly found in the north eastern section of the
province and is only represented by one occurrence in the Salish Sea NA. The I2 lake type is the largest
of the isolated lake types with a relatively small average drainage area and low average elevation.

Table 1. Lake Ecosystem Types in South Salish Sea NA

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 5
British Columbia Region
Lake Ecosystem Type1 Description Count Total Area (m2)
D1 Coastal drainage lakes 39 2,913
I1 Coastal isolated lakes 6 23,358
I2 Interior, low relief isolated lakes in the 1 16,183
north east
U1 Coastal headwater lakes 11 248,407
1
D = Drainage, I = Isolated, U = Headwater

Marine
[note: describes old NA boundary – needs to be updated]
The Salish Sea Natural Area is contained within the Strait of Georgia marine ecosection. The
marine environment is influenced by both local winds, the influx of fresh water from the Fraser
River as well as from the connection with the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Juan de Fuca. It
is bounded on the north by the Johnstone Strait marine ecosection and on the south by the Juan
de Fuca Strait ecosection. This area can be characterized as a relatively deep basin which is
highly influenced by fresh water inputs and seasonally stratified. With more than 70% of the
population of British Columbia living along these shores, it is considered one of Canada’s most
important marine environments. Unfortunately though, it is also considered to be Canada's "most
at-risk natural environment" (GSA 2008).

b. Dominant Environmental Processes
Description of the dominant environmental processes within the Natural Area that are
important to be maintained for the ecological integrity of the Natural Area.

Marine
Circulation and Tides
Tides within the Natural Area are mixed and predominantly diurnal with one complete tidal
exchange per day. Mean currents circulate in a counter-clockwise direction. Nutrients enter the
ecosystem primarily through the Juan de Fuca Strait, while the Fraser River provides a seasonal
source of nutrients due to the influx of fresh water during the spring melt (Davenne & Masson
2001). This buoyant and often silt-laden water has velocities approaching 800 cubic m3/s during
the spring snowmelt (Davenne & Masson 2001). This discharge causes a stratification between
the shallow (<10m) brackish surface layer and the deeper (>10m) more saline seawater
(UniversityofVictoria 2008).

c. Significant Species
Summary of species at risk, wide-ranging species, species requiring unique management and
significant species groups as applicable (e.g., priority species for a Bird Conservation Region,
etc.) within the Natural Area. Include lists of all conservation blueprint targets within the
Natural Area including their global, provincial and COSEWIC ranks (place in an appendix if
greater than two pages).

Terrestrial

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 6
British Columbia Region

Freshwater
The most frequently observed fish species recorded in the Fisheries Information Summary System (FISS)
are rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) and cutthroat trout (Oncorhyncus clarkii). Other salmonids
observed in this area include chum (Oncorhyncus keta), steelhead (Oncorhyncus mykiss), coho
(Oncorhyncus kisutch), Chinook (Oncorhyncus tshwytscha), and pink salmon (Oncorhyncys gorbuscha).
Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have been observed in three lakes on Saltspring island.

Marine
The Natural Area has several seasonal nutrient-rich upwelling areas generated by the winds and tides
within the narrow passages and channels. The growth of phytoplankton is encouraged by the nutrients
derived from the tidal mixing in the channels of the Gulf Islands. This in turn helps to the diversity of
marine life and creates important feeding habitat for marine birds.

The Natural Area supports a wide variety of marine and anadromous fish. Key ground fish species
include lingcod (Ophiodon elongates) Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), rockfish (Sebastes spp.),
numerous sole species, and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Declining lingcod and rockfish stocks
have resulted in the establishment or proposal of conservation areas within the Natural Area. The
biomass of the inshore stock of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) has increased in Georgia Strait since
the 1960s (peaking in 1987) and it has now become the dominant species. This may be due to the
reduction of predator species such as lingcod and rockfish (PFRCC 2007). Salmon are especially
prominent within the natural area from an ecological, economic and cultural perspective. The 5 species of
anadromous Pacific Salmon in this marine natural area include sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka), chinook
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chum (Oncorhynchus keta), and pink
(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). In addition to salmon, the Natural Area supports other anadromous fish
species: steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss, anadromous Rainbow Trout), coastal cutthroat trout
(Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii) and dolly varden (Salvelinus malma).

In addition to fish, the marine environment supports a wide variety of invertebrates including clams,
barnacles, shrimp, crabs, starfish, jellyfish, sea sponges, sea cucumbers, octopus and tunicates. The
threatened northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) is found within the Natural Area. There are also
many species of marine mammals including orca, harbour porpoise, Dall's porpoise, harbour seals and
Steller's and California sea lions due to the high concentrations of prey species such as euphasiids and
local herring.

iii. Socio-Economic / Cultural Context

Describe trends (increasing, decreasing, etc.) in economic, social, political, demographic, land and
water use sectors and how they provide context for how these might influence your work in the
Natural Area.

B. BIODIVERISTY TARGETS AND ASSOCIATED THREATS

i. BIODIVERSITY TARGETS

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 7
British Columbia Region
Biodiversity targets are the native biological entities (i.e., ecosystems, communities and/or species) that
the Natural Area Conservation Plan is aiming to conserve as part of your long term vision and
conservation goals. They should be representative of the biodiversity of the Natural Area.

 Ecosystems: Assemblages of ecological communities that occur together on the landscape and
share common ecological processes (e.g., flooding), environmental features (e.g., soils and
geology) or environmental gradients (e.g., temperature).

 Communities: Groupings of co-occurring species, including natural vegetation associations and
alliances.
o Major groupings of targeted species that share common natural processes or have similar
conservation requirements (e.g., forest-interior birds, freshwater mussels)
o Globally significant examples of species aggregations (e.g., migratory shorebird stopover
area aggregation)

 Species: Types of species targets may include:
o Globally imperilled and endangered native species (e.g., species ranked G1 to G3 by
Conservation Data Centres)
o Species of special concern due to vulnerability, declining trends, disjunct distributions or
endemism within the ecoregion
o Focal species, including keystone species, wide-ranging regional species and umbrella
species

Identify up to 10 biodiversity targets that will be the primary focus of the plan. These targets may be
specific ecological systems, communities or species. Start with targets identified in the conservation
blueprint that are within the Natural Area. In tandem with the conservation blueprint information, use
local knowledge and Conservation Data Centre information to identify the biodiversity targets. It may be
helpful to start with broad, encompassing ecosystems and then identify if relevant finer scale communities
and species targets which require specific management requirements. Targets may be currently extirpated
from the Natural Area and therefore require reintroduction and/or restoration. Given the long-term
conservation visions of these NACPs, some targets may be identified for which conservation actions
cannot be implemented within the first five years given capacity needs and knowledge gaps. Conservation
actions related to capacity building and research and monitoring should be incorporated within the first
five years for these targets. The following steps may be helpful to consider when identifying biodiversity
targets:
1. Determine viable ecosystems occurring within the Natural Area – “coarse filter” targets
2. Identify nested species and communities captured within these ecosystems
3. Identify species and communities that have ecological attributes or conservation requirements not
adequately captured within the ecosystems and require unique conservation actions – “fine filter”
targets
 At risk species; endemic species; declining / vulnerable species; disjunct populations; keystone
species; wide-ranging species; species aggregations and hotspots of biodiversity; and rare
communities
4. “Lump” together targets that meet the following criteria:
 Co-occur within the Natural Area; require similar ecological processes; and share similar
threats thereby requiring similar conservation actions
5. Remove any targets that are not viable or restorable
6. Refine to 10 or fewer biodiversity targets that:
 Represent the biodiversity of the Natural Area; reflect conservation blueprint targets;
incorporate a range of spatial scales; encompass terrestrial, freshwater and marine realms
where applicable; coarse filter / fine filter – lumped where applicable; and are viable /
restorable.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 8
British Columbia Region
For each biodiversity target provide:

