أدوات التعريف Articles
في اللغة العربية "األسماء المعرفة و األسماء النكرة." يوازي كلمة articles
ر
-Exاشتريت كتابا.( في هذه الجملة كلمة كتاب غير مع ّ فة.ال نعرف عن هذا الكتاب الذي اشتريت أي شيء.)
ا
-الكتاب الذي اشتريت مفيد جدً. ( في هذه الجملة كلمة الكتاب معرفة. ألن القارئ يعرف عن أي كتاب أتكلم(
األدوات التي نستخدم في اللغة العربية ه ي" : ال ـ "ف ي بداي ة اسس م بالنس لة لاس ماء المعرف ة والش يء بالنس لة لاس ماء
الغير معرفة .
في اللغة اسنجليزية تسمى هذه األدوات articlesوهي مقسمة إلى قسمين :
" 1("the
وهي توازي "ال" .في اللغة العربية التي تلدأ بها األسماء المعرفة
the bookالكتاب the houseالمنزل the carالسيارة
" 2( "a
وهي توازي األسماء الغير معرفة في اللغة .العربية
a bookكتاب a houseمنزل a carسيارة
هذه بعض األمثلة
ذهلت إلى السوق. I went to the market
إشتريت كتابا I bought a book
الكتاب الذي اشتريت مفيد جدا The book that I bought is very interesting
متى ال نستخدم أدوات التعريف؟
ال نستخدم أدوات التعريف قبل اإلسم في الحاالت التالية:
األسماء الغير المعرفة في الجمع : a bookكتاب booksكتب
طالب studentsطالب a studen
أسماء الدول و المدن I went to New yorkذهبت إلى نيويورك
Japan is a great countryاليابان دولة عظيمة
لكن نستخدم theقبل أسماء الدول المركبة من أكثر من كلمة مثال:
The United States of Americaالواليات المتحدة األميريكية
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د
الزيتoil الماءwater . ّ األسماء الغير قابلة للع
? a و ليسan متى نستخدم
: نضعها قلل األسماء التي تلدأ بأحد هذه الحروفan " لهما نفس المعنى . الفرق الوحيد هو أنan" " وa"
u– a - o - e- i
.أحتاج كتاب ، قلم وجريدة I need a book a pen and a newspaper
.أحتاج تفاحة ، برتقالة و بيضة I need an apple an orange and an egg
Asking about the way السؤال عن الطريق
كيف نسأل عن الطريق؟
عفوا، هل تستطيع أن تدلني على الطريق إلى ؟ Excuse me, can you show me the way to?
عفوا,كيف يمكنني ان اصل الى.......... ؟ Excuse me, how can I get to....?
ّ
كيف ندل الناس على الطريق؟
Go straight on. سر إلى األمام دون التفاف
Turn right. لف على اليمين
Turn left . لف على اليسار
Go past.... ...............تجاوز
Take the first street on the right. .خذ أول طريق على اليمين
Take the second street on the left. .خذ ثاني طريق على اليسار
It's next to..... .................. انه بجانب
It's behind......... ............... إنه خلف
It's near..... ............... إنه بالقرب من
It's in front of.... ............... إنه أمام
You'll find it in front of you. سوف تجدها أمامك
Asking for Permission طلب اإلذن
هل أستطيع فتح اللاب من فضلك؟ Can I open the door please
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طلعا تستطيع Of course you can
هل أستطيع أن أجلس بجانلك؟ May I sit near you
نعم تسطيع Yes , you may
Asking for permission accepting refusing
هل أستطيعcan I...............? نعم تستطيع Yes you can أنا آسف I'm sorry
هل أستطيعcould I...........? نعم تستطيع Yes, you may. آسف ال تستطيع Sorry you can't.
نعم تستطيع Yes,you could .
هل أستطيعMay I..........? أنا آسف جدا I'm deeply sorry.
طلعا Yes, of course.
أكيد Sure.
