GMAT Verbal Practice Paper

  GMAT Practice Test 4 Verbal Sections Instructions 41 questions Time -75 minutes There are three types of questions in the verbal section: critical reasoning, reading comprehension and sentence correction. For each question, select the best answer of the choices given. Each of the Critical Reasoning questions is based on a short argument, a set of statements or a plan of action. Each of the Reading comprehension questions is based on the content of a passage. After reading the passage, answer all the questions pertaining to it on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Each of the sentence correction questions presents a sentence, part or all of which is underlined. Beneath the sentence, you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. Follow the requirements of standard written English to choose your answer, paying attention to grammar, word choice and sentence construction. Select the answer that produces the most effective sentence; your answer should make the sentence clear, exact, and free of grammatical error. It should also minimize awkwardness, ambiguity and redundancy. 1. Unlike many wedding practices, which have obscure origins, the jewelry industry in 1940s advertised and promoted the American double ring ceremony and the groom's wedding band to the extent of becoming traditions. (a) Unlike many wedding practices, which have obscure origins, the jewelry industry in 1940s advertised and promoted the American double ring ceremony and the groom's wedding band to the extent of being traditions. (b) In contrast to wedding practices with obscure origins, the jewelry industry of 1940s has been the origin, through its promotions and advertisements, of the American double ring ceremony and the groom' (c) The jewelry industry of 1940s, unlike many wedding practices that have obscure origins, advertised and thus, traceably originated the American double ring ceremony and the groom's wedding band. (d) Unlike the obscure origins which have resulted in many wedding practices, origin of the double ring ceremony and the groom's wedding band can be traced to the advertising and promotional campaign of the jewelry industry in 1940s. (e) Unlike many wedding practices that have obscure origins, the American double ring ceremony and the groom's wedding band can be traced to advertising and promotional campaigns by the jewelry industry in the 1940s. (e) Faulty comparison and rhetorical construction. The sentence contains a comparison, which should be logical. In the given sentence, 'many wedding practices' are compared to 'the jewelry industry in 1940s'. This is illogical comparison and thus, the sentence needs correction. (a) The comparison is faulty. (b) The problem of faulty comparison persists. Furthermore, the use of 'in contrast to' in the place of 'unlike' makes the sentence wordy. (c) Besides the problem of faulty comparison, the sentence presents awkward construction by using 'traceably originated the American double ring ceremony and the groom's wedding band'. Finally it is a sentence fragment. Solution. (d) (e) Though the comparison is correct, the shift of subject to 'origins of the double ring practices...' makes the sentence lose the emphasis on the two wedding practices. Finally, 'the origins which have resulted...' is awkward. Correct. The sentence correctly compares wedding practices with obscure origins to the double ring ceremony and the groom's wedding band, correctly emphasizing the two wedding practices. 2. The Korean War, although born of a misapprehension, triggered the building up of American army in North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), began its involvement in the Vietnam War, and, although seen as an aberration at the time, now serves as the very model for America's wars of the future. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) began its involvement and began American involvement and the beginning of its involvement began American involvement beginning American involvement (d) Parallelism and pronoun. The pronoun 'it' has no clear cut antecedent. It might refer to either 'NATO' or 'American army'. It should logically refer to America but the word 'America' is not present, resulting in the error of absence of pronoun antecedent. (a) The option is without antecedent for the pronoun. (b) The conjunction 'and' is redundant. (c) The conjunction 'and' makes the phrase 'the beginning of its 'involvement' parallel to 'the building up of American army'. This sense is illogical and the construction makes the whole sentence lose parallel structure. Moreover, the pronoun problem persists. (d) Correct. The pronoun antecedent problem is removed by using appropriate noun in the place of the pronoun. Finally, it maintains parallel structure. (e) This option is incorrect because it uses 'beginning' which is not parallel to 'triggered' and 'serves'. Solution. 3. European Union countries have very strict laws on firing employees compared to the laws of the United States in this regard. So, to be economical in the event of having to fire employees, companies in European Union should employ only efficient employees, even by spending more money. Which of the following is an assumption in arriving at the conclusion in the above argument? (a) Quality of employees is more important, for the profitability of companies, in countries of European Union than it is in United States. (b) In countries of European Union, costs incurred to companies in employing inefficient employees are more than those in United States. (c) In countries of European Union, the cost incurred in firing inefficient employees is more than the cost incurred to companies in hiring efficient employees. (d) The companies in United Stated need to spend less money in firing the employees that they need to spend on employing them. (e) Governmental interference in company matters related to employing people is unduly high in European Union countries. (c) The argument explicitly states that the laws on firing employees are more stringent in countries of European Union. It concludes that they should employ only efficient employees even by spending more money to be economical. It naturally should follow that the cost of firing must be more than cost of hiring. This concept is to be given by the correct option. (a) The conclusion is not about the profitability of companies. It is about reducing the cost of firing employees. So, this cannot be an assumption. (b) The conclusion is not about the costs incurred by employing inefficient employees, but about those incurred by firing them. Finally, there is no comparison between American companies and companies from European Union. (c) Correct. This option bridges the gap between the premise and the conclusion. If it is negated, the conclusion becomes void. Solution. (d) This option is talking about companies in United States while the conclusion is about companies in European Union. (e) Governmental interference is not the issue of the conclusion. So it does not affect the conclusion in any way. In fact, it is strengthening the premise rather than conclusion. 4. Generic auto body parts, sometimes called as crash parts or cosmetic parts, are sheet metal components such as hoods, fenders and doors, which account for the majority of damage to cars in auto accidents. (a) parts, sometimes called as crash parts or cosmetic parts, are sheet metal components, such as (b) parts are referred to as crash parts or cosmetic parts, are sheet metal components and are (c) parts, referred, sometimes, both as crash parts and cosmetic parts, are sheet metal components including (d) parts are referred as crash parts and cosmetic parts, and are sheet metal components like (e) parts, sometimes referred to as crash parts or cosmetic parts, are sheet metal components such as (e) Idiom. The sentence uses an adjective phrase 'also sometimes called as crash parts or cosmetic parts'. With the verb 'called', the word as is redundant. (a) 'called as' is incorrect idiom. (b) Though sentence is parallel, the use of coordinating conjunction causes disjunction and the sentence comes to mean 'generic auto parts are hoods, fenders and doors' implying that the generic auto body parts are 'just three, i.e. .hoods fenders and doors' (c) 'referred' should be followed by to. Moreover, the conjunction logically required is 'or', not 'and'. (d) 'referred to' is required. Moreover, the coordination of 'are referred to...' makes unnecessary inclusion of clause and adds nothing to the sentence. Moreover, the correct preposition to introduce examples is 'such as'. (e) Correct. This sentence expresses the idea precisely and accurately. The sentence contains 'such as' using the correct preposition to indicate examples. Solution. 5. Moving quicker than usual, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) last week banned the sale and use of a recently synthesized steroid in a move that received widespread praise. (a) Moving quicker than usual, (b) Moving more quickly than it is usual (c) Moving more quickly than usual, (d) Moving more quickly than it usually does (e) Being quicker than it usually does (d) Modification and faulty comparison. The sentence contains a modifier phrase starting with a verbal 'moving'. To describe a verb or verbal, we need adverb 'more quickly', while the sentence incorrectly uses the adjective 'quickly'. Thus, the sentence is incorrect. (a) The sentence uses adjective incorrectly whereas an adverb is needed. (b) Though the sentence uses an adverb correctly in the first part, it requires another adverb after 'than' to make the comparison correct. Thus, this option is incorrect. (c) Though the sentence uses adverb correctly in the phrase before the conjunction 'than', it uses adjective incorrectly after it. (d) Correct. This sentence correctly uses adverb 'more quickly' to modify the verbal 'moving' and uses correct comparison 'than it usually does'. (e) Though the clause after 'than' uses the adverb correctly, this uses 'being quicker' making the comparison faulty as it compares the state to the action. Solution. 