 Target type – general habitat type or species type based on the table provided in Appendix
Two. This will enable “roll-up” and reporting out on targets by region, across country, etc.
similar to our standardized threat and conservation action categories.
 Ecological justification – why was it chosen as a biodiversity target? i.e., globally, nationally
and or provincially imperilled species or communities, threatened ecosystems, etc.
 Viability / trend assessment – a cursory assessment of:
o Size - a measure of the area or abundance of the biodiversity target’s occurrence
o Condition - a measure of the composition, structure and biotic interactions that
characterize the occurrence
o Landscape context - the ecological processes that maintain the target occurrence and
connectivity. Ecological processes include hydrologic regimes (e.g., flooding), fire
regimes and many other kinds of natural disturbances. Connectivity includes such
factors as species targets having access to habitats and resources and the ability of a
target to respond to environmental change through dispersal or migration (Low 2003).
 Nested targets - list the targets that nest within the biodiversity targets. These nested targets
share similar ecological and management requirements as that of the biodiversity targets under
which they are nested. Therefore, conserving the biodiversity target will de facto conserve its
nested targets. If including nested targets in this table becomes onerous due to volume, please
include as an appendix.
 Map showing the current distribution of the biodiversity targets within the Natural Area

A sample table is provided on the page that follows.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 9
British Columbia Region

Sample table summarizing biodiversity targets and associated information (Note: this is only a partial excerpt). Naming conventions for species and
community names are as in NatureServe Explorer.

This table is based on The Nature Conservancy’s Conservation Action Planning (CAP) viability summary table. The Nature Conservancy’s (CAP) Excel
Workbook version 5a can be used to calculate the overall viability ranks. The CAP Workbook is found on NCC’s Training and Resources Website under
the Reference Materials / Conservation / Campaign / Natural Area Conservation Planning (NACP) / NACP Resource Materials / TNC CAP Process folder.
Consider placing nested targets and/or viability rationale in a separate appendix if their content is too overwhelming for the table.

Ecological Landscape Viability Viability Nested
Biodiversity Targets Habitat / Species Type Size Condition
Justification Context Rank Rationale Targets
Dry evergreen forests
Forest – Temperate
and woodlands
Oak woodlands Forest – Temperate
Wetlands – Bogs,
Freshwater marshes Marshes, Swamps, Fens,
Peatlands
Intertidal salt marshes Littoral – Salt Marshes
Coastal spits, dunes and Littoral – Coastal Sand
strand Dunes
Large-headed sedge
herbaceous vegetation

Overall Biodiversity Target Health Rank for the Natural Area:

Optimal Health: The biodiversity target is functioning at an ecologically
Very Good
desirable status, and requires little management.
Minimum Health: The biodiversity target is functioning within its range of
Good
acceptable variation; it may require some management.
Fair Likely Degradation: The biodiversity target lies outside of its range of

Natural Area Conservation Plan – Annotated Template 10
British Columbia Region

acceptable variation and requires management. If unchecked, the biodiversity
target will be vulnerable to serious degradation.
Imminent Loss: Allowing the biodiversity target to remain in this condition for
Poor an extended period will make restoration or preventing extirpation practically
impossible.
Research Need: The biodiversity target is known to occur, but information on
Unknown
this viability criterion is currently is unknown.
Not Applicable: This criterion is not significant for assessing the health of this
NA
biodiversity target.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 11
British Columbia Region

ii. THREATS

Marine
Over-fishing of salmon stocks through commercial and sports fishing and the degradation of spawning
and rearing habitat have historically been cited as the biggest threat to local marine resources. In recent
years the impacts of climate and ocean regime changes are felt to be the dominant factor in local species
abundance and distribution at the north end of Georgia Strait. The 1996 Strait of Georgia Fisheries
Sustainability Review concluded that chum were the only sustainable salmon stock in Georgia Strait
(HCL 1996). Stocks of lingcod and rock fish were also severely depressed and not sustainable. This was
felt to be primarily due to over-exploitation coupled with adverse climatic changes in the marine
environment. Over harvesting of several species of intertidal and subtidal marine molluscs has lead to
both local and general declines including abalone, geoducks and butter and manila clams (HCL 1996).
Sewage contamination has closed considerable stretches of beach to shellfish harvesting but is not
generally lethal to the shellfish themselves. Since the late 1990s many licences have been issued to allow
bottom trawling for shrimp. This fishery has two main conservation concerns: the impact of the trawl
gear on the seabed habitat and the amount of by catch which includes ground fish and crab.

Marine aquaculture
The natural area contains a number of finfish farms and provincial reviews have indicated the potential
for additional finfish and shellfish operations. Once viewed as a desirable industry in locations with
limited employment opportunities, the salmon farming industry is under fire for its adverse impacts on
migrating salmon stocks, marine mammals and the local environment. Evidence is mounting as to the
extent and ease with which fatal concentration of sea lice may be transferred from net penned salmon to
migrating juvenile fish. Sea lice are also able to transfer to predator species such as cutthroat trout and
coho salmon when the infected juveniles are consumed (Schumacher 2008). The existing industry and
any expansion in the Natural Area has the potential to impact nearshore, estuary, anadromous fish, marine
mammal and seabird biodiversity targets. Escaped Atlantic salmon were first confirmed in the Salmon
River and the collapse of a net pen in Frederick arm on July 3, 2008 released some 30,000 mature fish
into plan area waters (CBC 2008). The expansion of shellfish farming is also of increased concern as it
expands from relatively benign beach culture operations to more intensive installations such as long-line
culture and geoduck farms with the potential for habitat alteration and disturbance marine feeding
grounds. Experimental land-based fish farms for species such as sablefish have been proposed but at this
point have not found financing.

Natural Area Conservation Plan – Annotated Template
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British Columbia Region
This section identifies threats both common to many targets as well as those specific to each target.

Use the World Conservation Union (IUCN) classification of direct threats (IUCN-CMP 2006b) for
articulating the specific threats to your biodiversity targets (level 3) within IUCN level 1 and 2
threat classes. See Appendix Three for a list of IUCN level 1 and 2 threat classes.

Summarize the current condition of each threat as well as its predicted future condition. Also summarize
if relevant any impending threats that currently do not exist but may exist in the near future, e.g.,
proposed future housing development, oil and gas exploration, etc.

Provide a citation (third party) validation of each threat.

Determine each threat’s magnitude of impact (i.e., severity, scope, and irreversibility) in relation to each
of the biodiversity targets. Calculate the magnitude of each threat per biodiversity target based on the
following matrices (TNC CAP workbook v5a 2007).

A sample summary threats table is provided on the page that follows.

Severity of Damage: Level of damage that can reasonably be expected within five years under current
circumstances (given the continuation of the existing management / conservation situation).

Very The threat is likely to destroy or eliminate the biodiversity target over some portion of the
High target’s occurrence within the Natural Area
The threat is likely to seriously degrade the biodiversity target over some portion of the
High
target’s occurrence within the Natural Area
The threat is likely to moderately degrade the biodiversity target over some portion of the
Medium
target’s occurrence within the Natural Area
The threat is likely to only slightly impair the biodiversity target over some portion of the
Low
target’s occurrence within the Natural Area

Scope of Damage: The geographic scope of impact on the biodiversity target within the Natural Area that
can reasonably be expected within five years under current circumstances (given the continuation of the
existing situation).