Do you mind if I...هل تمانع لو.. ؟ ال أمانع No, I don't نعم، أمانعYes I do
خ
هل تمانع لو د ّنت ؟Do you mind if I smoke
ال أمانع No , I don't
Comparatives المقارنة
..........as .............as..........(1
ا نستخدم هذه الصيغة إذا كان الشيئان أو الشخصان المراد مقارنتهما في نفس المستوى مثال
Ali is as tall as Ahmed علي و أحمد يتساويان في الطول
Fatima is as beautiful as her sister فاطمة وأختها عندهما نفس الجمال
I think that tennis is as exciting as football اعتقد بان التنس وكرة القدم لهما نفس االثارة
......er than....(.2
نستخدم هذه الصيغة إذا كان الشيئان.أو الشخصان المراد مقارنتهما يختلفان مثال
Khalid is taller than Karim. خالد أطول من كريم
Karim is stronger than Khalid. كريم أقوى من خالد
The plane is quicker than the train الطائرة أسرع من القطار
)good=better , bad=worse( "سيء" التخضعان لهذه القاعدةbad "جيد" و كلمةgood هناك إستثناء : كلمة
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I think that coffee is better than teaأعتقد أن القهوة أفضل من الشاي
In my opinion cigarettes are worse than alcoholفي اعتقادي السجائر أسوأ من الكحول
. 3(............more........than
نستخدم هذه الصيغة إذا كان الشيئان أو الشخصان المراد مقارنتهما يختلفان مع فرق بسيط هو تركيلة الصفة
اذا حللنا الكلمات في الغة االنكليزية نجد انها مقسمة الى Syllablesاو اجزاء
tall , big , small , nice بعض الكلملت تتكون من جزء واحد مثل
)pretty (pre-tty) ; tidy (ti-dy . بعض الكلملت تتكون من جزئين مثل :
بعض الكلملت تتكون من ثالثة أجزاء مثل
)beautiful (beau-ti-ful) ; important (im-por-tant); exciting(ex-ci-ting
) interesting (in-ter-es-ting وبعضها يتكون من اربعة اجزاء مثل
فإذا كانت الصفة المراد استخدامها للمقارنة تتكون من جزء واحد أو جزئين نستخدم صيغة .... er thanكما رأينا أعاله.
أما إذا كانت الصفة المراد استخدامها مكونة من ثالثة أجزاء فما فوق، فنستخدم .......more...than
مثال: كلمة "طويل" tallمكونة من جزء واحد. إذا ما استخدمناها للمقارنة في جملة نقول:
علي أطول من أخته Ali is taller than his sister
أما كلمة " جميل " beau-ti-fulفتتكون من ثالثة أجزاء.إ ذا ما استخدمناها للمقارنة في جملة نقول:
سيارتك أجمل من سيارتي .Your car is more beautiful than my car
الجمل الشرطية The Conditional
تتكون الجمل الشرطية من جزئين. جزء يلتدأ بكلمة ( Ifلو أو إذا) و جزء ثاني يحمل النتيجة التي ممكن أن تحصل إذا
توفر الشرط الموجود في الجزء األول.
If I have time tomorrow , I ll call you مثال:
(لو عندي وقت غدا سأتصل بك)
وتنقسم الجمل الشرطية إلى ثالثة أنواع:
1 Conditional type
2 Conditional type
3 Conditional type
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CONDITIONAL TYPE 1
If + Simple present ------→ simple future
Example: If I have time [Simple Present] , I 'll visit you [Simple Future]
)نستخدم هذا النوع عندما تكون النتيجة والشرط قابلين للتحقق كما هو الحال في مثالنا السابق (لو عندي وقت سأزورك
:يمكننا أن نعكس مواقع الجزء األول و الجزء الثاني و يلقى المعنى هو نفسه فنقول
I"ll visit you , If Ihave time
I won't = I will not I "ll = I will : تذكير
Exercise
I) Put the words between brackets in the correct form
1. If I see Ahmed , I ----------------------------------------( talk ) to him.
2. I'll help you if you -------------------------------------------(ask )me.
3.What will you do when you----------------------------------- ( get ) the Bac.?
4.When I get married I ------------------------------- ( have ) a lot of children.
5.If it -------------------------------- ( rain ) tomorrow, Aicha won't come to school.
6.Where --------------------------------( you go ) when you get your holidays?
7. If I ------------------------------------------( be )hungry , I’ll have a sandwich.
8. I -----------------------------------------------( not visit ) you if you invite me.
9.If you pray , you -----------------------------------( go ) to Heaven.
