Semester study guide Name________________
1. What is Science?
2. What is the scientific method?
3. What are the steps of the scientific method? Name 6
4. What three words are usually found in an hypothesis?
5. What is a variable?
6. What are the 2 variables that will be found in any experiment?
7. An hypothesis must be precise and …….?
8. Which step of the scientific method states a question?
9. Which step of the scientific method tests the hypothesis?
10. How many variables should you TEST for in a good experiment?
11. Which step of the scientific method states whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected?
12. Which step of the scientific method requires you to use your senses and make observations after you
identify a problem?
13. What is a constant in an experiment?
14. Why must everything be constant in an experiment except what you are testing for?
15. What is a control?
16. What is the purpose of the control?
17. What is the independent variable?
18. What is the dependent variable?
19. During which step of the scientific method do you use graphs?
20. Which axis is the X axis? Which is the Y?
21. What variable do we plot on the X?
22. What variable do we plot on the Y?
23. What is a photogate?
24. What scientific instrument did we use to measure mass?
25. What scientific instrument did we use to measure weight?
26. What is the definition of volume, mass, and distance?
27. What are the metric units for volume, mass and distance?
28. How many mm are in a cm?
29. Rank these prefixes in order from largest to smallest. Centi,milli,kilo
30. What are the two factors that determine the speed of an object?
31. How can you use 2 photo gates to measure speed?
32. What was the dependent variable in our speed experiments?
33. How can you use 1 photogate to measure speed?
34. What is the distance used to calculate speed when you use 1 photogate?
35. As you move the photogate farther down the ramp (Increase distance), what happens to the
speed?
36. How can you predict the speed of the car at any distance by using a graph?
37. When you use 2 photogates to measure speed, what is the distance used to calculate speed?
38. In a distance versus time graph what does the line represent?
39. What is the shape of a graph of distance versus time using a car and ramp?
40. What does a small incline represent on a distance vs. time graph?
41. What does a steep incline represent on a distance vs. time graph?
42. What letters go in the speed triangle? in the right order!
43. What is the formula used to calculate distance?
44. What is the formula used to calculate time?
45. What is the formula used to calculate speed?
46. In a graph of distance versus time, where do you plot the time variable?
47. In a graph of distance versus time, what does a flat line mean?
48. In a graph of distance versus time, what does a line going down mean?
49. A straight line means that the speed is ………..(changing or constant)
50. A curved line on the graph means that the speed is………..(changing or constant)
51. A car goes 100 KPH for 10 hours. How far does it go?
52. A slow jogger runs for 30 minutes and goes 3 Kilometers. What is her speed?
53. A very fast puppy runs 4 meters per second for 4 seconds. How far does it run?
54. What is friction?
55. What is gravity?
56. What are 2 factors that determine the amount of gravitational attraction?
57. Weight is a measure of what?
58. How is mass different from weight?
59. How can weight change?
60. What is the metric unit of weight (force)? English system unit?
61. Define force.
62. What are the 4 types of friction?
63. Give an example of each of the 4 types of friction.
64. Friction occurs whenever two surfaces are ……
65. Friction acts in a direction that is (the same or opposite) to the motion of the object.
66. What is Newton’s 1st law?
67. What is an example of Newton’s 1st law?
68. What is inertia?
69. What is Newton’s 2nd law?
70. What is an example of Newton’s 2nd law?
71. What is acceleration?
72. What are the two factors that determine the amount of force according to the 2nd law of motion?
73. What is Newton’s 3rd law?
74. What is an example of Newton’s 3rd law?
75. Why did the wooden block hit the ground before the fiber block?
76. In the absence of air friction (air resistance), will a heavy or light object hit the ground first?
77. What force causes a clay ball to start falling?
78. How did you reduce friction on your water bottle rocket as went UP in the air?
79. How did you increase friction on your water bottle rocket as it came down?
80. When do gravity and friction work together…….? (think water bottle rocket)
81. What is a fulcrum?
82. Effort Fulcrum Load. What class of lever is this? Give an example
83. Effort Load Fulcrum. What class of lever is this? Give an example
84. Fulcrum Effort Load. What class of lever is this? Give an example
85. What is the purpose of a simple machine?
86. A slanted ramp is an example of what kind of simple machine?
87. A bar that pivots on a fulcrum is what kind of simple machine?
88. A grooved wheel that holds a rope, chain, or cord is what kind of simple machine?
89. What is the load distance when using an inclined plane? What is the load force?
90. What does an incline plane do to the amount of effort force needed to move to the load height?
91. What does an incline plane do to the amount of distance that is required to move the load?
92. What does a lever do to the amount of effort force required to move the load on the other side of
the fulcrum?
93. What does a lever do to the amount of distance that is required for the load to move?
94. What does a pulley do to the amount of effort force required to move the load?
95. What does a pulley do to amount of distance required to move the load?
96. A see-saw on a playground is an example of what kind of simple machine?
97. A door knob is an example of what simple machine that is modified from a pulley?
98. A simple machine that is really an inclined plane wrapped in a spiral is a …
99. A simple machine that uses a double inclined plane to separate something
100. A wheel and axle is a modification of what simple machine?
101. How do you calculate mechanical advantage?
102. In a pulley system, how do you calculate the mechanical advantage?
103. If a simple machine has an effort force of 5N and a load force of 15N what is the
mechanical advantage?
104. If a pulley system has a mechanical advantage of 5 and you want to lift a box that weighs
20 N, how much effort force will be required?
105. As you increase the mechanical advantage, what happens to the amount of effort force
needed?