Very The threat is likely to be very widespread or pervasive in its scope, and affect the
High biodiversity target throughout the target’s occurrence within the Natural Area
The threat is likely to be widespread in its scope, and affect the biodiversity target at many of
High
its locations within the Natural Area
The threat is likely to be localized in its scope, and affect the biodiversity target at some of
Medium
the target’s locations within the Natural Area
The threat is likely to be very localized in its scope, and affect the biodiversity target at a
Low
limited portion of the target’s location within the Natural Area

Severity and Scope of Damage Ranking Chart

Severity
Scope Very High High Medium Low
Very High Very High High Medium Low
High High High Medium Low
Medium Medium Medium Medium Low
Low Low Low Low Low

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 13
British Columbia Region

Irreversibility: The reversibility of the threat.

Very The threat is not reversible, for all intents and purposes (e.g., wetland converted to a
High shopping center
The threat is reversible, but not practically affordable (e.g., wetland converted to
High
agriculture)
The threat is reversible with a reasonable commitment of additional resources (e.g., ditching
Medium
and draining of wetlands)
Low The threat is easily reversible at relatively low cost (e.g., ATV usage within a wetland)

Overall Threat Magnitude per Biodiversity Target

Irreversibility
Severity &
Very High High Medium Low
Scope
Very High Very High Very High Very High High
High Very High High High Medium
Medium High Medium Low Low
Low Medium Low Low Low

Very High The threat is likely to destroy or eliminate the biodiversity target.
High The threat is likely to seriously degrade the biodiversity target.
Medium The threat is likely to moderately degrade the biodiversity target.
Low The threat is likely to only slightly impair the biodiversity target.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 14
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Sample table summarizing threats and associated information (Note: this is only a partial excerpt).

This table is based on The Nature Conservancy’s Conservation Action Planning (CAP) threats summary table. The Nature Conservancy’s (CAP) Excel
Workbook version 5a can be used to calculate the overall threat ranks. The CAP Workbook is found on NCC’s Training and Resources Website under the
Reference Materials / Conservation / Campaign / Natural Area Conservation Planning (NACP) / NACP Resource Materials / TNC CAP Process folder. It
will be important that overall threat ranks can be justified.

Biodiversity Targets

Area
Carolinian sensitive/ Overall
Tallgrass Vulnerable
forest/ Ravine mature Rare Threat Notes on Current/
Threats prairie/ oak orchids and
swamp systems forest Turtles Magnitude Future Condition
woodland other plants
mosaic dependent Rank
birds
Logging occurs
throughout most of the
area, including on
5.3 Logging and
public lands (OMNR
Wood Harvesting
Medium - - High - High High 2007). Logging likely
5.3.1 Incompatible
to occur in future given
logging
economic trends in the
area (Ecosims
Consulting 2005).
ATVs impact turtle
6.1 Recreational nesting sites within the
Activities NA (Findlay pers.
6.1.1 All-terrain Medium - Low - Medium - Medium comm.) Roads are
and off-road fragmenting habitat
vehicles (Betts and Simons
2004)
7.2 Dams and Some existing drains
Water Medium Medium - - - - Medium may have reduced
Management/ moisture within the

Natural Area Conservation Plan – Annotated Template 15
British Columbia Region

Use forest (Harold pers.
7.2.1 Draining of comm.). Potential for
the forest/ swamp future drainage with
estate development
(Harold pers. comm.)
Potential for estate
1.1 Housing and
development based on
Urban Areas
Low Low Low Low - - Low current housing market
1.1.1 Estate
in the area (Harold pers.
development
comm.).
3.1 Oil and Gas Some potential for oil,
Drilling but areas is no longer
- - Low - - - Low
3.1.1 Future zoned for these (OMNR
operations 2006).
Overall Threat
Status for the
Biodiversity Medium Medium Low High Medium High Medium
Targets and the
Natural Area
Threats are based on the IUCN classification of direct threats (IUCN-CMP 2006b).

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 16
British Columbia Region

C. OPPORTUNITIES

Provide some general information regarding opportunities that exist to advance conservation
within the Natural Area. Please include a summary of:
 Existing and potential partners (community, industry, government agencies, academic
institutions, ENGOs),
 Socio-economic influences and trends (land values, market influences, new developments,
etc.), and
 Community interests (recreation, birding, etc.) within the Natural Area.

Given the current condition of the entire CDF, where conditions are generally poor, restoration will be
key aspect of the planning. Meeting two goals is therefore important: representation of ecosystems in
good condition (older forest, or high structural attributes present) and representation of ecosystems in
poor condition but which have high probability of restoration (Holt 2007).

In the CDF, current landscape condition is relatively low. Few options for capturing high condition old
growth remain (Holt & Mackinnon 2001), and loss of sensitive ecosystems has long been identified as an
issue likely to compromise conservation across the region (Ward et al. 1998). Planning for long-term
benefit will therefore be a key feature of planning in this ecosystem, and for some ecosystems restoration
may be the only significant option remaining today (Holt 2007).

2. VISION AND GOALS
A. CONSERVATION VISION

Write a concise, compelling statement of what you want to achieve within the Natural Area. This
should be a 20 to 50 year long term vision for conservation success.

For example:

Skunk’s Misery is one of the largest remaining Carolinian forests in southern Ontario, supporting a
diversity of habitats, viable populations of species at risk and functional old growth forests.
Management is well-coordinated and focussed on conserving and enhancing biodiversity. The local
community takes pride in the area, and is active in its stewardship and conservation. It is a centre
for nature education and appreciation and a place that inspires wonder.

The OMB NA is a large, intact tract of native prairie grassland which supports a diversity of habitats,
viable populations of species at risk, and ecosystem functions. Long-term management is in place
which further protects and enhances the ecological integrity of the grasslands and has recovered
Plains Bison on the 13,000 acre Old Man on His Back Prairie Heritage and Conservation Area
(OMB PHCA). A successful interpretation centre at the OMB PHCA showcases the natural and
cultural features of the site and provides educational opportunities for the local community and First
Nations to enhance their understanding, appreciation and support for conservation efforts
throughout the Natural Area.

B. GOALS

Natural Area Conservation Plan – Annotated Template
17
British Columbia Region
Write a number of key goal statements regarding what needs to be achieved in order to realize
the conservation vision over the longer term. The goals provide the rationale and context for the
specific conservation actions. The goal statements need to be linked to the biodiversity targets. These
goals should be more “future-oriented” to describe what will be achieved.

For example:

Conservation Goals Allied Biodiversity
Targets1
1. To establish functional ecological linkages between core conservation All
areas.
2. To complete securement of core conservation areas. All
3. To maintain and recover viable populations of Species at Risk. RT, ER
4. To enhance community support and understanding of Frontenac Arch and All
to promote community participation in its conservation.
5. To enhance information and monitoring of biodiversity values, natural All
processes and threats.
6. To support and enhance conservation partnerships on the Frontenac All
Arch, especially with local land trusts.
7. To enlarge and consolidate key Parks Canada and Ontario Parks All
holdings to enhance their role as core conservation areas.
Biodiversity Targets: FM: Forest Matrix, STFC: Bare Rock Ridge and Shallow Till Forest Complex, OW: Open
Wetland Systems, ST: Streams, LK: Lakes, PP: Pitch Pine Barrens, RT: Rare Turtle Community, ER: Eastern
Ratsnake.