6. Most of the archaeologists propose that the smelting of iron began during 2000 BC. However, this conclusion must be wrong because we have veritable archaeological evidence of iron artifacts belonging to 4000 BC. So iron smelting must have started as early as 4000 BC. Which of the following, if true, undermines, in the light of the given information, the conclusion that iron smelting must have started in 4000 BC? (a) The iron used in the artifacts belonging to 4000 BC is found to have high nickel content, which is a characteristic feature of meteorites, a fact which suggests people of that era got iron in purified form from meteorites found on surface of earth rather than from iron ore. (b) Invention of smelting of iron is considered an accidental result of the juxtaposing of iron ore and heat, an accident which made our ancestors understand the way in which iron can be extracted from iron ore. (c) Numerous quotations about the popularity of war instruments made from iron were found in Homeric poems which are believed to have been written around 880 BC. (d) Archaeological evidence proves that the smelting of Copper ore, which requires far lower temperatures to melt than iron ore does was not made possible till 2500 BC because of the primitive heat producing methods. (e) The modern chemical analysis methods can determine the age of ancient artifacts of up to 50,000 years of age as they use carbon-14 dating. Solution. (a) The conclusion that iron smelting started around 4000BC is based on the evidence of artifacts belonging to that era. This conclusion must be weakened. So we need evidence that iron smelting was absent around 4000 BC. At the same time, we cannot reject the veritable evidence about the artifacts belonging to 4000 BC. So, the right option should endorse both the facts. (a) Correct. It explains the use of iron in 4000BC and, at the same time proves that there was no smelting process during that period. (b) The 'accident' does not help decide the date of smelting. (c) This option proves that iron was used around 880 BC. It cannot provide any evidence whether smelting of iron started in 4000 BC or 2000 BC. So this information is irrelevant to the argument. (d) This option proves that iron smelting was made possible only after 2500 BC, but this cannot explain the veritable archaeological evidence of iron artifacts belonging to 4000 BC. So, this cannot weaken the argument. (e) This option strengthens the conclusion. 7. Advertisement: The need for the cumbersome process of injecting insulin under the skin seems to have ended. The inhaled form of insulin developed by our company makes it easier for the diabetes patients to take required doses of insulin without any pain or any need of external assistance. Which of the following, if true, forms the strongest criticism against the inhaled form of insulin developed by the company? (a) As the inhaled drug releases only little quantities of insulin to make it effective, it needs to be taken more number of times than injected insulin. (b) For diabetic patients who smoke, or who started smoking or stopped smoking during the last six months, the inhaled form of insulin cannot be used, for desired effects will not be achieved. (c) Only the inhaler-container supplied with the insulin must be utilized as other ordinary inhalercontainers cannot release measured doses as per prescription. (d) Besides insulin, many other factors, such as diet, exercise, illness etc influence the blood sugar levels and thus, the blood sugar levels are to be carefully monitored to adjust the dosage appropriately. (e) The inhaled insulin developed by the company cannot be used for patients with type 1 diabetes who are prevalent and are required to take the long acting insulin only through injection. (e) The main emphasis of the advertisement is on ease of taking in the insulin. The right option should prove that this is not possible. (a) This option points out one limitation of the inhaled form of insulin. It still reduces the cumbersome process of injection under the skin. Thus, it is not the correct answer. (b) This option too points out one limitation. However, the drug still removes the cumbersome process for non-smokers. (c) It just talks about the specificity of the inhaler-container. This is just a minor point for the inhaled form of insulin, which is to remove the cumbersome process of injection. The patients can as well use the specific insulin-containers. (d) The problem stated in the option is common to both injected form and inhaled form of insulin. Solution. (e) Correct. This option correctly points out the absence of ease. If this is true, it is still compulsory to take insulin using injection and this disproves the conclusion. DIRECTIONS for Questions 8 to 12 : Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows : It has been long believed that the volcanic chains, such as the Hawaiian Islands, arise when plates migrate over hot spots deep within Earth. Most geologists argue that hot material rises up from the core-mantle boundary as deep as 2000 kilometers, in chimney-like plumes to feed hot spots on the surface of earth. However, recent seismological findings may throw a formidable challenge to these theories. Studies conducted at world's most famous hot spots suggest otherwise. For example, the seismographic studies at Iceland, picking up the acoustical waves traveling through Earth, were able to produce an image of subsurface that revealed a temperature anomaly ending at a mere 400 kilometers into the mantle. At Yellowstone, seismologists and geologic cartographers came up with the same conclusion about the base of hot spot feeding mechanism. However, the limitations on these studies should not be ignored. Because the distribution of seismometers was limited to Iceland's land masses, the narrow range of waves that reach the seismometers impedes scientists' ability to produce a high-resolution picture of what is going on beneath Iceland. These facts, however, should not undermine the possible validity of the recent theories, which depend on physical observations, rather than on assumptions. The popular assumptions that the mantle is isothermal and that all hot material must come from the deepest Earth- assumptions that form basis the traditional theories explaining the origin of volcanic chains- have been disproved over recent decades. New research seems to disprove the plume hypothesis, attributing greater importance to lithosphere in the creation of volcanic activity. 8. The passage, on the whole, can be best described as (a) Substantiation of a long held theory. (b) Comparison of two theories that explain same phenomenon. (c) Rejection of an explanation about a geological phenomenon. (d) Description of seismological studies. (e) Explanation of a geological phenomenon. (c) Main idea. The question asks for the main idea of the passage. The first paragraph is talking about the traditional theories explaining the formation of volcanic chains and second paragraph talks about the modern theories which are more cogent and finally the passage concludes that the older theories are disproved by the modern theories. The right option should reflect this concept. (a) The long held belief is being disproved in the passage. (b) The passage is not comparing two theories. It mentions the first theory and gives evidence to disprove it. No new theory is presented in the passage. (c) Correct. It gives the central idea of the passage. The passage states the long held belief that explains volcanic activity of hot spots and shows evidence to disprove it. (d) Seismological studies are given only to disprove a traditional theory. It is a supporting idea rather than the main idea, of the passage. (e) The geological phenomenon - the origin of the volcanic chains is not explained. No where in the passage it describes how the volcanic activity arises. Only the last sentence suggests that lithosphere's influence. It is just a minor part of the passage. Solution. 9. Which of the following paraphrases the implied conclusion of the highlighted phrase? (a) The theory about the formation of Hawaiian Islands is not correctly explained by the traditional theories. (b) The long-held assumption that hot spots are fed by deeply-fixed mantle plumes may not be true. (c) The base of the hot spot feeding mechanism must be 2000 kilometers within the Earth. (d) High resolution subsurface pictures are needed to disprove the long held belief about the depth of base of hot spot feeding mechanism. (e) The geological features of Yellowstone, Hawaiian Islands and Iceland are same. Solution. (b) Inference. The question asks for the implied conclusion of the highlighted phrase. In the preceding sentence it is stated that 'temperature anomaly ending at mere 400 kilometers into the mantle'. This implies that the origin is not 2000 kilometers as earlier theories suggested. The 'same conclusion' is talked about. Thus the right option should reflect this idea. (a) The implied conclusion should be about the 'shallower' base of hot spot feeding mechanism. This is not mentioned in this option. Thus, this option is incorrect. (b) Correct. The earlier theory states that the deep mantle is the reason for the heat fueling of volcanic action while the results shown in the two preceding sentences indicate that it is just 400 kilometers deep. This logically leads to the conclusion given in this option. (c) It is what the implied conclusion intends to 'disprove'. (d) This statement brings out the limitation put on the studies that give the conclusion rather than conclusion itself. (e) It is the assumption basing on which the general conclusion is drawn. It is not the conclusion about the base of volcanic feeding mechanism. 10. The author uses the word 'mere' (the highlighted part) to imply which of the following? (a) The incorrectness of traditional belief discussed in earlier part. (b) The inaccuracy of the study of acoustical waves. (c) The inadequacy of drilling machines. (d) The 'shallowness' of mantle of the earth. (e) The limitations of seismological studies. (a) Rhetoric. The question asks for the author's purpose in using the word 'mere'. The first paragraph states that the geologists, who support the traditional theories, believe that the origin of the hot spots is 2000 kilometers below the earth surface. In this paragraph he uses the phrase 'mere 400 kilometers'. The author uses this word to disagree with the idea of deeper origin. The correct option should reflect this idea. (a) Correct. This option correctly infers the author's purpose. Thus, it is the best option. (b) The author is not critical about the study of acoustical waves. (c) The concept of drilling machines is outside the scope of the content. (d) It is not the 'shallowness' of the mantle he is implying about. It is the 'shallowness' of the origin of the hot spots. (e) The 'seismological studies' is not the point of interest. Solution. 11. The scientists should do which of the following to remove the limitations mentioned in the passage? (a) They should depend on assumptions about the mantle and geological structure of the earth. (b) They should use more seismometers to land masses of Iceland. (c) They should narrow the range of acoustical wave's studies to be more focused. (d) They should use more number of seismometers both on land and in the oceans. (e) High resolution picture of what is going on beneath Iceland is to be made. (d) Application. The question seeks information that is likely to remove the limitations on the studies mentioned in the passage. The passage explicitly states that the limitations are caused because of the narrow range of acoustic signals because the seismometers are present only in land masses. The right option should correct this problem. (a) The author finds fault with this concept of depending on assumptions. (b) Distribution of seismometers to land masses only is stated as the reason for the limitations. Thus, doing this will increase rather than remove the limitations. (c) Using narrow range of acoustic waves is the stated reason for the limitations on the studies. Thus, doing this makes the studies less reliable. (d) Correct. Doing this will remove the implied problem of using seismometers only on land masses and will give a broad range of waves for study making the waves more reliable in arriving at conclusions. Solution. (e) This is incorrect because this is the result we have by removing the limitations. 