10.I --------------------------------------( be ) happy when the school year is over
مالحظة األجوبة في الصفحة التالية
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Answers:
1.If I see Ahmed , I -----'ll talk-----------------------------------( talk ) to him.
2.I'll help you if you --------ask-----------------------------------(ask )me.
3.What will you do when you------get----------------------------- ( get ) the Bac.?
4.When I get married I ---'ll have--------------------------- ( have ) a lot of children.
5.If it ------------rains---------- ( rain ) tomorrow, Aicha won't come to school.
6.Where -----will you go---------------( you go ) when you get your holidays?
7.If I ----------am--------------------------------( be )hungry , I’ll have a sandwich.
8.I ------------------won't visit------------------------( not visit ) you if you invite me.
9. If you pray , you ----'ll go-------------------------------( go ) to Heaven.
10. I --------------'ll be ------------------------( be ) happy when the school year is over
CONDITIONAL TYPE 2
If + simple past ------→ would + infinitive(without to )
Example: If I had a plane [Simple Past] I would travel all around the world [would + infinitive].
ا
ًنستخدم هذا النوع إذا كان الشرط و النتيجة المتوقعة غير قابليين للتحقق او ان نسلة تحقيقهما ضئيلة جد
:في هذا المثال
)(لو عندي طائرة سأسافرحول العالم
الشرط و النتيجة يصعب تحقيقهما
:يمكننا أن نعكس مواقع الجزء األول و الجزء الثاني و يلقى المعنى هو نفسه فنقول
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I would travel all around the world , If I had a plane
would= 'd : تذكير
Exercise
I) Put the words between brackets in the correct form
1. If I had a lot of money , I ----------------------------------------------- ( build) a mosque.
2. I’d change the educational system if I ------------------------ ( be ) Minister of Education.
3. What ----------------------------------------------------------( you do ) if you had a gun?
4. If I had wings , I ---------------------------------------------------( fly) in the sky.
5. Would you help poor people if you--------------------------------------- ( be) a millionaire?
6. If I were invisible , I-----------------------------------------------(do ) many amazing things.
7. If Israel didn’t exist, the world -----------------------------------------( be ) much better.
8. Where -----------------------------------------------( you go ) if you won a lot of money?
9. What would you do if you ---------------------( find ) a wallet full of money in the street?
10. I would run away if I -------------------------------------- ( see ) a lion in the street.
Answers
1. If I had a lot of money , I would build------- ( build) a mosque.
2. I’d change the educational system if I ----were------------------ ( be ) Minister of Education.
3. What --------would you do-----------( you do ) if you had a gun?
4. If I had wings , I --------would fly----( fly) in the sky.
5. Would you help poor people if you ----were---------------------------------- ( be) a millionaire?
6. If I were invisible , I----------------'d do-------------------------------(do ) many amazing things.
7. If Israel didn’t exist, the world -----would be---------------------------------( be ) much better.
8. Where -----------------would you go-------------------( you go ) if you won a lot of money?
9. What would you do if you -----found---------( find ) a wallet full of money in the street?
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10. I would run away if I ------------------saw----------------------- ( see ) a lion in the street
CONDITIONAL TYPE 3
If + past perfect ------→ would have +past participle
Example: If you had asked me [past perfect] , I would have helped you [would have +past participle].