3. CONSERVATION / BUSINESS ACTIONS AND MEASURES OF
SUCCESS
This section identifies the conservation and business actions required to conserve the biodiversity targets
within your Natural Area. It also establishes measures for monitoring the success of your conservation
actions. Developing and implementing measures of success allows an adaptive management approach to
be applied to the Natural Area.

The section should begin with a short summary of key conservation / business actions including an
overview of your priority securement actions with an associated map. Provide a separate appendix to
describe how (from an ecological perspective) lands within the Natural Area (or within focal areas) were
prioritized for securement.

This introductory section should end with a statement that expresses what the overall conservation impact
of successfully implementing the plan would be to the Natural Area. This statement should include
quantifiable illustrations of conservation impact to the extent possible. For example, through direct
securement strategies, NCC will increase the amount of land under protection as habitat for X biodiversity
targets (Species at Risk, etc.) in this plan from X acres / % of Natural Area to X acres / % of Natural
Area. NCC will influence conservation over X acres / % of the Natural Area through extension strategies
including awareness, outreach and establishment of X new partnerships.

Use the World Conservation Union (IUCN) classification of conservation actions (IUCN-CMP
2006a, as modified by NCC, for articulating your specific conservation actions (level 3) within
IUCN level 1 and 2 conservation action classes. Appendix Four summarizes these NCC-modified
IUCN level 1 and 2 conservation action classes.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 18
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Conservation actions should be identified (at a minimum) for all threats of “medium” threat magnitude or
higher for the Natural Area and all viable factors that are fair, poor or unknown. Conservation actions
should be:

 S.M.A.R.T.- specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time referenced
 Articulated using active voice, e.g., “Secure 3,000 acres of priority 1 and 2 lands by 2011”.
 Defined within the five year timeframe of the plan
 Linked to specific biodiversity target(s), their associated threat(s) and the related conservation
goals established for those targets
 Include any phased actions that will take longer than five years to complete, e.g., reintroduction
of the whooping crane within a Natural Area given sufficient habitat restoration
 For conservation actions relevant to land acquisition, be sure to note the land owner post
securement

Note: be sure to include conservation actions for addressing biodiversity target and threat
knowledge gaps.

Identify an organizational lead(s) for each action.

Summarize the relative importance of each conservation action (i.e., urgent, necessary, beneficial)
and which targets, threats and goals each action addresses. Use the following definitions when
determining importance:

 Urgent: Conservation actions that without implementation would clearly result in the reduction of
viability of a biodiversity target or the increase in magnitude of a critical threat within the next 5-
10 years. Also includes research information that is needed before key decisions can be made on
the management of biodiversity targets.

 Necessary: Conservation actions that are needed to maintain or enhance the viability of
biodiversity targets or reduce critical threats. Also research that will assist in decisions on
management of biodiversity targets.

 Beneficial: Conservation actions that will assist in maintaining or enhancing viability of
biodiversity targets and reducing threats.

Identify measures of success for each conservation action ensuring that the measures are specific and
quantifiable. These should be written as “outcome” statements versus action statements. Summarize the
available information in table format.

A sample table of actions/measures of success is provided on the page that follows, reflecting the level of
specificity expected in this table.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 19
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Sample table summarizing conservation actions, measures of success and associated information (Note: this is only a partial excerpt).
2
Conservation Actions Importance/ Biodiversity Threat(s) Measures of Success (MOS) / Notes Organizational
1
Associated Target(s) Lead
Goals
1. Securement - Land/ Water Protection URGENT ALL 1.1.1, 2.1.1, MOS: A minimum of 3,000 acres of Priority 1a and 1b NCC
1.1 Site/Area Protection 1, 2, 3 2.3.1, 3.2.1, lands are secured by 2011, representing 9% of
1.1.1 Secure 3,000 acres of Priority 1a and 1b 5.3.1, 11.4.1 outstanding Priority 1 core properties and at least one
lands by 2011. principle ecological linkage on the Frontenac Arch
established. NCC actions in partnership with Ontario
Parks, Parks Canada, Queen’s University and local land
trusts.
2. Stewardship - Land/ Water Management NECESSARY ALL 5.1.1, 5.2.1, MOS: All properties are properly stewarded through NCC
2.1 Site/Area Management 1, 3 6.1.1, 8.1.1, first year of ownership and Interim Stewardship
2.1.1 Prepare Interim Stewardship Statements 8.1.2, 8.2.1 Statements are developed by the end of the first year.
within one year and Property Management Property Management Plans are prepared and approved
Plans following NCC’s approved Stewardship for all lands secured within the Natural Area within two
Performance Standards for secured properties, years of acquisition, and all urgent conservation
and conduct stewardship actions on acquired activities identified within the plan are implemented
properties as required by Property within two years of plan approval.
Management Plans.
2. Stewardship - Land/ Water Management NECESSARY ALL 5.1.1, 5.2.1, MOS: A Baseline Documentation Report (BDR), signed NCC
2.1 Site/Area Management 1, 3 6.1.1, 8.1.1, by NCC and the landowner, is in place at the time of
2.1.2 Complete Baseline Documentation 8.1.2, 8.2.1 registration for each easement property, with a more
Reports for the purposes of monitoring detailed BDR, if necessary, also signed by NCC and the
restrictions for all properties secured under landowner, in place within one year of registration. All
conservation easement, following NCC’s easements on monitored annually following NCC’s
approved Stewardship Performance Standards approved Stewardship Performance Standards and
for easement properties, and monitor all completed monitoring reports on file in the regional
easement properties annually as required. office.

1
Biodiversity Targets: FM: Forest Matrix, BR: Bare Rock Ridge Shallow Till Plain Forest, OW: Open Wetland Systems, ST: Streams, LK: Lakes, PP: Pitch Pine
Barrens, RT: Rare Turtle Community, ER: Eastern Ratsnake.
2
Proposed implementation measures for NACP annual progress report. More detailed measures for some actions will be developed as part of action implementation or
through Property Management Plans.

Natural Area Conservation Plan – Annotated Template 20
British Columbia Region

2
Conservation Actions Importance/ Biodiversity Threat(s) Measures of Success (MOS) / Notes Organizational
1
Associated Target(s) Lead
Goals
3. Stewardship - Species Management BENEFICIAL ER, RT 5.1.1, 6.1.1 MOS: NCC participates in at least two relevant Species Species Recovery
3.1 Species Management 3, 5 at Risk recovery meetings by 2009. Teams
3.1.1 Participate in a minimum of two recovery NCC co-leads a minimum of three priority recovery
team meetings by 2009 for the Eastern actions in the Natural Area (as determined by Recovery
Ratsnake, Blanding’s turtle, Map turtle and Teams) by 2011.
Spiny Softshell turtle and lead in the
implementation of at least three priority
recovery actions based on the recovery plans
within the Natural Area by 2011.
4. Communications, Education and NECESSARY ALL ALL MOS: Landowner database is created and shared with NCC
Awareness 1, 2, 3 key partners to coordinate landowner contacts by 2009.
4.3 Awareness and Communications
4.3.1 Create a private lands database and
distribute to key land trust partners to track
biodiversity and landowner contacts by 2009.
7. Philanthropy, Marketing and Capacity NECESSARY ALL ALL MOS: $10.3 million is raised by 2011. NCC
Building ALL
7.3 Conservation Finance
7.3.1 Raise $8,076,200 million to implement
all actions within the NACP by 2011.