12. Which of the following can be inferred properly solely from the information given in the passage? (a) Mantle is isothermal. (b) The plume hypothesis, which explains the origin of volcanic activity, accepts the importance of lithosphere. (c) Hot material rises up from the core mantle creating volcanic activity. (d) The temperature anomalies found in the subsurface images of earth helps to identify the origin of volcanic activity. (e) Lithosphere is more important than any other part of the earth in the creation of volcanoes. (d) Inference. The question asks to identify, from among the given options, the correct statement basing on the information given. We need to verify each statement individually. (a) This option is incorrect as it is stated in the passage that this assumption has been disproved. (b) This option is incorrect because plume hypothesis gives importance to mantle, not to lithosphere. (c) This option is incorrect because the whole passage is disproving it. (d) Correct. This can be properly inferred from the first two sentences of second paragraph. (e) There is implied comparison between core-mantle region and lithosphere in relation to the origin of volcanic activities. But we cannot infer comparison of lithosphere will 'all' other parts of earth. Solution. 13. It is apparently not advisable to expose prematurely born infants, for prolonged periods of light, under health care in hospitals. A recent study reports that exposing newly born mice to constant light prevents the master biological clock in their brains from developing properly and this can have lasting effect on their behavior. Which of the following, if added as an additional premise, makes the conclusion above a properly drawn one? (a) The patterns of development of human fetus at different times of gestation are similar to those of mice at the comparable times of development during the fetal development of the mice. (b) Newborn mice provide a good model for premature human infants because baby mice are born at an earlier stage of development than humans, a stage closely equivalent to that of premature babies. (c) Exposure to light at early stages of human life has a deterring effect on the proper development of master biological clock in the brains of the prematurely born infants. (d) Of the two groups of rats under study, one group exposed to normal light and darkness circles showed better development of master biological clock than the other group, which was continually exposed to light. (e) The response of just born mice to prolonged exposure to light is different from the response of a prematurely born baby to the prolonged exposure to light. (b) The argument concludes about prematurely born human infants and the premise is about mice and the effect of mice on it. The additional premise needed should connect these disjointed factors to make the conclusion a logically valid one. (a) The similarity between the growth patterns of human fetus, (which, of course, undergoes developmental process in the womb) and those of mice 'before' the birth might be similar. But this cannot prove the similarity between prematurely born infants and newly born mice. (b) Correct. It says that the prematurely born baby and newly born mice are similar and thus, what is true with mice is likely to be true with prematurely born infants. This proves the analogy and makes the conclusion a valid one. (c) This option declares the logical connection between inordinate exposure to light and improper development of the prematurely born baby. However, the example of mice is not justified. Thus, it is incorrect. It is rather a restatement of the conclusion rather than the missing link. (d) This option is incorrect because it establishes the relation between exposure to light and improper development of master biological clock in mice, but it does not justify the comparison. (e) This option is incorrect because, if it is true, the conclusion about the effect of exposure to light on prematurely born human being becomes void. Solution. 14. Technology transfer needs coordination between two major players to have an effect on industry; the conjugation of the institutional frameworks, which offers many of the needed resources, and the individuals, who are the origin of ideas, have been vital for the success of technology transfer. (a) frameworks, which offers many of the needed resources, and individuals, who are the origin of ideas, have been (b) frameworks that offer many of the needed resources and the individuals, who are the origin of ideas, is (c) frameworks, which offer many of the needed resources, and the individuals, who have been origin of ideas, has been (d) frameworks offering many of the needed resources, and the individuals, who are the origin of ideas, are (e) frameworks, which offer many of the needed resources, and the individuals, who are the origin of ideas, has been (b) Subject verb agreement and consistency of tenses. The sentence is with the singular subject 'the conjugation of' two major players and the verb 'have been', which is plural does not agree with this. Even the verb in relative clause 'which offers many of the needed resources' does not agree with the plural antecedent 'institutional frameworks'. Moreover, there is unnecessary shift of tense. Thus, the sentence needs correction. (a) Two instances of subject-verb disagreement make this option incorrect. The sentence presents the unnecessary shift of tense. (b) Correct. All the verbs agree with the logical subjects. There is coherence of tenses without any unnecessary shift of tenses. (c) Although it corrects subject verb agreement problems, it shifts the tense unnecessarily from present simple to present perfect. (d) The verb 'are' does not agree with the logical subject 'conjugation'. (e) The final verb 'has been', though agrees with the logical subject, shifts the tense unnecessarily. Solution. 15. Car safety is attributable to many unheralded heroes of automobile safety: Dr. Claire Straith, a plastic surgeon who fought for padded dashboards: Bela Berenyi, a Mercedes engineer, invented rigid cab construction and Nils Hohlin, a Volvo engineer, invented seat belt (a) Bela Berenyi, a Mercedes engineer, invented rigid cab construction and Nils Hohlin, a Volvo engineer, invented seat belt. (b) Rigid cab construction, invented by a Mercedes engineer Bela Berenyi and seat belt, invented by a Volvo engineer Nils Hohlin. (c) Bela Berenyi, a Mercedes engineer who invented rigid cab construction; Nils Hohlin, the Volvo engineer who invented seat belt. (d) Bela Berenyi, being a Mercedes engineer, invented rigid cab construction; seat belt which was invented by a Volvo engineer Nils Hohlin. (e) Rigid cab construction was invented by Bela Berenyi, a Mercedes engineer; seat belt was invented by Nils Hohlin, a Volvo engineer. (c) Parallelism. The sentence contains a list of 'unheralded heroes' given after colon. This list should contain parallel elements all of which must be parallel elements. In the given sentence, the last elements are not parallel to the noun phrases present before the underlined part. Thus, the sentence needs correction. (a) Though the two underlined elements, which are main clauses, are parallel to each other, they are not parallel to the first element of the series, which is a noun phrase. (b) Two underlined parallel elements are safety features, while the sentence requires names of persons to be parallel on the whole. (c) Correct. The list of 'unheralded heroes' is given after the semi colon. All the elements, to be parallel with the un-underlined part, needs to be list of persons and this condition is fulfilled in this option. Solution. (d) The last element of the series, a safety feature, is not parallel to the first two elements of the series, the names of inventors. Moreover, the use of participle phrase 'being' incorrectly attributes causal relation. (e) The two underlined elements, which are main clauses, are not parallel to the first element of the series. 16. By enabling Allied commanders to eavesdrop on German plans, Station X reduced the possibility of prolongation of The World War in many ways; its decoded messages played a crucial role in defeating the U-boat menace, cutting off Rommel's supplies in North Africa, and in launching the D-Day landings. (a) in defeating the U-boat menace, cutting off Rommel's supplies in North Africa, and in launching (b) to defeat the U-boat menace, to cut off Rommel's supplies in North Africa, and to launch (c) which defeated the U-boat menace, cut off Rommel's supplies in North Africa and launched (d) in defeating the U-boat menace, cutting off the Rommel's supplies in North Africa and the launching of (e) in the defeat of the U-boat menace, cutting off the Rommel's supplies in North Africa and the launch of (a) Parallel structure, and idiom. The given sentence uses correct idiom 'to play role in doing something' and the elements used are parallel giving logical and intended sense. (a) Correct. The sentence uses correct idiom and correct parallel and participle elements giving the logical sense. (b) Though it uses all the form in parallel forms, it is not idiomatic to use to infinitive after the phrase 'to play a role'. (c) The use of relative clause makes it mean that it is the crucial role that defeated the U-boat menace, a sense that is illogical making the relative clause misplaced. Even the clause 'launched the D-Day landings' is illogical as it is connected the 'crucial role'. (d) Thought the first two elements of the underlined portion are parallel, the third element, which is a noun, is not parallel to the first two parallel elements. (e) The middle element of the series is not parallel to the other elements. Solution. 