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Rate Limiting Enzymes Proccess Notes
Phosphofructokinase-1 Glycolysis Glucose pyruvate. Brain. RBC.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Pyruvate Metabolism Pyruvate acetyl CoA3 enzymes, 5 cofactors.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase TCA cycle Acetyl CoA CO2 + H20 + NADH + FADH2.
Citrate synthase Citric acid cycle
Glycogen synthase Glycogenesis Maintain blood glucose. Insulin activates.
Glycogen phosphorylase Glycogenolysis Maintain blood glucose. Glucagon, epinephrin activate.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase Gluconeogenesis Ala/lactate/pyruvate glucose. Uses bypasses. Mito/Cyto/ER
Glucose 6 phosphat dehydrogenase Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Provides NADPH, ribose 5 phosphate. Hemolytic anemia.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Pentose phosphate Cytoplasm.
HMG-CoA reductase Cholesterol synthesis Acetyl CoA cholesterol. Insulin activates. Cytoplasm (ER).
HMG-CoA synthease Ketone body formation Mitochondria.
Acetyl CoA carboxylase Fatty acid synthesis Needs biotin. Insulin, citrate activate. Cytoplasm.
Carnitine acyl transferase [CPT-1] oxidation of fatty acids FA NADH, FADH2, Acetyl CoA. Mitochondria.
Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase Lipogenesis
Cytidyltransferase Phospholipid synthesis Endoplasmic reticulum.
3 ketosphiganine synthase Sphingolipid synthesis
Phospholipase A2 Eicosanoid synthesis
Phospholipase A2 Prostaglandin synthesis
CSCC (27 desmolase) Steroidogenesis Inner surface of inner Mitochondrial membrane. StAR.
Aminolevulinate synthase Heme synthesis Gly + Suc CoA porphorobillinogen
Active transport into bile ducts Bilirubin metabolism
Colesterol 7 hydroxylase Bile acid synthesis
Ribonucleotide reductase DNA synthesis
Glutamine Prp transferase Purine synthesis Ribose 5 phosphate nucleotide.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II Pyrimidine synthesis Glutamine UTP CTP.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I Urea cycle [alanine/glutamine] Ammonia + glutamate urea. Mito/Cyto.
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Non-Rate Limiting Enzymes of Interest Proccess
-amylase Carbohydrate digestion.
1 hydroxylase (RLS) Skin 7 Dehydrocholesterol Liver 25 hydroxylase Kidney 1
hydroxylase 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol.
18-hydroxylase Aldosterone production.
5 -reductase Testosterone DHT.
Acetylcholinesterase Ach Acetyl CoA + choline.
Adenylate cyclase ATP cAMP. Requires Mg.
Alcohol dehydrogenase acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase Alcohol metabolism.
Aldol reductase Glucose fructose.
Alkaline phosphatase Bone mineralization.
Aminopeptidase Protein digestion of small polypeptides; brush border. In neutrophils
and monocytes.
Aromatase Testosterone estrogen.
capillary lipoprotein lipase Releases FFA and TG from chylomicrons. Enhanced by apoCII.
Carbonic anhydrase CO2 + H2O H+ + HCO3; rbc, kidney.
Carboxypeptidase Protein digestion.
Choline acteyltransferase Acetyl CoA + choline Ach.
Chymotrypsin Protein digestion.
COMT Aldehyde carboxylic acid.
Cyclooxygenase Phospholipid Prostaglandins, Thromboxane.
Dihydrofolate reductase Recylces tetrahydrofolate for thymidine / DNA synthesis.
Enterokinase trypsinogen trypsin
F1/F0 ATP synthase H+ATP + o2 + H20. ETC.
Glucose 6 phosphatase Glycogen glucose. Liver only. Storage diseases.
Glutamate decarboxylase Glutamate GABA.
Glutathione-S-transferase Phase II drug conjugation.
Glycogen phosphoralase 1,4.
Guanylate cyclase GTP cGMP.
Hormone sensative lipase Glucagon. Epinephrine.
Lipase Triglyceride digestion.
Lipooxygenase Phospholipid Leukotrienes.