 Urgent: Conservation actions that, without implementation, would clearly result in the reduction of viability of a biodiversity target or the increase
in magnitude of a critical threat within the next 5-10 years. Also includes research information that is needed before key decisions can be made on
the management of biodiversity targets.

 Necessary: Conservation actions that are needed to maintain or enhance the viability of biodiversity targets or reduce critical threats. Also research
that will assist in decisions on management of biodiversity targets.

 Beneficial: Conservation actions that will assist in maintaining or enhancing viability of biodiversity targets and reducing threats.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 21
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4. BUDGET AND FINANCING
The budget table is structured to match conservation / business actions. Provide the total five year cost
estimate as well as your anticipated costs for year one. Capital costs as well as human resource costs
should be stated for each action. Capital costs include: land purchase price; associated costs such as legal
fees, appraisals, surveys, taxes, etc.; equipment; rentals; and materials. Human resource costs include:
staff; interns; contractors/consultants. Notes must be included to enable the reader to understand clearly
how both capital and human resource costs for each conservation / business action were calculated. Staff
day rates should be included as a footnote or in the notes column. A sample table is found below.

A. BUDGET: July 2008 – June 2013

First Year Five Year
Conservation Actions Notes (cost justification)
Costs Costs

1. Securement - Land/ Water Protection
1.1.1 Secure 3,000 acres of Priority 1a and
1b lands by 2011.
$2,000,000
land cost Assumes six properties, 3000
Capital: $122,500 $6,367,500 acres at $2,000/acre.
associated Associated costs: $367,500
costs
Human Resource: $30,600 $91,800 NCC staff1: 180 days
2. Stewardship - Land/ Water
Management
2.1.1 Prepare Interim Stewardship
Statements within one year and Property
Management Plans following NCC’s
approved Stewardship Performance
Standards for secured properties, and
conduct stewardship actions on acquired
properties as required by Property
Management Plans.
Fencing, signs, monitoring
Capital: $37,000 $110,000
equipment
Human Resource: $42,500 $127,500 NCC staff1: 250 days
2. Stewardship - Land/ Water
Management
2.1.2 Complete Baseline Documentation
Reports for the purposes of monitoring
restrictions for all properties secured under
conservation easement, following NCC’s
approved Stewardship Performance
Standards, and monitor all easement
properties annually as required.
Capital: $0 $0

1
NCC staff time billed at $510 per diem
Natural Area Conservation Plan – Annotated Template
22
British Columbia Region

First Year Five Year
Conservation Actions Notes (cost justification)
Costs Costs

Consultant: $6,000/ BDR x 10
BDRs = $60,000

NCC staff1: 45 days (assumes
2 easements secured each
Human Resource: $13,020 $82,950
year (therefore 2 monitored in
first year; four in next etc). 1
day to monitor and ½ day to
finalize monitoring report for
each).
3. Stewardship - Species Management
3.1.1 Participate in a minimum of two
recovery team meetings by 2009 for the
Eastern Ratsnake, Blanding’s turtle, Map
turtle and Spiny Softshell turtle and lead in
the implementation of at least three priority
recovery actions based on the recovery
plans within the Natural Area by 2011.
To be
Capital: $0
determined
Human Resource: $0 $15,300 NCC staff1: 30 days
4. Communications, Education and
Awareness
4.3.1 Create a private lands database and
distribute to key land trust partners to track
biodiversity and landowner contacts by
2009.
Capital: $0 $0
Human Resource: $5,100 $5,100 NCC staff1: 10 days
7. Philanthropy, Marketing and
Capacity Building
7.3 Conservation Finance
7.3.1 Raise $8,076,200 million to
implement all actions within the NACP by
2011.
For donor tours, recognition,
Capital: $2,000 $6,000
events and materials
Human Resource: $30,600 $153,000 NCC staff1: 300 days
Sub totals:
Capital $2,161,500 $6,483,500
Human Resources $121,820 $475,650
Future Stewardship Contribution * $300,000 $1,200,000
TOTAL PLAN COST $2,583,320 $8,159,150
1
NCC staff time billed at $510 per diem.
2
Assumed that 1 meeting = 1 day.
*To cover long term regional stewardship costs at a programmatic (not property) level. Must be a minimum of 15%
of the land value (i.e., purchase price and/or receipted value). This contribution is added to the region’s Stewardship
Endowment Fund allocation and the revenue generated is used to care for properties across the region, including
those in this Natural Area.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 23
British Columbia Region

B. FINANCING PLAN

To the best of your ability, forecast anticipated sources of financing for your plan as shown in the sample
table below. Where applicable, break funding sources into sub-headings, e.g., federal HSP, federal Ag
Canada. If known, identify existing funding commitments, e.g., pledges and grants. Indicate in the notes
column whether funding has been received, committed or is yet to be raised. Reference any
known/anticipated restrictions on use and matching requirements. A sample table is found below.

Funding Estimated
Restrictions on Match
Source % of Total Notes
Fund Use Requirements
Plan Costs
Federal: Requested pending
NCC 25% Land securement and 1:1.7 approval of NACP and
Federal other eligible short-term raising of match. $1.2
Grant stewardship costs for million federal grant
properties secured allocation
within Priority Natural conditionally
Areas approved for 1,100-
acre Apple property.
Federal: 3% SAR related work 1:1 $25,000 confirmed for
Habitat year one. Remainder
to be raised.
Stewardship
Program
Provincial: 20% Priority land 1:1 To be requested from
acquisitions annual Greenlands
Greenlands allocation to NCC.
$600,000 already
confirmed for the
Apple property.
USFWS 4% Funds are restricted to Requires equal Funds have been
(NAWCA) wetland and associated funding from U.S. committed conditional
upland securement and non-fed sources and on US non-fed match
short-term 25% (of total cost of being raised
management, and other proposal) from
eligible costs per Canadian sources.
approved NAWCA
proposals.
U.S. Non- 4% Same as for USFWS Must at least equal To be raised
federal funds except can include USFWS
stewardship
endowment.
Foundations 15% TBD TBD To be raised
Corporate 4% TBD TBD To be raised
Individual 15% TBD TBD To be raised
Partners 10% TBD TBD To be raised. XYZ
Land Trust has
indicated interest.
Total 100%

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 24
British Columbia Region

5. MAPS
This section is intended to provide the spatial and visual context and framework of the Natural
Area Conservation Plan. Please use the NACP map templates for the creation of all NACP maps.
The templates are found on NCC’s Training and Resources Website under the Reference
Materials / Conservation / Campaign / Natural Area Conservation Planning (NACP) / NACP
Template folder:
 NACP Map Surround Context Example
 NACP Map Surround Template Landscape
 NACP Map Surround Template Portrait
 Map Template Notes

Please include the following maps:

Location:
 Provincial boundary, ecoregion boundary, proposed Natural Area boundary
 Where feasible use aerial or satellite imagery (e.g., Google Earth) as a base layer

Conservation Context and Rationale:
 Cadastral boundaries, protected areas, relevant conservation blueprint, existing NCC
lands, major road and towns, hydrography, etc.

Biodiversity Targets (one or several maps depending on complexity):
 Ecosystem, community, species extent

Threats (where feasible):
 Infrastructure/Landuse (e.g., urban, agriculture, etc.)