17. Health Impact Assessment (HIA) has been advanced as a means of bringing potential health impacts to the attention of policy makers, particularly in sectors in which health impacts may not otherwise be considered. (a) to the attention of policy makers, particularly in sectors in which health impacts may not otherwise (b) so that they can be attended to by the policy makers, in particular sectors in which health impacts may not otherwise (c) to the attention of policy makers, in particular, in sectors where health impacts may not otherwise (d) to the policy makers for their attention, particularly in sectors in which health impacts might otherwise not (e) to the attention of policy makers, particularly in sectors where health impacts may not otherwise (a) Wordiness, and modification. The given sentence uses and places the adverb 'particularly' correctly. This sentence correctly uses relative clause 'in which health impacts may not otherwise be considered'. Thus, the sentence needs no correction. (a) Correct. The given sentence contains no error. It correctly uses the adverb 'particularly' to modify the prepositional phrase and correct relative pronoun 'which' is used. (b) This option is incorrect because it uses a subordinate clause-'so that they can be attended to by policy makers'- in the place of a noun phrase, making it wordy. Moreover, the adjectival use of 'particular' changes the meaning in such a way that it does not fit the context. (c) This option is incorrect because it uses the phrase 'in particular' in such a way that it might modify either the preceding clause or following phrase. In this way, it becomes a squinting modifier. Moreover, it uses 'where' incorrectly while 'which' is needed as a correct relative pronoun. Solution. (d) This option is incorrect because the positioning of the prepositional phrase 'to the policy makers' makes it mean 'health impacts to policy makers'. This is illogical. Furthermore, the word 'otherwise is incorrectly placed. (e) This option is incorrect because of the incorrect use of relative pronoun 'where'. 18. When the U.S. donut chain Crispy Cream entered the developing country Valkans to start its retailer operations, there was wide spread media criticism. The sprouting up of this criticism is quite surprising because KMC and McBonald, two more MNC's, which retail the same products as Crispy Cream does, entered the fast food markets of Valkans, fourteen years ago, without creating any aversion in media and are still continuing operations. Which of the following, if true, explains the media criticism faced by Crispy Cream when it started operations in Valkans? (a) Multi-national companies operating in developing countries are generally accused of 'draining' the wealth of those countries by transferring the profits to their parent countries. (b) The Government of Valkans, with its nationalistic feelings, is antagonistic about foreign companies. (c) Obesity, which is defined as a ratio of body mass to height squared totaling 30 or more, doubled in Valkans to nearly 12% between 1995 and 2005. (d) The food manufacturing units of Crispy Cream are more modern that those of other such businesses and thus remove more fat from ingredients than others do. (e) Crispy Cream entered the country when a wide-spread campaign against obesity from fat-rich foods was started by the media. (e) The question seeks explanation for fact that the Crispy Cream faced criticism, while other companies that market the same products entered the country without any criticism from media. This fact implies that the situation in which it entered the market must be different from that in which earlier companies entered. The correct option should reflect this idea. (a) If it is true, 'all' the Multinational companies should face the media criticism, not just Crispy Cream. (b) This option is incorrect because of the same reason as in option A. (c) This option is incorrect because of two reasons. One is that if it is true, 'all' the companies should face the media criticism. Second is that we do not know whether Crispy Cream entered the market during the said period. It might have as well entered the country before 1995. (d) This option is wrong because, if it is true, the Crispy Cream should receive praise, not criticism, from media. (e) Correct. This explains why the new company faced criticism while its precedents had not faced criticism. Solution. 19. Mergers and acquisitions among large financial institutions are becoming more frequent in markets around the world, attracting the attention of policy makers as well as financial press, and continual reshuffling the ranking of the world's largest financial service firms. (a) continual reshuffling (b) continually reshuffling (c) the continual reshuffling of (d) continuous reshuffling (e) continuously reshuffling (b) Modification and parallelism. Solution.   The sentence starts with a main clause followed by participle phrase. The underlined part is the second participle phrase which should be parallel to the first one. The underlined part contains modifier 'continual', which should be an adverb as it is modifying the verbal. So the sentence needs correction. (a) Though the participle phrase 'reshuffling' is parallel to 'attracting', the modifier 'continual' is incorrect as we need an adverb. (b) Correct. It correctly uses 'reshuffling' which is parallel to 'attracting'. Adverb 'continually' is correctly used to modify the participle 'reshuffling'. (c) It incorrectly uses a noun phrase after 'and' and this is not parallel to the participle phrase 'attracting'. (d) This option is incorrect because the word choice is wrong. The word continuous means without break while the word continual means repeatedly. In the given context, continual is the word that is suitable. Moreover, the adjective 'continuous' makes 'reshuffling' a noun and thus the phrase becomes unparallel to 'attracting'. (e) This option is incorrect as the use of word 'continuous' is incorrect. DIRECTIONS for Questions 20 to 24 : Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows : The fast-pace, ever-changing face of today's customer and, products as well as services the customer has come to expect- especially because of the increased proportion of minorities- increase the pressure on the corporations which seek to improve their bottom lines. Companies should not only meet these demands, but also do so with the right people in place where they can determine and evaluate the needs and then deliver them. This gesture, besides enabling them to capitalize on opportunities presented by increased proportion of minorities, helps them to position the companies as socially responsible and progressive organizations. Indeed, the corporate America has realized the importance of diversity initiatives. A Philadelphia-based company, for example, strives to maintain diversity by developing diverse pipeline of talent, both internally for succession planning as well as for promotions, and externally for new hires. Despite corporate America's boast of diversity through out its ranks, there is silence when it comes to diversity on corporate boards. According to a study of Fortune 100 Boards, there is a severe under-representation of women and minorities on corporate boards of these companies. As on September 2004, board seats on the Fortune 100 companies totaled 1395 with minorities holding 178 seats or 14.90%, while white men and women held 85.10%. Pitiably, African American women held a mere 27 or 2.26% of the board seats, while total African American holding was 10.04%. While corporate American can justifiably claim of the achievement of diversity initiative in lower levels, which, going beyond the historical employment equity legislation demands, identifies the contributions minorities can make to improvement of bottom lines, the higher decision-making levels too should be opened to minorities. Ultimately, no matter the hierarchal position, the imperativeness of competitiveness, demographic tendencies, immigration, and globalization will force every company to meet the demands of a changing world. 20. In the overall context of the passage, it can be broadly inferred that the 'right people' mentioned in the first paragraph are likely to be (a) Entrepreneurs from the majority population of America. (b) White employees working in boards of business organizations. (c) Business graduates from reputed business schools. (d) Minority employees who understand the changing business environment. (e) African Americans who know the buying preferences of their community. (d) Inference. The question seeks for the inference about the 'right people'. In the preceding sentence, the author talks about the factors that increase the profitability of the companies. He gives special emphasis to 'increased populations of minorities'. This implies that the right people should be minority persons present at the decision taking levels. The correct option should reflect this idea. (a) This option talks about majority population, and thus, is incorrect. (b) This option is incorrect because it too talks about whites on boards of corporations. (c) This option is incorrect because the qualifications for those positions are not discussed in the passage. (d) Correct. This option correctly points out the implied minorities. (e) This option is incorrect, because, though it talks about minorities, only a part of the minorities, that is, African Americans are talked about. Solution. 21. The passage suggests that doing which of the following makes the corporations 'socially responsible'? (a) improving the bottom lines of the corporations. (b) employing minorities. (c) capitalizing on improved business opportunities. (d) Evaluating the needs of minorities. (e) Accelerating the change in consumer perception. Solution. (b) Application. The question asks us to identify an act which proves the corporations to be socially responsible. The last sentence of the first paragraph implies that by taking minorities into corporations in decision making positions, they will be able to improve the bottom lines and also proves them to be socially responsible. This implies that employing minorities is likely to be that socially responsible action. (a) This is not the social responsibility implied. Moreover, improving the profitability of companies is not likely to be a 'socially responsible' act. (b) Correct. This option rightly identifies the implied need of employment of minorities. (c) Capitalizing on the business opportunities does not indicate social responsibility. (d) This option is incorrect because it is not the 'evaluation' but the 'satisfying' of the needs what might make them socially responsible. However, this is beyond the scope of the passage. (e) It is out side the scope of the passage. 22. It can be concluded from the passage that the percent of minorities other than African Americans, in the Fortune 100 boards as on September 2004, is likely to be (a) 14.90% (b) 2.26% (c) 4.86% (d) 10.04% (e) 85.10% Solution . (c) Inference. The total minorities' percentage other than African American is given by subtracting the percentage of African Americans percentage from the total minorities' percentage. 