لو طللت مني المساعدة، لساعدتك
نستخدم هذا النوع لنتحسر على شيئ ما كان ليحصل لو توفرت ظروف معينة
:في هذا المثال
)(لو طللت مني المساعدة لساعدتك
لكنك لم تطلب مني المساعدة فلم أساعدك
كذلك هنا نستطيع ان نعكس مواقع الجزء االول والثاني ويلقى المعنى نفسه
Exercise
1. If you had worked hard, you (pass)--------------------------------------.
2. If the Arab world had been stronger, Iraq (not be) ----------------occupied by the Americans.
3. I (help)--------------------------------- you if you had asked me.
4. What (you do)------------------------------------------- if you had known?
5. If you( stay)----------------------------- at home, you wouldn't have had that accident.
6. She (find)-------------------------------------------- a job if she had been more lucky.
7. If Israel hadn't been created, the world (be) ----------------------------------more peaceful.
8. If I had listened to your parents advice, you (not have)--------------------------- that problem.
9. She would have got married if she (be) ------------------------------------more polite.
10. If you (tell)---------------------------------- your mother, she would have found a solution.
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Answers
1. If you had worked hard, you (pass)----would have passed----------------------------------.
2. If the Arab world had been stronger, Iraq (not be) wouldn't have-been occupied by the Americans.
3. I (help)-----------would have helped---------------------- you if you had asked me.
4. What (you do)--------would you have done--------------------------------- if you had known?
5. If you( stay)-------had stayed------------------ at home, you wouldn't have had that accident.
6. She (find)-----------would have found------------------------- a job if she had been luckier.
7. If Israel hadn't been created, the world (be) ----------would have been--------more peaceful.
8. If I had listened to your parents advice, you (not have)--wouldn't have had--- that problem.
9. She would have got married if she (be) ----had been--------------------------------more polite.
10. If you (tell)------had told------------- your mother, she would have found a solution
The Past Simple الماضي البسيط
:نستخدم الماضي اللسيط لنتحدث عن شئ حصل و انتهى في الماضي. مثال
Last week, I played volleyball.
Three years ago, I visited Dubai.
Yesterday, Ali watched a film on T.V.
yesterday -ago -last... :مالحظة: هذه بعض الكلمات التي تخبرنا على أن الجملة في الماضي البسيط
) كمثالplay 2. كيف نكون الماضي البسيط؟ ( نأخذ فعل
. إلى آخر الفعلed يتكون الماضي اللسيط بإضافة
played I
played You
played He
played She
played It
played We
played You
played They
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مالحظة: تنطلق هذه القاعدة على جميع األفعال ما عدا األفعال
) كمثالplay 3. كيف نكون النفي في الماضي اللسيط ؟ ( نأخذ فعل
. قبل مصدر الفعلdidn't يتكون النفي في الماضي البسيط بإضافة كلمة
I didn't play We didn't play
You didn't play You didn't play
He didn't play They didn't play
She didn't play
It didn't play
) كمثالplay 4. كيف نطرح السؤال في الماضي البسيط?( نأخذ فعل
. قلل الفاعل و نضع مصدر الفعل بعد الفاعلdid نكون السؤال في الماضي اللسيط بوضع كلمة
play? we Did play? I Did
play? you Did play? you Did
play? they Did play? he Did
play? she Did
play? It Did
اخبتارExercise
1 Yesterday, Khalid ---------- in bed all day. (stay)
2. She ---------- breakfast this morning. (not have)
3. Last week, we ---------- a football match. ( play)
4. ---------- the homework ? ( you / do )
5. Why ---------- late ? ( she / arrive )
6. Basma ---------- to school yesterday. (not come )
7. Where --------------------------- your holidays ? ( you / spend )
8. In 1998, We------------------------- to Agadir.( go )
9. A few years ago, many villages in my country -------------electricity. (not have )
10. I ------------------ a terrible accident yesterday. ( see)
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Answers:
1.Yesterday, Khalid stayed--------------------------- in bed all day. (stay)
2. She ---------didn’t have------------------ breakfast this morning. (not have)
3. Last week, we ---played------------------------ a football match. ( play)
4. ------Did you do-------------------------------- the homework ? ( you / do )
5. Why -----did she arrive--------------------------------------late ? ( she / arrive )
6. Basma ----didn’t come--------------------- to school yesterday. (not come )
7. Where –did you spend-------------------------- your holidays ? ( you / spend )
8. In 1998, We-----went-------------------- to Muscat.( go )
9. A few years ago, many villages in my country –didn’t have----electricity. (not have )
10. I --saw---------------- a terrible acccident yesterday. ( see )
The Past Continuous الماضي المستمر
1. متى نستخدم الماضي المستمر؟
نستخدم الماضي المستمر للتحدث عن شئ استمر لمدة معينة في الماضي
Yesterday from 7.00 to 8.00 ,I was watching T.V :مثال
Yesterday at 5 O’clock , Ali was reading.