Conservation Actions:
 Prioritization of lands for securement (e.g., Priority 1, 2, 3 etc. as described in the
relevant appendix) must be clearly shown for the Natural Area and/or for each focal
area where applicable. (Note: science-based method used to prioritize lands is
described in an appendix).
 Depict the location and spatial extent of each category of conservation actions where
possible.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 25
British Columbia Region

6. REFERENCES

List any references cited in your plan.

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 26
British Columbia Region

SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION FOR DEVELOPING NATURAL AREA
CONSERVATION PLANS

REFERENCES

All references are currently located on NCC’s Training and Resources Website under the Reference
Materials / Conservation / Campaign / Natural Area Conservation Planning (NACP) / NACP Resource
Materials.

Mandatory:

IUCN_CMP. 2006b. Unified Classification of Direct Threats, Version 1.0
http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/sis/classification.htm
<IUCN-CMP 2006b.pdf>

NCC Classification of IUCN Conservation Actions (Nov 2007).pdf
More detail on conservation actions is found in: IUCN_CMP. 2006a. Unified Classification of
Conservation Actions, Version 1.0 http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/sis/classification.htm
<IUCN-CMP 2006a.pdf>

Recommended Guidance:

Low, G. 2003. Landscape-Scale Conservation: A Practitioner’s Guide. The Nature
Conservancy. 62 p.
<Low 2003.pdf>

Parrish, J.D., D.P. Braun, and R.S. Unnasch. 2003. Are we conserving what we say we are?
Measuring ecological integrity within protected areas. BioScience 53(9): 851-860.
<Parrish et al 2003.pdf>

Poiani, K.A., B.D. Richter, M.G. Anderson, and H.E. Richter. 2000. Biodiversity Conservation
at Multiple Scales: Functional Sites, Landscapes, and Networks. BioScience Vol. 50(2): 133-146.
<Poiani et al 2000.pdf>

Salafsky, N., R. Margoluis, K.H. Redford, and J.G. Robinson. 2002. Improving the practice of
conservation: A conceptual framework and research agenda for conservation science.
Conservation Biology 16: 1469-1479.
<Salafsky et al 2002.pdf>

Salzer, D. and N. Salafsky. 2006. Allocating resources between taking action, assessing status,
and measuring effectiveness of conservation actions. Natural Areas Journal 26(3): 310.316.
<Salzer and Salafsky 2006.pdf>

Tear, T.H., P. Kareiva, P.L. Angermeirer, P. Comer, B. Czech, R. Kautz, L. Landon, D.
Mehlman, K. Murphy, M. Ruckelshaus, J.M. Scott and G. Wilhere. 2005. How Much is
Enough? The Recurrent Problem of Setting Measurable Objectives in Conservation. Bioscience
55: 835-849. <Tear et al.pdf>

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 27
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The Nature Conservancy’s (CAP) Workbook version 5a. 2007.
<TNC CAP Excel Workbook v5a>

The Nature Conservancy. 2007. Conservation Action Planning Handbook: Developing strategies, taking
actions and measuring success at any scale. TNC, Arlington, VA. 129p.
<TNC CAP Handbook June 2007 Final>
http://conserveonline.org/workspaces/cbdgateway/cap/resources/2/1/handbook/download

The Nature Conservancy. 2003a. Assessment of Target Viability Worksheet: Conservation
Project Management Workbook Versions 3(CAP) and 4. The Nature Conservancy. 8 p.
<The Nature Conservancy 2003a.pdf>

The Nature Conservancy. 2003b. Guidelines for Designing and Selecting Conservation
Strategies. The Nature Conservancy. 12 p.
<The Nature Conservancy 2003b.pdf>

World Wildlife Fund Conservation Science Program. 2004. From the Vision to the Ground: A
guide to implementing ecoregion conservation in priority areas. WWF US. 48 p.
<World Wildlife Fund Conservation Science Program 2004.pdf>

Other Relevant References:

Bottrill, M., K. Didier, J. Baumgartner, C. Boyd, C. Loucks, J. Oglethorpe, D. Wilkie, and D.
Williams. 2006. Selecting Conservation Targets for Landscape-Scale Priority Setting: A
comparative assessment of selection processes used by five conservation NGOs for a landscape
in Samburu, Kenya. World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C. 50 p.
<Bottrill et al 2006.pdf>

Knight, A.T., R.J. Smith, R.M. Cowling, P.G. Desmet, D.P. Faith, S. Ferrier, C.M. Gelderblom,
H. Grantham, A.T. Lombard, K. Maze, J. L. Nel, J.D. Parrish, G.Q.K. Pence, H.P. Possingham,
B Reyers, M. Rouget, D. Roux, and K.A. Wilson. 2007. Improving the Key Biodiversity Areas
Approach for Effective Conservation Planning. BioScience 57(3): 256-261.
<Knight et al 2007.pdf>

Knight, A.T., R.M. Cowling, and B.M. Campbell. 2006a. An Operational Model for
Implementing Conservation Action. Conservation Biology 20(2): 408-419.
<Knight et al 2006a.pdf>

Knight, A.T., A. Driver, R.M. Cowling, K. Maze, P.G. Desmet, A.T. Lombard, M. Rouget, M.A.
Botha, A.F. Boshoff, J.G. Castley, P.S. Goodman, K. Mackinnon, S.M. Pierce, R. Sims-Castley,
W.I. Stewart, and A. Von Hase. 2006b. Designing Systematic Conservation Assessments that
Promote Effective Implementation: Best Practice from South Africa. Conservation Biology 20(3)
739-750
<Knight et al 2006b.pdf>

Salish Sea Natural Area Conservation Plan 28
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APPENDIX ONE FROM NCC’S CONSERVATION POLICY FRAMEWORK

The required elements of a Natural Area Conservation Plan include the following:

• Science foundation or ecological case for conservation, including an expression of the
conservation values, conservation need and current conservation context;
• Geographical area of interest for securement (i.e., the “take line”) including the targeted
acreage and anticipated individual property transactions, estimates of proposed techniques
to secure land (i.e., fee-simple ownership by NCC, fee-simple ownership by other partners,
conservation easements, other mechanisms);
• Assessment of environmental and socioeconomic threats to biodiversity values in the area
and level of urgency for conservation action;
• Municipal/regional planning and zoning considerations;
• Other strategic considerations that could impact upon delivery and chances of success (i.e.,
key lands that must be secured, external influences that could affect success, etc.);
• Real or potential conflicts of interest;
• Short and long-term stewardship plans including justification or rationale for any
significant restoration efforts and/or “high input” on-the-ground management activities;
• Anticipated human uses of the area;
• Communications plan;
• Financial plan (i.e., budget) that estimates the total anticipated cost to deliver the proposed
program including securement costs, associated costs (legal fees, surveys, etc.), short and
long-term stewardship costs (including both annual and endowment needs), staff costs (all
staff involved) and provides a strategy for raising such funds; and
• Proposed milestones and measures of success.

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APPENDIX TWO: GENERAL HABITAT AND SPECIES TYPES

Please identify biodiversity targets by their appropriate general habitat type / species type.
General habitat and species types have been adopted and modified from The Nature
Conservancy’s (CAP) Excel Workbook version 5a 2007.