23. The passage implies that the achievement of diversity initiative in lower levels is resulted primarily because (a) The companies which achieved this followed the example of Fortune 100 companies. (b) The companies have understood the historic cases of profitability attained by the employment of minorities. (c) The companies concerned have understood the importance of minority contribution in the profitability of those companies. (d) The companies feared criticism of minorities and the groups supporting them. (e) The companies feared the legislative action in the absence of such measures. (c) Inference. The question asks us to identify the implied reason for the achievement of diversity initiative in lower levels. (a) This option is incorrect because the passage gives no information whether those companies which achieved the initiate followed the Fortune 100 companies. (b) This is not be inferred because this inference goes beyond the passage. (c) Correct. It is said that the achievement 'identifies the contribution of minorities'. Thus, it implies that they understood the importance of minorities to improve their bottom lines and thus employed them beyond the requirements of the law. (d) This inference goes beyond the scope of the passage. (e) This option is wrong. If it had been true, they would not have employed beyond legislation demands. Solution. 24. The last sentence of the passage serves which of the following functions in relation to whole passage? (a) It hints at the necessity of understanding the importance of diversity initiative which was discussed in the earlier part of the passage. (b) It summarizes the different points mentioned in the passage to support the present management practices of Fortune 100 companies. (c) It disregards the importance of hierarchal position, which was supported in earlier part of the passage.  (d) It notes the acts that are forced onto the business organizations in changing business milieu. (e) It qualifies the employing practices of managerial conditions and indicates the situations they are likely to fail. Solution . (a) Organization. The question asks for the function of the last sentence. it states that 'every company is forced to meet the demands of the changing world', with an implication that the companies have to employ minorities in higher positions to increase the profitability of the companies. Thus, the last sentence is to imply this need. The right option should reflect this idea. (a) Correct. This option states the implication of the last sentence. (b) This option is incorrect because this point does not support the present managerial practices of Fortune 100 companies. (c) The passage is not disregarding the hierarchal position. It is in fact criticizing absence of minority employees in higher levels. (d) The passage is not talking about the forced moves of the companies. (e) The sentence is not putting any qualification to managerial practices. It is indicating the need for the employing of the minorities to improve the bottom lines. 25. The art of producing silk was developed by the Chinese 5000 years ago, and the product was in much demand in the West, the strong lustrous fabric was the lifeblood of the Silk Road trade route that connected China to the West, changing the fortunes of empires and societies on both ends and along the way. (a) The art of producing silk was developed by the Chinese 5000 years ago, and the product was in much demand in the West, (b) The art of producing silk being developed by the Chinese 5000 years ago, and the product being in much demand in the west, (c) The art of producing silk developed by the Chinese 5000 years ago, and the product having been in demand in the West, (d) The art of producing silk developed by the Chinese 5000 years ago, and the product being in much demand in the West, (e) The art of producing silk was developed by the Chinese 5000 years ago, as the product was in much demand in the West, (d) Parallelism and modification. The sentence is with two main clause connected by and while the un-underlined part is not connected the underlined part by any conjunction. This results in run-on sentence, an error. Thus, the sentence needs correction. (a) It creates run-on sentence. There is no conjunction connecting these two independent clauses. (b) Though it seems to be parallel, the parallel elements are not logically used together. Use of 'being' in the first modifier phrase implies that the process of developing was 'on-going'. In fact, the silk fabric became popular only 'after' the art of producing silk was fully developed. (c) This option is incorrect because though both the modifier phrases are parallel, the use of 'having been' indicates that the product had been in demand 'before' the product was developed. This is illogical. (d) Correct. The two modifier phrases present in the underlined part are parallel to each other and at the same time establish the causal relationship between the development of as well as demand for silk and impact of Silk Road in changing the fortunes of the countries. (e) This option is incorrect because it uses 'as' between the clauses attributing causal relation between the development of silk and demand in the west. This sense is illogical. Finally, it results in run-on sentence. Solution. 26. The focus of competition in global markets is shifting from quality and quantity towards manufacturing flexibility. Thus, extensive programs, such as implementation of advanced manufacturing technology, setup time reduction etc, are undertaken by many companies. This flexibility ensures that the manufacturing process becomes both cost-efficient and cost-effective so that manufacturing companies can produce customized products without sacrificing either of the objectives, increasing competitive edge over the competitors and the profitability. Which of the following stands as the best example for a company that has achieved profitability and competitive edge in the way discussed in the passage? (a) A book publishing company which has published 100 titles of which the success of two books made earned great profits making it a market leader in publishing while its rival has published only ten titles. (b) A multi-national motor cycle manufacturer has released, in a period of 18 months, 125 different models of motor cycles meeting the demands of different age groups and road conditions of five countries and emerged as a market leader. (c) A pharmaceutical giant that has continued to remain the market leader by extending marketing network and gaining patent rights of new drugs which can be manufactured with existing infrastructure. (d) A note book manufacturing company increases the market share by selling note books to different companies and educational institutions producing them as per the specifications of the customers and becomes profitable because no other note book manufacturing company undertakes such practices. (e) A public sector bank that has consistently increased its profits because of the exclusive right it has to deal in governmental securities which are widely bought by tax payers to get tax exemption given by the government for buying the governmental securities. Solution. (b) The question asks for an example for the process described in the argument. In the argument, the company achieves profitability because of manufacturing flexibility in such a way that the customers demands are met making the company profitable and leading in the market. The example given in the right option should reflect this concept. (a) The company has become a market leader by the success of two books only and other books might have been a failure. Moreover, implementation of advanced technology that increases manufacturing flexibility is not implied as reason for the success. (b) Correct. The motor cycle manufacturer has to develop manufacturing flexibility to develop 125 different models which are obviously customized and has developed competitive edge over the others. (c) There is no manufacturing flexibility and it is the marketing strategy which has been the reason for market leadership. (d) There is customization in the case of the notebook manufacturer but the absence of manufacturing flexibility and it is because of monopoly it became profitable. (e) It is because of monopoly, not because of manufacturing flexibility, that it has increased the profits. 27. The focus of competition in global markets is shifting from quality and quantity towards manufacturing flexibility. Thus, extensive programs, such as implementation of advanced manufacturing technology, setup time reduction etc, are undertaken by many companies. This flexibility ensures that the manufacturing process becomes both cost-efficient and cost-effective so that manufacturing companies can produce customized products without sacrificing either of the objectives, increasing competitive edge over the competitors and the profitability. Which of the following could act as an economic precept that best reflects the manufacturing philosophy of the above argument? (a) A manufacturer should enhance the profitability using bulk production through the achievement of manufacturing flexibility. (b) Cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness should be achieved before a company aspires for manufacturing flexibility. (c) For a company with manufacturing flexibility, economics of scope is at least as important as economics of scale. (d) Manufacturing flexibility is more important than marketing strategy for companies aspiring to be competitive in global markets. (e) Production of customized goods without manufacturing flexibility is not profitable to manufacturing companies. Solution. (c) We should identify a general statement that can reflect the manufacturing philosophy of the above argument. the manufacturing should depend on flexibility and customization. (a) It advocates bulk production rather than customized production, which is said to be crucial in the argument. (b) This option is incorrect because the cost-efficiency and cost-effectiveness are the results of, not the pre-requisites for, manufacturing flexibility. (c) Correct. It reflects the importance of the customized manufacturing by using the word 'scope' and importance of manufacturing flexibility as well. (d) This option is incorrect because the argument has not undermined the importance of the marketing strategy. (e) This option is incorrect because it is fallacious to generalize like this. It is possible that production of customized goods can be profitable even without manufacturing flexibility if the customers are ready to pay premium prices for the products. 