Aisha and her sister were playing.
) كمثالplay 2. كيف نكون الماضي المستمر؟ ( نأخذ فعل
إلى نهاية الفعلIng قلل الفعل إضافة وwas أوwere يتكون الماضي المستمر بإضافة كلمة
I Was Playing We were playing
You were playing You were playing
He was playing They were playing
She was playing
It was playing
) كمثالplay 3. كيف نكون النفي في الماضي اللسيط؟ ( نأخذ فعل
. قلل الفعلweren’t أوwasn’t يتكون النفي في الماضي اللسيط بإضافة كلمة
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I Wasn’t playing We weren’t playing
You weren’t playing You weren’t playing
He Wasn’t playing They weren’t playing
She wasn’t playing
It wasn’t playing
) كمثالplay 4. كيف نكون السؤال في الماضي المستمر؟( نأخذ فعل
. قلل الفاعلwere أوwas يتكون السؤال في الماضي المستمر بوضع
was I playing? Were we playing?
Were you playing? Were you playing?
was he playing? Were they playing?
Was she playing?
Was it playing?
إختبارExercise
Put the verbs between brackets in the correct form
1.They ---------- when I arrived. (fight)
2 She ---------- a meal when the lights went out.(cook)
3.What ---------- when I phoned you? ( you/do)
4 When I arrived, everybody ---------- .(sleep)
5 My mother ---------- T.V. when I came.( not watch )
6.The pupils ---------- .(not listen)
7.The dog -----------------------------------a bone in the garden when it saw a cat. (eat)
8.Why ------------------------------when I was talking? (you laugh)
9.--------------------dinner when the police arrived? (you / have)
10. My father -----------------a newspaper when the bell rang. (read)
Answers:
1.They------were fighting------------------- when I arrived.
2.She --------was cooking------a meal when the lights went out.
3.What ---were you doing----------when I phoned you?
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4.When I arrived, everybody ---was sleeping---------------.
5.My mother ----was not watching----TV. when I came.
6.The pupils---------were not listening--------.
7. The dog ---was eating-a bone in the garden when it saw a cat.
8.Why ---were you laughing-when I was talking?
9. Were you having-dinner when the police arrived?
10. My father –was reading-a newspaper when the bell rang.
The Past Perfect الماضي التام
نستخدم الماضي التام عندما تكون عندنا جملة فيها حدثين حصال في الماضي ونريد أن نلين بأن الحدث األول سلق
:الحدث الثاني.مثال
اللارحة؛ شاهدت التلفزيون بعد ذالك ذهلت إلى الفراش. (في هذه الجملة يوجد حدثين. األول هو مشاهدة التلفزيون و
الثاني هو الذهاب إلى الفراش. لكي نميز في اللغة اسنجليزية بأن الحدث األول وقع قلل الحدث الثاني نضع الفعل في
:الحدث األول في الماضي التام ونضع الفعل في الحدث الثاني في الماضي اللسيط) فنقول
Last night , after I had watched television I went to bed
اللارحة بعدما شاهدت التلفزيون ذهلت إلى الفراش
play
had + past participle
played had I
played had You
played had He
played had She
played had It
played had We
played had You
played had They
play كيف يتكون النفي في الماضي التام؟
past participle had not
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played not had I
played not had You
played not had He
played not had She
played not had It
played not had We
played not had You
played not had They
play كيف نطرح السؤال في الماضي التام؟
had had
played? I had
played? You had
played? He had
played? She had
played? It had
played? We had
played? They had
d had
I d watched' television I had watched television
The Present Simple المضارع البسيط
متى نستخدم المضارع البسيط؟
:نستخدم المضارع اللسيط للتحدث عن شيء يتكرر في الحاضر مثال
I go to school everyday.
.أذهب إلى المدرسة كل يوم
The sun rises in the East.