Lysyl oxidase (requires copper) Cross linking of collagen.
MAO Amine Aldehyde. Beer, cheese effect.
met-hemoglobin reductase ferric iron ferrous iron. Only ferrous state carries O2.
Myeloperoxidase O2superoxidehydrogen peroxide+CL-bleach.
Oxidoreductase Androstenedione Testosterone.
Pancreatic amylase starch maltose, maltotriose.
Pancreatic lipase; Colipase Triglycerides 2-monoacylglycerides
Pepsin Begins protein digestion, but not necessary.
Phospholipase Lecithin digestion.
Phospholipase A2 Prostaglandin/ leukotriene/ thromboxanes synthesis.
Frees arachidonic acid from membranes.
Salivary amylase Carbohydrate digestion; -1,4 linkages maltose, limit dextrans.
Sorbitol dehydrogenase Glucose sorbital
Thymidylate synthase [dUTP ] dUMP dTMP … thymidine … DNA.
Thyroid peroxidase (heme dependant) iodide iodine; traps it in follicles
tyrosyl thyrogloblin
[Thyroglobulin] Tyrosine Thyroxine (T4)
(2)DIT T4
DIT+MIT T3
Trypsin Protein digestion.
Tryptophan hydroxylase Serotonin synthesis (RLS).
Type I 5' monodeiodinase T4 T3; liver, kidney.
Type II 5' monodeiodinase T4 T3; hypothalamus.
Tyrosine hydroxylase Catecholamine synthesis (RLS).
UDP-glucuronyl transferase Bilirubin conjugation. Drug conjugation.
Xanthine oxidase Xanthine uric acid. Allopurinol blocks as Tx for gout.
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Enzme marker Process
2 microglobulin Multiple myeloma.
-hCG Pregnancy.
Ectopic pregnancy.
Hydatiform moles Choriocarcinoma.
Seminoma.
Teratoma.
mixed Embryonal CA.
AFP Neural tube defects; spina bifida, anencephaly.
Hepatocellular CA.
Hepatoblastoma.
Yolk sac tumor.
Endodermal sinus tumor.
Embryonal CA.
Teratoma.
Testicular / ovarian CA.
in Down's.
Alkaline phosphatase, liver Bile duct obstruction.
ALT - aminotransferase Liver damage, diffuse. From cytosol, so indicates diffuse insult.
Amylase Acute pancreatitis. Sensative, but low specificity.
AST - aspartate aminotransferase Liver damage, alcoholic. AST>ALT, b/c EtOH is mitochondrial toxin.
Bombesin SCC of lung.
Neuroblastoma.
CA 15-3 Breast CA.
CA 19-9 Pancreatic CA.
CA-125 Ovarian tumor of non-mucinous origin.
CEA Colon CA.
Pancreatic CA.
Small cell CA of lung.
Breast CA.
Mucinous Ovarian CA.
CK Duchenne's muscular dytrophy. When increased 100% in newborns.
CK-MB MI. Gold standard for MI. Detectable 4hrs - 3 days.
Cytokeratin Epithelial cells. Carcinoma.
Desmin Muscle cells. tumor of muscle origin.
GFAP Neuorglia.
GGT - gamma glutamyl transferase Cholestasis. Inducible by drugs, alcohol.
LDH Nonspecific increased in malignancy. Hodgkin's.
LDH1 MI. LDH1 >LDH2 [flip] indicative of MI.
Leukocyte common antigen CD45 Malignant lymphoma
Lipase [pancreatic] Acute pancreatitis. Specific & Sensative.
Neuron specific enolase APUD tumor. Carcinoid, small cell, neuroblastoma.
Neurosecretory granules APUD tumors; SCC lung, neuroblastoma, carcinoid.
Prostate Specific Antigen Prostate adenocarcinoma.
Prostatic acid-phosphatase Prostate CA. 95% specific, low sensativity.
S 100 Neural crest tumors.
Tonofilaments Epithelial tumor.
Transaminases, AST / ALT. Liver damage. Hepatocyte necrosis.
Vimentin Connective tissue. tumor of CT origin.
Weibel Pallade bodies Angiosarcoma.