28. The advantages of two-legged upright body posture are numerous; for a primate on land; the twolegged travel is faster and more energy efficient than travel on four legs and allows a better view of possibly hostile surroundings than a horizontal one. (a) travel on four legs and allows a better view of possibly hostile surroundings than horizontal one. (b) the animals with four legs and the upright posture allows a better view of possible hostile surroundings than horizontal one. (c) travel on four legs and the upright posture allows a better view of possibly hostile surroundings than the horizontal posture. (d) that on four legs and the body posture, which is upright, allows a better view of possible hostile surroundings than the horizontal one. (e) travel on four legs and the body posture, which is upright, allows a better view of possible hostile surroundings that the horizontal posture. (c) Pronoun reference, and faulty comparison. The sentence after semi-colon should illustrate what goes before the semi-colon. The comparison should be correct and the conjunction 'and' should combine two clauses which are logically put together. The verb after 'and' has the subject 'the two-legged travel' which the comparison faulty. The pronoun 'one' has no antecedent. The logical referent is 'two-legged' travel and thus, the sentence comes to mean 'a horizontal two-legged travel'. It should logically mean 'a horizontal posture'. Thus, the sentence needs correction. (a) This option is incorrect because second part after 'and' is with faulty comparison. The sentence seems to mean that 'two-legged travel' offers a better view. This is illogical predication. In fact, the comparison in the last part of sentence is between upright body posture and horizontal body posture and so, the subject for the verb 'allows' should be 'upright posture'. (b) This option is incorrect because of faulty comparison. In this, 'two-legged travel' is illogically compared to 'animals with four legs'. Moreover, it incorrectly uses adjective 'possible' to modify the adjective 'hostile'. Finally, the word 'one' refers to upright posture giving a sense of 'horizontal upright posture'. The adverb possibly is required. (c) Correct. It correctly compares 'two-legged travel' to 'travel on four legs'. The correct subject 'the upright posture' is used for the verb 'allows' in the last coordinate clause. In this way, it removes the problems of illogical predication and faulty comparison at the same time. (d) Though the sentence corrects the error of faulty comparison by using 'body posture', it still has the wrong use of adjective 'possible'. It introduces another faulty comparison by using 'that' in the first part of the underlined part. This 'that' refers to 'two-legged travel' and thus the sentence gives the sense 'the two-legged travel on four legs'. (e) This option is incorrect because of wordiness. Though it corrects all faulty comparison problems, it is with an adjectival clause 'which is upright' in the place of 'upright body posture'. This changes the sense in an illogical way. Solution. 29. International financial markets seem to be a highly rewarding and challenging work field for physicists, who can apply theoretical and statistical physics to the complex dynamics of stocks, shares, interest rates and complex financial products called derivates. Which of the following, if true, most directly justifies the utilization of physicists' expertise in apparently unrelated field of finance? (a) Several types of banks, such as merchant, and investment banks, international financial institutions that deal in shares, and, insurance companies employ physicists in the research wings. (b) The financial markets depend on human hopes and aspirations which are unpredictable, and observations of physicists depend on unalterable physical forces which have no psychological influences. (c) Some predictions in financial markets, which are proved to be very accurate about the behaviour of money markets, help physicists to make some accurate predictions to explain the physical behaviour of elements and compounds. (d) The diversity in international finance markets, which deal in different currencies and various assets in different times and currencies, is creating great interest in the physicists who choose to work in the field of finance. (e) A mixture of intuition based on observation and an ability to use highly complex mathematical tools, a combination much needed for the success in financial markets, is basic attribute to successful physicists. (e) Two apparently diverse fields are to be connected as per the question. Financial markets and physics, which are very different, must be correlated. So some characteristic feature from the field of physics should be made applicable to the field of finance. The correct option should bring out this idea. (a) This option declares that many financial institutions use the services of physicists. This gives an example for, not justification of, utilization of physicists in financial markets. Thus, this option is incorrect. (b) This option brings out the difference between financial markets and physics. If this is true, physicists should be of no use in the field of finance. Thus, this option is incorrect. (c) This option states how the knowledge of financial markets helps physicists to arrive at conclusions. If this is true, people from the field of finance should be useful in the field of physics. (d) This option explains why the physicists are entering the field of finance. It does not justify the utility of the expertise in the field of finance. Thus, it is incorrect. (e) Correct. This option clearly expresses how the expertise of Physicists is useful for financial markets and thus best explains the usefulness of physicists in finance. Solution. 30. Many tobacco control advocates, believing that governments have failed to enact and implement sufficiently stringent tobacco control laws, started to support litigation as a means of achieving public health policy goals. (a) sufficiently stringent tobacco control laws, started to support (b) sufficient stringent tobacco control laws, start to support (c) tobacco control laws, which are both stringent and sufficient, start supporting (d) sufficiently stringent tobacco control laws, have started supporting (e) stringent tobacco control laws, which are insufficient, have started supporting (d) Tense and modification. The sentence is with simple past tense 'started' which shifts the tense illogically. But for this shift error, the rest of the sentence is correct and logical. Thus, the given sentence is incorrect. (a) It unnecessarily shifts the tense to simple past by using 'started'. It uses to infinitive after the verb 'start'. To give a sense of more general practice, gerund is more appropriate. (b) The use of adjective 'sufficient' is incorrect as an adverb is needed. The use of simple present is illogical. (c) It is wordy due to the use of relative clause. Moreover the wording of the relative clause makes the sentence lose the sense 'sufficiently stringent', which is the needed sense. Furthermore, there is unnecessary tense shift. Solution. (d) Correct. The adverb correctly to modify adjective 'stringent'. It is concise and maintains correct tense sequence. (e) Option (e) is incorrect the relative clause is incomplete in meaning. Insufficient to do what? No information is present in this regard. Moreover it is wordy because of the use of relative clause in the place of a noun phrase. 31. The first known nearly complete skeleton of a Basilosaurus iris, the first of gigantic whales, indicates that, unlike today's whales, they did not have blowhole and, like their land-dwelling ancestors, they still had feet. (a) unlike today's whales, they did not have blowhole and, like their land-dwelling ancestors, they still had feet. (b) unlike whales that are living today, it did not have a blowhole and, like its land-dwelling ancestors, there were no feet. (c) it, unlike today's whales, did not have blowhole and that, like its land-dwelling ancestors, it still had feet. (d) they, unlike today's whales, did not have blowholes, and like their land-dwelling ancestors, still had feet. (e) unlike today's whales, there was no blowhole in its body, and that, like its land-dwelling ancestors, there were no feet. (c) Parallel structure, pronoun-antecedent agreement and faulty comparison. The sentence compares 'Basilosaurus iris' with 'today's whales' and with 'its land-dwelling ancestors'. Though the comparison is correct, the sentence incorrectly uses plural pronoun 'they' and 'their' to refer to a singular noun. Thus, the sentence needs improvement. (a) The pronoun 'they' does not agree with the singular antecedent. Moreover, it presents the parallelism error by omitting the required 'that' after the conjunction 'and'. (b) It does not have the needed 'that' at the beginning of the underlined part and the second comparison presents a faulty comparison. Finally, the adjectival clause in the place of 'today's whales' makes it wordy. (c) Correct. It uses parallel structure correctly by using 'that' after conjunction 'and'. The sentence also presents correct comparisons in both comparisons with 'today's whales' and 'ancestors'. (d) This option is incorrect because of the disjunction. The sentence requires the use of 'that' after the conjunction 'and' to make it parallel. (e) Both the comparisons are faulty comparisons. DIRECTIONS for Questions 32 to 36 : Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows : The basic aerodynamics of insect fight has always been an enigma to scientists, especially when the uncanny precision with which insects alter their course and when they make 90-degree turns at speeds faster than a blink of the human eye. Michael Dickenson, a bioengineer, brought to light many previously unsuspected facts regarding flight of insects. To turn, a flying creature must generate enough torque, a twisting force, to offset two forces working against it - the inertia of its own body and the viscous friction of the air, which for small insects, had been thought to be like a 'syrup'. Scientists, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary, had long assumed that the viscosity of the air, and not the inertia, was the greater force for small insects, such as flies, to overcome, inertia having been presumed to be the bane for only larger animals such as birds. Dickenson observed that the subtle changes in the tilt of fruit flies' wings relative to the ground and the size of each flap generate the torque that allows them to turn. He also observed that the flies, using their wings, create an opposite twisting force, preventing an out of control spin. Using three high speed Infrared video cameras, Dickenson filmed the movements three dimensionally and observed that flight turns of fruit flies, quite surprisingly, are akin to those of larger flies and humming birds, which must overcome inertia. If fiction dominated the turn, small insects - in this case fruit flies - would have to continuously use their wings to generate torque during the entire turn to overcome the viscosity of air. Instead, to execute a turn, a fruit fly generates torque to accelerate into the turn, and then has to actively counteract the inertia of turn by Solution. producing torque in the opposite direction, bringing the rotation of the body to a halt. Once the fly has achieved the desired turn angle, it buzzes off. The research, done on 'Bride of Robofly' - a dynamically scaled robotic model- , which, though cannot fly, can simulate the fly's wings that flap in a tank of mineral oil allowed the scientists measure the forces on the wing, and did confirm the recent hypothesis. The research provides insight into the lightening-quick control mechanisms that are active in flies, demonstrating that flies are able to control changes in the body orientation with in just a few beats of wings- the flie's wings flaps at 200 wings beats per second- and thus can control the turn of the flight with incredible speed. 