Habitat Types

Terrestrial Realm
Forest - Boreal
Forest – Subarctic
Forest - Temperate
Savanna – Moist
Savanna – Dry
Shrubland – Subarctic
Shrubland – Boreal
Shrubland – Temperate
Shrubland – Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation
Grassland - Tundra
Grassland – Subarctic
Grassland - Temperate
Inland Rocky Areas
Caves and Subterranean Habitats (Non-Aquatic) – Dry Caves
Caves and Subterranean Habitats (Non-Aquatic) – Other Dry Subterranean Habitats
Desert/Arid – Temperate
Desert/Arid - Cold

Freshwater Realm
Rivers, Streams, Creeks – Permanent
Rivers, Streams, Creeks – Seasonal/ Intermittent / Irregular
Riparian Areas
Wetlands – Shrub Dominated
Wetlands – Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands
Wetlands – Permanent Freshwater Pools
Wetlands – Seasonal / Intermittent Freshwater Pools
Wetlands – Permanent Saline, Brackish, or Alkaline Pools
Wetlands – Seasonal/ Intermittent Saline, Brackish, or Alkaline Pools
Wetlands – Tundra
Wetlands – Alpine
Wetlands – Geothermal
Freshwater Lakes – Permanent
Freshwater Lakes – Seasonal / Intermittent
Freshwater Springs and Oases
Permanent Inland Deltas
Saline, Brackish, or Alkaline Lakes and Flats – Permanent
Saline, Brackish, or Alkaline Lakes and Flats – Seasonal / Intermittent
Karst and Other Subterranean Inland Aquatic Systems
Continental Ice or Glaciers

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Marine Realm
Pelagic – Neritic
Pelagic – Oceanic
Pelagic – Mesopelagic (200-1000 m)
Pelagic – Benthopelagic
Pelagic – Epibiotic
Upwellings
Ice
Benthic – Rock
Benthic – Pebble
Benthic – Sand
Benthic – Mud
Benthic – Infaunal
Benthic – Epibenthic (sessile)
Benthic – Epibiotic
Benthic – Demersal
Benthic – Subtidal soft bottom
Benthic – Macroalgal/Kelp Beds
Benthic – Coral Reefs
Benthic – Rocky Reefs
Seagrasses
Shallow Subtidal
Continental Shelves
Continental Slopes
Oceanic Island Shelves or Slopes
Seamounts
Littoral – Rocky Shorelines
Littoral – Tide Pools
Littoral – Sea Cliffs
Littoral – Coastal Caves
Littoral – Sandy Shorelines and/or Beaches
Littoral – Shingle and/or Pebble Shorelines and/or Beaches
Littoral – Coastal Sand Dunes
Littoral – Mud Shorelines and Intertidal Mud Flats
Littoral – Salt Marshes
Littoral – Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons
Littoral – Coastal Freshwater Lagoons
Littoral – Estuaries

Single Species and Species Assemblages

Vascular plant
Non-vascular plant
Bird
Mammal
Fish
Reptile
Amphibian
Terrestrial Invertebrate
Aquatic Invertebrate
Fungus or Lichen

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APPENDIX THREE: IUCN LEVEL 1 and 2 DIRECT THREAT CLASSES (IUCN-CMP
2006b)

1. Residential and Commercial Development
Threats from human settlements or other non-agricultural land uses with a substantial footprint

1.1 Housing and Urban Areas
Human cities, towns and settlements including non-housing development typically integrated
with housing

1.2 Commercial and Industrial Areas
Factories and other commercial centers

1.3 Tourism and Recreation Areas
Tourism and recreation sites with a substantial footprint

2. Agriculture and Aquaculture
Threats from farming and ranching as a result of agricultural expansion and intensification, including
silviculture, mariculture and aquaculture

2.1 Annual and Perennial Non-Timber Crops
Crops planted for food, fiber, fuel, or other uses

2.2 Wood and Pulp Plantations
Stands of trees planted for timber or fiber outside of natural forests, often with non-native species

2.3 Livestock Framing and Ranching
Domestic terrestrial animals raised in one location on farmed or non-local resources (farming);
also domestic or semi-domesticated animals allowed to roam in the wild and supported by natural
habitats (ranching)

2.4 Marine and Freshwater Aquaculture
Aquatic animals raised in one location on farmed or non-local resources: also hatchery fish
allowed to roam in the wild

3. Energy Production and Mining
Threats from production of non-biological resources

3.1 Oil and Gas Drilling
Exploring for, developing, and producing petroleum and other liquid hydrocarbons

3.2 Mining and Quarrying
Exploring for, developing, and producing minerals and rocks

3.3 Renewable Energy
Exploring, developing and producing renewable energy

4. Transportation and Service Corridors
Threats from long narrow transport corridors and the vehicles that use them including associated wildlife
mortality

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4.1 Roads and Railroads
Surface transport on roadways and dedicated tracks

4.2 Utility and Service Lines
Transport of energy and resources

4.3 Shipping Lanes
Transport on and in freshwater and ocean waterways

4.4 Flight Paths
Air and space transport

5. Biological Resource Use
Threats from consumptive use of “wild” biological resources including both deliberate and unintentional
effects; also persecution or control of specific species

5.1 Hunting and Collecting Terrestrial Animals
Killing or trapping terrestrial wild animals or animal products for commercial, recreation,
subsistence, research or cultural purposes, or for control/ persecution reasons; includes accidental
mortality/by catch

5.2 Gathering Terrestrial Plants
Harvesting plants, fungi, and other non-timber/non-animal products for commercial, recreation,
subsistence, research or cultural purposes, or for control reasons

5.3 Logging and Wood Harvesting
Harvesting trees and other woody vegetation for timber, fiber or fuel

5.4 Fishing and Harvesting Aquatic Resources
Harvesting aquatic wild animals or plants for commercial , recreation, subsistence, research or
cultural purposes or for control/persecution reasons; includes accidental mortality/by catch

6. Human Intrusions and Disturbance
Threats from human activities that alter, destroy and disturb habitats and species associated with non-
consumptive uses of biological resources

6.1 Recreational Activities
People spending time in nature or traveling in vehicles outside of established transport corridors,
usually for recreational reasons

6.2 War, Civil Unrest and Military Exercises
Actions by formal or paramilitary forces without a permanent footprint

6.3 Work and Other Activities
People spending time in or traveling in natural environments for reasons other than recreation or
military activities

7. Natural System Modifications
Threats from actions that convert or deg4rade habitat in service of “managing: natural or semi-0natural
systems, often to improve human welfare

7.1 Fire and Fire Suppression
Suppression or increase in fire frequency and/or intensity outside of its natural range of variation

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7.2 Dams and Water Management/Use
Changing water flow [patterns from their natural range of variation either deliberately or as a
result of other activities

7.3 Other Ecosystem Modifications
Other actions that convert or degrade habitat in service o “managing” natural systems to improve
human welfare

8. Invasive and Other Problematic Species and Genes
Threats from non-native and native plants, animals, pathogens/microbes or genetic materials that have or
are predicted to have harmful effects on biodiversity following their introduction, spread and/or increase
in abundance

8.1 Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species
Harmful plants, animals, pathogens and other microbes not originally found within the
ecosystem(s) in question and directly or indirectly introduce and spread into it by human
activities

8.2 Problematic Native Species
Harmful plants, animals or pathogens and other microbes that are originally found within the
ecosystem(s) in question but have become “out of balance” or “released” directly or indirectly
due to human activities

8.3 Introduced Genetic Material
Human altered or transported organisms or genes

9. Pollution
Threats from introduction of exotic and/or excess materials or energy from point and nonpoint sources

9.1 Household Sewage and Urban Waste Water
Water-borne sewage and non-point runoff from housing and urban areas that include nutrients,
toxic chemicals and/or sediments

9.2 Industrial and Military Effluents
Water-borne pollutants from industrial and military sources including mining, energy production,
and other resource extraction industries that include nutrients, toxic chemicals and/or sediments