.الشمس تطلع من الشرق
early up gets always My father
أبي دائما يستيقظ باكرا
) كمثالplay . كيف يتكون المضارع البسيط؟ ( نأخذ فعل
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I
play
play You
Plays He
Plays She
plays It
play We
play You
play They
فيs حيث يأخذ حرفhe she it نالحظ أن الفعل في المضارع اللسيط يكون في أصله ما عدا مع الضمائر
.آخره
) كمثالplay 3 . كيف يتكون النفي في المضارع البسيط ؟ ( نأخذ فعل
قلل أصل الفعلdon't / doesn't يتكون النفي في المضارع اللسيط بإضافة
play don’t We play don’t I
play don’t You play don’t You
play don’t They play doesn’t He
play doesn’t She
play doesn’t It
) كمثالplay 4 . كيف نكون السؤال في المضارع البسيط؟ ( نأخذ فعل
. قلل الفاعلdoes أوdo يتكون السؤال في المضارع اللسيط بإضافة
Play? I Do
Play ? you Do
Play ? he Does
Play ? he Does
Play ? it Does
Play ? we Do
Play ? you Do
Play ? they Do
Exercise
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Put the verbs between brackets in the correct form:
1 Ali ----------- football.( like)
2.Aisha ----------- school.(not like)
3.the dog and the cat ----------- in the garden.( sleep )
4.Where -----------? ( you / live )
5.----------- English well ? (you / speak )
6.The sun ----------- in the East .( rise )
7.Ahmed and Ali ----------- in Casablanca. (not live )
8.When ----------- ? ( Khalid /get up)
9.Coptic Christians ----------- seven times a day. (pray)
10. I usually ----------- rice for lunch. (have)
Answers:
1. Ali ------likes--------------------------- football.( like)
2.Aisha-----doesn't like------------ school.(not like)
3.the dog and the cat -sleep------ in the garden.( sleep )
4.Where ---do you -------live----------------? ( you / live )
5 -------Do you speak-------English well ? (you / speak )
6.The sun ---------rises----------------in the East .( rise )
7.Ahmed and Ali ---don't live------- in Salalah. (not live )
8.When ------does Khalid get up----? ( Khalid /get up)
9.Coptic Christians -- pray ------------------ seven times a day.(pray )
10. I usually --------have--------- rice for lunch. ( have
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The Present Continuous المضارع المستمر
1- متى نستخدم المضارع المستمر؟
:نستخدم المضارع المستمر للتحدث عن شئ يحصل اآلن مثال
I am writing an exercise now. اآلن أنا أكتب تمرينا
Ali is playing football now. علي يلعب الكرة اآلن
The children are writing at the moment األطفال يكتلون اآلن
) كمثالplay 2 . تركيلة المضارع المستمر ( نأخذ فعل
(am/are / is )+ verb + ing يتكون المضارع المستمر من
playing am I
playing are You
playing is He
playing is She
playing is It
playing are We
playing are You
playing are They
now / at the moment:يستخدم المضارع المستمر غاللا مع هذه الكلمات
) كمثالplay 3. صيغة النفي في المضارع المستمر ( نأخذ فعل
( am / are / is ) بعدnot يتكون النفي في المضارع المستمر بوضع كلمة
playing not am I
playing not are You
playing not is He
playing not is She
playing not is It
playing not are We
playing not are You
playing not are They
) كمثالplay 4. صيغة السؤال في المضارع المستمر ( نأخذ فعل
( am / are / is ) (مكان الفاعل و الفاعل مكانam / is / are ) يتكون السؤال في المضارع المستمر بوضع
playing? I Am
playing? you Are
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playing? he Is
playing? she Is
playing? It Is
playing? we Are
playing? you Are
playing? they Are
Exercise
Put the verbs between brackets in the correct form.