32. The author uses the word 'syrup' in the third sentence of the first paragraph in order to (a) Bring out the physical and chemical similarities of air and viscous liquids in matters related flight of insects (b) emphasize the need of some medium to make flight possible. (c) emphasize the forces of friction that work against flight of birds and insects (d) imply that the friction caused to small flies, by air was very high. (e) suggest that some force opposing motion is inevitable. (d) Rhetoric. The question asks for the purpose of the word in the context of the passage. The author uses the word 'syrup' to refer to 'air' in the matters of friction presented by air. For small insects the friction caused by the air is presumed to be too much. The correct option should reflect this idea. (a) The author does not compare the air and syrup in terms of physical and chemical similarities. Thus, this option is incorrect. (b) The necessity of some medium is not the point of interest. The emphasis is on 'friction' caused by air. (c) Though this option sounds correct, the inclusion of the word 'birds' makes it go against the information given in the passage. (d) Correct. This option correctly emphasizes the implication of the use of the word. (e) Though opposing forces are talked about, it is not the 'inevitability' that is being inferred about. Solution. 33. Which of the following, it were to be found true, would most support the observation made by Dickenson in the last part of the first paragraph? (a) A biologist, conducting experiments on fire flies, proves that fire flies are representative examples for other insects only when linier motion is considered. (b) A natural scientist, working on flight mechanism, proves that the adeptness of flight in smaller animals is more because of genetically inherited factors than because of acquired behavior. (c) An electrical engineer working on a tiny robotic capable of autonomous flight observes that very subtle changes in wing motion are responsible for rapid maneuvers. (d) An aeronautical engineer, working on flight mechanism, decides that major structural changes are necessary for the successful flight of new prototype airplane. (e) A wild life expert, filming the rapid motion of a cheetah, identifies that it has to use a lot of energy to maintain its balance when it is taking sharp turns. (c) Application. The question asks us to identify a fact that supports the observation given in the third paragraph. In the first paragraph, the scientist observes that subtle changes in the tilt of the wing in relation the ground. This very hypothesis is confirmed by the experiment described in the third paragraph. It is also noted that a few wing beats, which require a small fraction of second, can change the direction efficiently. This must be supported by the correct option. (a) If fireflies are representative sample only when in linier motion, we can not explain the rapid turn of the flight. Thus, this is incorrect. (b) Whether the ability of flight is inherited or acquired is not a matter of interest here. Thus, this information is irrelevant to support the observation. (c) Correct. If this is true, the concept implied in the third passage is supported. Thus, this is the correct answer. Solution. (d) The passage about the insect flight is not talking about the structural changes made or needed in the successful flight. Thus, this has no bearing on the validity of the observation. (e) Comparing the flight of an insect and rapid movement of cheetah when both take turns is a case of faulty analogy and thus, this cannot support the idea presented in the third paragraph. 34. Which of the following is most similar to a fly if it were to fly in a fiction dominated scenario? (a) A hawk which can minimize its wing motion when it is flying at great heights (b) A wheel which comes to rest when the power is switched off, because of the internal friction. (c) A monkey, swinging itself to get required momentum to jump onto another branch. (d) A whirl pool which is possible only when two opposing streams of water encounter each other. (e) A toy top in a vat of honey which would move only as long as you work on to move it : the moment you let go it, it would stop. (e) Application. The question seeks to identify soma analogue to the fly which is flying in a fiction dominated medium. In the second paragraph it is clearly stated that in fiction dominated situation, the fly had to continuously move its wings to be able to continue moving. The analogue should exhibit this feature. (a) The minimization of wing motion indicates that the friction is less. Thus, it is not the answer. (b) The friction is 'internal' friction while in the situation described, it is the external friction that stops the motion. Thus, this option is incorrect. (c) The movement of the monkey to acquire momentum is not similar to a fly working continuously to overcome friction. (d) The whirlpool is because or two opposing forces while, this is not the case in the passage. Thus, it is incorrect. (e) Correct. This exemplifies the situation described in the passage. because of the friction dominated scenario, we have to work continuously to maintain the motion of the top. The same should be the case as described in the given sentence. thus, it is the correct answer. Solution. 35. Which of the following can be properly inferred solely from the information given in the passage? (a) A twisting force if not enacted upon by opposing torque, would result in uncontrollable spin in case of insects while they take turn. (b) When a body in motion takes turns, the only forces acting on it are the twisting force generated by its turn and the friction of the medium through it travels. (c) Motion along the linier direction does not pose as much a problem to the insects as motion along curved direction does. (d) Viscosity of the air is one crucial factor, according to Dickenson, to overcome when lighter insects take the turn in their flight. (e) Bride of Robofly is the representative example when the flight of the bird is to be tested upon. (a) Inference. The question asks for an inference that can be properly drawn. We need to verify every option and decide whether it is a proper inference or not. (a) Correct. This is properly inferable as in the last sentence. The author states in the last sentence of first paragraph that 'the flies, using their wings, create an opposite twisting force, preventing an out of control spin'. This implies that a twisting force does need an opposing force to keep the twist under control. Thus, this is correct option. (b) With the information given in the passage, we cannot infer this. It is said that these are the forces. But the passage does not say that these are the 'only' forces. (c) This inference is not possible because there is no comparison between relative difficulties faced by insects in linier and circular motions. (d) In Dickenson's opinion, friction is not a big impediment. If it were the case, the insect cannot manipulate with subtle twists in wing movements. (e) The Robofly is 'not' a representative example because it cannot 'actually' fly. It is used only to study the forces acting. Solution. 36. The organization of the above passage is best described as which of the following? (a) A conventional view point is presented and refuted and several qualifications to that refutation are given. (b) A misconception about a phenomenon is brought out and corrected with experimental proof. (c) The traditional research has been discussed and substantiated with research evidence taking from a specific study. (d) A scientist's hypothesis is presented and evaluated in the light of general research on flight. (e) A generalization is given and specific examples that are to be exempted from the said generalization are given. Solution . (b) Organization. The question asks for the organization of the passage. The first paragraph introduces the concept of turning in flight and then goes on telling how traditional theories give importance to friction. In later part, the scientist's infra-ray camera observation and Robofly experiment are used to disprove the traditional theories. The correct option is to reflect this presentation of the content. (a) The conventional view point is refuted but several qualifications are not given to that refutation. The passage unequivocally disproves the earlier theories. (b) Correct. This option best reflects the organization of the passage. (c) The passage's main idea is not traditional research. (d) Though the scientist's hypothesis is described in the passage, it is not evaluated in the light of general research on flight. (e) No specific generalization is given, 37. Biographers of Hasan al-Turabi, the leader of the Islamic revival in Sudan, are inclined to see his "fundamentalism" as an expression of the religious traditions of the al-Turabis, a lineage of sufis, Mahdis, jurists, and clerics that came into existence in the seventeenth century, a view that obscures the politics of a shrewd thinker with a great ability to respond to and effect change (a) are inclined to see his "fundamentalism" as an expression of the religious traditions of the alTurabis, a lineage of sufis, Mahdis, jurists, and clerics that came into existence in the seventeenth century, a view that obscures (b) have an inclination to see his "fundamentalism" to be an expression of the religious traditions of the al-Turabis, a lineage of Sufis, Mahdis, jurists that had come into existence in the seventeenth century, which has obscured (c) inclined to see his "fundamentalism" as an expression of the religious traditions of the al-Turabis, a lineage of Sufis, Madhis, jurists, and clerics that came into existence in the seventeenth century, the view obscures (d) who are inclining to see his "fundamentalism" as an expression of the religious traditions of the al-Turabis, a lineage of sufis, Mahdis, jurists, and clerics that had come into existence in the seventeenth century in the seventeenth century, a view that obscures (e) had inclination to see his "fundamentalism" being an expression of the religious traditions of the al-Turabis, a lineage sufis, Mahdis, jurists, clerics that had come into existence a view that obscured (a) Tense usage, modification, and idiom. The sentence correctly uses the idiom 'be inclined to do something'. The modifier phrase 'a lineage' is correctly placed after 'al-Turabis'. The appositive 'a view that does something' is correctly modifying the whole idea expressed in the earlier part of the sentence. The sentence correct as it is. (a) Correct. All the modifying phrases are placed correctly. The sentence uses correct tense structure and idiom. (b) 'Have an inclination' is unidiomatic. See 'something to be' is an incorrect idiom. Correct idiom would be 'see something as'. The relative clause at the end of the underlined part is misplaced. (c) The use of 'inclined' is wrong use of past simple. The situation needs present simple tense here. Finally, the sentence combines two independent clauses using a comma, while a conjunction is required. (d) 'Who are inclining' is wrong idiom. Past perfect 'had come' is incorrect. (e) The use of simple past 'had' is incorrect. 