9.3 Agricultural and Forestry Effluents
Water-borne pollutants from agricultural, silvicultural and aquaculture systems that include
nutrients, toxic chemicals and /or sediments including the effects of these pollutants on the site
where they are applied

9.4 Garbage and Solid Waste
Rubbish and other solid materials including those that entangle wildlife

9.5 Air-borne Pollutants
Atmospheric pollutants from point and nonpoint sources

9.6 Excess Energy
Inputs of heat, sound or light that disturb wildlife or ecosystems

10. Geological Events
Threats from catastrophic geological events

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10.1 Volcanoes
Volcanic events

10.2 Earthquakes / Tsunamis
Earthquakes and associated events

10.3 Avalanches / Landslides
Avalanches or landslides

11. Climate Change & Severe Weather
Threats from long-term climatic changes which may be linked to global warming and other severe
climatic / weather events that are outside of the natural range of variation, or potentially can wipe out a
vulnerable species or habitat

11.1 Habitat Shifting & Alteration
Major changes in habitat composition and location

11.2 Droughts
Periods in which rainfall falls below the normal range of variation

11.3 Temperature Extremes
Periods in which temperatures exceed or go below the normal range of variation

11.4 Storms & Flooding
Extreme precipitation and / or wind events

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APPENDIX FOUR: NCC MODIFED IUCN LEVEL 1 and 2 CONSERVATION
ACTION CLASSES (IUCN-CMP 2006a)

1 Securement - Land/Water Protection
Actions to identify, establish or expand parks and other legally protected areas

1.1 Site/Area Protection
Establishing or expanding public or private parks, reserves, and other protected areas roughly
equivalent to IUCN Categories I-VI

1.2 Resource & Habitat Protection
Establishing protection or easements of some specific aspect of the resource on public or private
lands outside of IUCN Categories I-VI

2 Stewardship - Land/Water Management
Actions directed at conserving or restoring sites, habitats and the wider environment

2.1 Site/Area Management
Management of protected areas and other resource lands for conservation

2.2 Invasive/Problematic Species Control
Controlling and/or preventing invasive and/or other problematic plants, animals, and pathogens

2.3 Habitat & Natural Process Restoration
Enhancing degraded or restoring missing habitats and ecosystem functions; dealing with pollution

3 Stewardship - Species Management
Actions directed at managing or restoring species, focused on the species of concern itself

3.1 Species Management
Managing specific plant and animal populations of concern

3.2 Species Recovery
Manipulating, enhancing or restoring specific plant and animal populations, vaccination programs

3.3 Species Re-Introduction
Re-introducing species to places where they formally occurred or benign introductions

3.4 Ex-Situ Conservation
Protecting biodiversity out of its native habitats

4 Communications, Education & Awareness
Actions directed at people to improve understanding and skills, and influence behaviour

4.1 Formal Education
Enhancing knowledge and skills of students in a formal degree program

4.2 Training
Enhancing knowledge, skills and information exchange for practitioners, stakeholders, and other
relevant individuals in structured settings outside of degree programs

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4.3 Awareness & Communications
Raising environmental awareness and providing information through various media or through
civil disobedience

5 Government Relations, Law & Policy
Actions to develop, change, influence, and help implement formal legislation, regulations, and
voluntary standards

5.1 Legislation
Making, implementing, changing, influencing, or providing input into formal government sector
legislation or polices at all levels: international, national, provincial/state, local, tribal

5.2 Policies & Regulations
Making, implementing, changing, influencing, or providing input into policies and regulations
affecting the implementation of laws at all levels: international, national, state/provincial,
local/community, tribal

5.3 Private Sector Standards & Codes
Setting, implementing, changing, influencing, or providing input into voluntary standards &
professional codes that govern private sector practice

5.4 Compliance & Enforcement
Monitoring and enforcing compliance with laws, policies & regulations, and standards & codes at
all levels

6 Stewardship - Livelihood, Economic & Other Incentives
Actions to use economic and other incentives to influence behaviour

6.1 Linked Enterprises & Livelihood Alternatives
Developing enterprises that directly depend on the maintenance of natural resources or provide
substitute livelihoods as a means of changing behaviours and attitudes

6.2 Substitution
Promoting alternative products and services that substitute for environmentally damaging ones

6.3 Market Forces
Using market mechanisms to change behaviours and attitudes

6.4 Conservation Payments
Using direct or indirect payments to change behaviours and attitudes

6.5 Non-Monetary Values
Using intangible values to change behaviours and attitudes

7 Philanthropy, Marketing and Capacity Building
Actions to build the infrastructure to do better conservation

7.1 Institutional & Civil Society Development
Creating or providing non-financial support & capacity building for non-profits, government
agencies, communities, and for-profits

7.2 Alliance & Partnership Development
Forming and facilitating partnerships, alliances, and networks of organizations
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7.3 Conservation Finance
Raising and providing funds for conservation work

References
CBC. 2008. 30,000 escaped farmed salmon raise concerns in B.C. Canadian Broadcasting
Corporation British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
Davenne, E., and D. Masson. 2001. Water Properties in the Straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca
(British Columbia, Canada). Institute of Ocean Sciences (IOS), Department of Fisheries
and Oceans, Sidney, BC.
Floberg, J., M. Goering, G. Wilhere, C. MacDonald, C. Chappell, C. Rumsey, Z. Ferdana, A.
Holt, P. Skidmore, T. Horsman, E. Alverson, C. Tanner, M. Bryer, P. Iachetti, A.
Harcombe, B. McDonald, T. Cook, M. Summers, and D. Rolph. 2004. Willamette Valley
- Puget Trough - Georgia Basin Ecoregional Assessment. Prepared by The Nature
Conservancy with support from the Nature Conservancy of Canada, Washington
Department of Fish & Wildlife, Washington Department of Natural Resources (Natural
Heritage and Nearshore Habitat Programs), Oregon State Natural Heritage Information
Center and the British Columbia Conservation Data Centre.
GSA. 2008. Strait of Georgia. Georgia Strait Alliance, Victoria, BC.
HCL. 1996. Strait of Georgia fisheries sustainability review. Hatfield Consultants Ltd., West
Vancouver, BC.
Holt, R. F. 2007. Conservation Planning and Targets for the Coastal Douglas Fir Ecosystem. A
Science Review and Preliminary Approach. Prepared for Bill Zinovich, ILMB, Nanaimo.
Veridian Ecological Consulting Ltd, Nelson, BC.
Holt, R. F., and G. Mackinnon. 2001. An old-growth strategy for Southeast Vancouver Island.
Prepared for MSRM, Nanaimo. Veridian Ecological Consulting Ltd, Nelson, BC.
PFRCC. 2007. Advisory: An ecosystem-based approach to managing salmon in the Georgia
Strait. Pacific Fisheries Resource Conservation Council, Vancouver, BC.
Schumacher, K. 2008. Sea lice jump from prey to predator. Vancouver Sun, Vancouver, BC,
Sunday, July 7, 2008.
UniversityofVictoria. 2008. Venus: Victoria Experimental Network Under the Sea. University of
Victoria, Victoria, BC.
Ward, P., G. Radcliffe, J. Kirkby, J. Illingworth, and C. Cadrin. 1998. Sensitive Ecosystems
Inventory: East Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands, 1993-1997. Volume 1: Methodology,
Ecological Descriptions and Results. Technical Report Series No. 320. Canadian Wildlife
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