106. If you increase the number of strings to a pulley, what happens to the effort force needed to
move the load?
107. If you increase the number of strings to a pulley, what happens to the effort distance needed
to move the load?
108. The unit of measure for work is the …
109. The unit of measure for force or weight is the …
110. The unit of measure for distance is the …
111. What is the formula for calculating work?
112. Draw the work triangle.
113. What is the relationship between total load work and total effort work? >, < , or =
114. Define load (output) What was the load in the pulley lab?
115. Define effort(input) What was the effort in the pulley lab?
ANSWERS
1. Science is all the information in the universe and how we collect it
2. an approach used to solve problems
3. Problem, Gather Information, Hypothesis, Experiment, Record &
Analyze, Conclusion
4. IF, THEN, and Because!
5. any part of an experiment that changes
6. The independent and the dependent variable
7. measurable!
8. hypothesis
9. experiment
10. only 1
11. the conclusion
12. gather information
13. the parts of the experiment that REMAIN THE SAME
14. if it is not constant, it becomes a variable (you should only test for
1!)
15. an experiment that is run exactly the same without the variable (IV)
16. it enables you to COMPARE with the IV to make sure the IV is
causing the change
17. the one that I change (the one you are testing for)
18. the one that happens in response to what I do, the one that is
measured
19. record and analyze
20. X axis the horizontal (short and dumpy) Y-the vertical (stands tall)
21. X – plot the independent variable(MIX)
22. Y- the dependent variable (RDY)
23. An instrument that uses a beam of light with a timer
24. Electronic balance
25. Spring scale
26. Volume – the amount of space something takes up, mass-the
amount of matter that something contains, length- the distance
between 2 points.
27. Volume- Liter , Mass – Gram, Length- Meter
28. Ten (10)
29. Kilo, centi, milli
30. Time and distance
31. Distance between 2 photogates divided by the time it takes to travel between
the 2 photogates
32. Time- the number of seconds measured by the timer
33. one photogate - you use the width of the wing and the time it takes
34. the width of the wing (5 cm)
35. the speed increases as the distance increases
36.yes, by using any distance, you can go vertically up the graph until you reach
the plotted line. Then you go horizontally until you cross the speed axis (that’s
the answer!)
37. the distance between the 2 photogates
38. speed
39. it is curved
40. a small or no change in speed
41. a great change in speed
S
42. D T
43. D = S x T
44. T = D / S
45. S = D / T
46. X axis
47. The object is not moving
48. The object is going in reverse!
49. constant
50. changing
51. dependent
52. Independent
53. 1000 Kilometers
54. 0.1 Km/ minute
55. 16 meters
56. Mass, and distance between the objects
57. Gravitational attraction
58. Mass
59. Weight can change depending on the amount of mass that is
attracting you. Your weight on the earth will be more than your weight
on the moon because it has less mass.
60. Newton- metric Pound – English system
61. Any push or pull
62. Sliding, static, rolling, fluid
63. Pulling a block across sandpaper- sliding, something not moving-static, a parachute
slowing down the jumper-fluid, the wheels of a bike moving on pavement-rolling
64. 2 objects are in contact
65. opposite
66. an object in motion or at Rest will stay that way unless acted on by a force
67. 1st law of motion- When you car stops suddenly, your body keeps going
forward unless stopped by your seatbelt (the force)
68. the tendency for an object to stay at rest or in motion
69. the acceleration of an object depends on the mass and force applied to it
( F=MA)
70. 2nd law of motion- Less mass allows for greater acceleration.. more force- a
light baseball bat can be swung faster than a heavy one.
71. A change in the rate of speed.
72. Mass and Acceleration
73. When 1 object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts
an equal and opposite force on the first (for every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction)
74. 3rd law of motion- Air goes one way and the balloon goes the other when
you let it go. (equal and opposite)
75. More mass of the wooden block (according to Newton’s law) provides more
force against air friction making it fall faster.
76. both will hit at the same time because gravity pulls all things at the same
rate if there is no friction
77. gravity
78. cones on the top, wings on the side
79. parachute
80. On the way UP
81. The point on which the lever pivots
82. 1st class ( the fulcrum is in the middle)
83. 2nd class ( the load is in the middle)
84. 3rd class ( the effort is in the middle)
85. To reduce the amount of effort force use to accomplish work
86. Inclined plane
87. Lever
88. Pulley
89. The height of the ramp is the load distance. The weight is the load force.
90. The inclined plane reduces the effort force
91. The inclined plane increases the effort distance
92. The lever reduces the effort force on one side
93. The lever increases the effort distance
94. The pulley reduces the effort force
95. The pulley increases the effort distance
96. Lever
97. Wheel and axle
98. Screw
99. Wedge
100. Pulley
101. The load (output) divided by the effort (input)
102. When something is moving upward in the air (like the rocket) gravity and
friction are both working together in the same direction
103. 15 (load) divided by 5(effort) = 3 ( the mechanical advantage is 3)
104. 20 (load) divided by 5 (mechanical advantage) = 4 (effort force)
105. It decreases
106. It decreases
107. It increases
108. Joule or Newton-Meter
109. Newton
110. Meter
111. Work = force times distance
112. Work
Force Distance
113. The total work of the load should equal the total work of the effort
114. The load is what you want to move. The load was the bottom pulley with weights
115. The effort is what it takes to move the load. The effort was the force used to pull the
string.