'See something being' is incorrect idiom. Past perfect in 'had come into' is incorrect. Solution. 38. Recently, South Carolina and Oklahoma enacted laws that allow repeat child sex offenders to be put to death. Some conservative thinkers, who accept death penalty to murderers, criticize this move as the law may be whimsically used by judges in trials of child molestation. Which of the following, if true, most supports the imposition of death penalty in the light of the criticism of conservative thinkers? (a) Some other states, such as Montana, Florida and Louisiana, have laws that give death penalty to far less severe crimes than child molestation. (b) Sexual molestation of children is as bad as murder because molestation causes permanent damage to the life of child victims. (c) The enactment of the law is much welcomed by the parents of child-abuse victims who are waiting for the trials of the accused. (d) According to Amnesty International, there was a great number of trials during 1980s and 1990s of adults charged with sexual crimes against children in daycare centers. (e) Sexual abuse of the crime is considered the most abominable crime by civilized societies of all parts of the world. (b) The question asks us to identify justification of imposition of death penalty in the light of the criticism of the conservative thinkers. The correct option should justify the death penalty in the given situation. (a) If other states implement death penalty to less severe crimes, that fact does not justify the implementation of death penalty to this crime. (b) Correct. The conservative thinkers accept death penalty to murderers and when child molestation is equated to murder, naturally they must accept the rationale behind the imposition of death punishment to the criminals in question. (c) Those parents are likely to support a irrationally severe punishment. This is likely to be a biased opinion and thus, should not be a justifying factor. (d) It stresses the existence of child molestation crime, but it does not justify the death punishment. (e) Though it justifies death punishment to this crime, it is not 'in the light of' the conservatives thinkers view point. Further information making child abuse at least as bad as murder is required to make this the best option. Solution. 39. Recently, South Carolina and Oklahoma enacted laws that allow repeat child sex offenders to be put to death. Even conservative thinkers, who accept death penalty to murderers, criticize this move as the law may be whimsically used by judges in trials of child molestation. Which of the following, if true, argues most strongly against the imposition of death punishment to repeat child sex offenders? (a) Mental health professionals say that tendency to child molestation is mostly a psychological disorder rather than a manifestation of criminal intent. (b) Increased intensity of punishment has a deterring effect on any kind of crime. (c) The sociological philosophy of punishment, i.e. to prevent potential criminals from committing a crime, is least served in modern times because the punishment is almost always given behind 'the closed walls' rather than in public. (d) The Federal Supreme Court opined, in a case involving the rape of a woman in Georgia, that the death penalty may be applied only in cases of murder, not rape. (e) The Federal Supreme Court, which is now dominated by conservative judges, is unlikely to reaffirm death punishment when the convicted resort to appeal to higher court. (a) The question seeks for information that argues against the imposition of death punishment. The correct option should prove that death punishment should not be imposed. (a) Correct. If this information is true, the supposed crime of child abuse is a manifestation of psychological disorder and, thus, severe punishment should not be given. (b) If this information is true, death penalty should be imposed to the offenders in child abuse cases. (c) Though it weakens the concept of death penalty in the case of this crime, it does not weaken as strongly as option A does, as it directly disproves the death penalty. Solution. (d) This option is incorrect, because the Supreme Court's opinion is stated in a case of 'adult' victim. In terms of psychological implications on the part of the victim, an adult and a child cannot be rationally compared. (e) This option is incorrect because it has no relevance to the imposition of death punishment in the lower courts. 40. M.L. Vitaya, having spent 28 years in Atlanta as a real estate developer, was widely credited with the courageous hotelier, who had coped extremely well, professionally and personally, with the heartbreaking turn of events in the aftermath of tsunami (a) M.L. Vitaya, having spent 28 years in Atlanta as a real estate developer, was widely credited with the courageous hotelier, who had coped extremely well, professionally and personally, with the heartbreaking turn of events in the aftermath of tsunami (b) M.L Vitaya, who spent 28 years in Atlanta as a real estate developer, was credited for the courageous hotelier, who coped up extremely well, professionally and personally, with the heartbreaking turns of events in the aftermath of tsunami (c) M.L. Vitaya, spending 28 years in Atlanta as a real estate developer, was widely credited for being a hotelier who was courageous and who coped extremely well, professionally and personally, with the heartbreaking turn of events in the aftermath of tsunami. (d) M.L. Vitaya, who had spent 28 years in Atlanta as a real estate developer, had been widely credited for being a courageous hotelier who coped up well with the heartbreaking turn of events, both professional and personal, in the aftermath of tsunami. (e) M.L. Vitaya, who had spent 28 years in Atlanta as a real estate developer, was widely credited for being a courageous hotelier who coped extremely well, professionally and personally, with the heartbreaking turn of events in the aftermath of tsunami (e) Idiom, and correct tense use. The sentence has a modifier phrase after the subject, a kind of use which brings out causal relation or temporal relation (time relation) between different elements of the sentence. there is no such implication in the sentence. an adjective clause would have served a better purpose. The use of past perfect for a later action ('coping well with the turn of events in the aftermath of tsunami') is not justified. Finally, the use of 'credited with' is incorrect idiom. So, this sentence needs correction. (a) This option is incorrect as it uses participle phrase which is generally used for causal or temporal relations. 'Credited with' is incorrect idiom. 'Had coped' is incorrect use of tense. (b) The use of simple past 'spent' is incorrect. we need past perfect to refer to an action that had happened before another past time or event. Though 'credited for being' is a correct idiom, this option introduces redundancy error by using the expression 'coping up'. (c) The use of participle phrase 'spending 28 years in Atlanta' is questionable. The use of relative clause 'Who was courageous' makes the sentence wordy and changes the meaning. (d) The option wrongly uses past perfect 'had been credited for', as we cannot use past perfect to refer to a past action. 'coped up with' is redundant expression. The use of adjectives 'professional' and 'personal' modifies events, and this is illogical. (e) Correct. This sentence correctly uses tenses, idiom and concise expression. Solution. 41. During the 1930, most Americans being opposed to extreme manifestations of fascism, but few feeling urgent about the possibilities of serious progressive social change, the resulting ambivalence, along with the enduring racism of the public writ large and the rigidity of influential southern congress men, prevented any substantive civil rights legislation. (a) feeling urgent about the possibilities of serious progressive social change, the resulting ambivalence, along with the enduring racism of the public writ large and the rigidity of influential southern congress man, (b) felt urgent about the possibilities of serious progressive social change, the resulting ambivalence, along with the enduring racism of the public writ large and the rigidity of influential southern congress men, (c) feeling urgent about the possibilities of serious progressive social change, the enduring racism of the public writ large and, in the midst of such ambivalence, the rigid congress men (d) feeling urgent about the possibilities of serious progressive social change, the enduring racism of the public wit large and the rigidity of influential southern congress men, in the midst of such ambivalence, (e) felt urgency about the possibilities of serious progressive social change, in the midst of such ambivalence, the enduring racism of the public writ large and the rigidity of influential southern congress men, Solution. (d) Parallel structure and illogical predication. The underlined part is followed by a verb prevented which should have logical subject. What is likely to prevent substantive civil rights legislation? It is likely to be racism and rigidity of certain people. This must be the subject of the correct sentence. In the given sentence, the subject is resulting ambivalence, which is not a logical subject. So, the given sentence needs correction. (a) The subject 'the ambivalence' is not the logical subject of the sentence. the absolute phrases present before the subject are correctly used. (b) The phrase 'felt urgent' is not parallel to 'being opposed'. Moreover, the resulting ambivalence is not the logical subject of the verb 'prevented'. (c) Though the absolute phrase 'feeling urgent' is parallel with earlier absolute phrase, the prepositional phrase 'in the midst of such ambivalence' is misplaced. (d) Correct. this option correctly expresses the intended idea with the logical subject 'racism and rigidity of southern congressmen' and prepositional phrase is correctly placed. Thus, this is the best option . (e) 'Felt urgency' is not parallel to the previous absolute phrase. The position of the prepositional phrase 'in the midst of such ambivalence' makes it a squinting modifier. Thus, this option is incorrect.