1. The sun always -----------------------down in the west. (go )
2. Look! The sun -------------------------down now . (go )
3. My father never ------------------------- .( smoke )
4. They usually ----------------- to school on time. ( come )
5. My brother can’t talk to you now. He ------ his car. (repair )
6. We often ------------------ at home during the holidays . ( stay )
7. I rarely ------------------------- up late. ( stay )
8. Where ------------------------ on Fridays. (you / go )
9. Excuse me, you ---------------------- on my foot. ( stand )
10 . Look at that bird, it --------------------- high in the sky. ( fly )
Answers :
1. The sun always ---goes--------------------down in the west. (go )
2. Look! The sun -------is going------------------down now . (go )
3. My father never ------smokes------------------- .( smoke )
4. They usually ---------come-------- to school on time. ( come )
5. My brother can’t talk to you now. He is repairing- his car. (repair )
6. We often ----stay-------------- at home during the holidays . ( stay )
7. I rarely ------------stay up------------- up late. ( stay )
8. Where --------do you go---------------- on Fridays. (you / go )
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9. Excuse me, you -------are standing--------------- on my foot. ( stand )
10. Look at that bird, it -----is flying--------------- high in the sky. ( fly
The Present Perfect المضارع التام
1 . متى نستخدم المضارع التام؟
.نستخدم المضارع التام للتحدث عن شئ بدأ في الماضي و مازال مستمرا إلى وقتنا الحاضر
I have lived in this town for 10 years.:مثال
.أسكن في هذه المدينة لمدة عشر سنوات
)(في هذا المثال الحدث بدأ قلل عشر سنوات و ما زال مستمرا إلى اآلن
My father has worked in the same factory since 1984.
.4891 والدي يعمل في نفس المصنع منذ
.)(نفس الشئ في هذا المثال. أبي بدأ العمل في هذا المصنع سنة 1984 ومازال يعمل فيه حتى اآلن
) كمثالplay 2) كيف يتكون المضارع التام؟ ( نأخذ فعل
have / has + past participle يتكون المضارع التام بوضع
I have played
You have played
He has played
She has played
It has played
We have played
You have played
They have played
) كمثالplay 3) كيف يتكون النفي في المضارع التام؟ ( نأخذ فعل
past participle وhave/has بينnot يتكون النفي في المضارع التام بوضع كلمة
I have not played
You have not played
He Has not played
She Has not played
It has not played
We have not played
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You have not played
They have not played
) كمثالplay 1) كيف نطرح السؤال في المضارع التام؟( نأخذ فعل
have/has مكان الفاعل و الفاعل مكانhave/has يتكون السؤال في المضارع التام بوضع
Have I Played?
Have you Played?
Has he Played?
Has She Played?
Has it Played?
Have we Played?
Have you Played?
Have they Played?
. ('ve / 's ) أو الصيغة المختصرة have/has مالحظة: يمكن أن نستخدم الصيغة الكاملة لكلمة
:مثال: يمكننا أن نقول
I' ve played football. أو I have played football .
He' s lived here for a long time. أو He has lived here for a long time.
The Future المستقبل
متى نستخدم المستقلل؟
:نستخدم المستقلل عندما نريد أن نتحدث عن شيء ننوي القيام به أو شيء سوف يحصل في المستقلل. مثال
.سوف أسافر غدا I'll travel tomorrow
.والدي سوف يشتري سيارة السنة القادمة My father will buy a car next week
) كمثالplay كيف نكون الفعل في المستقبل؟( نأخذ فعل
او اختصارها قيل الفعلwillيتكون الفعل في المستقلل بوضع كلمة
I 'll play We 'll play
You 'll play You 'll play
He 'll play They 'll play
She 'll play
It 'll play
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كيف نكون السؤال في المستقبل؟( نأخذ فعل playكمثال )
مكان الفاعل و الفاعل مكان will نكون السؤال في المستقلل بوضع will
will I play? will We ?play
will you ?play ?will You play
will He ?play? will They play
will She ?play
will It ?play
كيف نكون النفي في المستقبل؟( نأخذ فعل playكمثال )
يتكون النفي في المستقلل بإضافة كلمة won'tقلل مصدر الفعل.
I won't play We won't play
you won't play You won't play
He won't play They won't play
She won't play
It won't play
إستعمال to goingللتحدث عن المستقبل
يمكن أيضا تكوين المستقلل بوضع going toمسلوقة بالتصريف المناسب لفعل be to
سوف أنظم حفال غدا. مثال: I'm going to have a party tomorrow
My sister is going to get married next springأختي سوف تتزوج في الربيع القادم.
المبني للمجهول The Passive Voice
متى نستخدم المبني للمجهول ؟
نستخدم الملني للمجهول عندما يكون الفاعل غير مهم في الجملة . مثال:
’فتح اللاب .The door was opened
. coffee is grown in Brasilالقهوةُتزرع في اللرازيل
ف
في الجملة األولى " ُتِح اللاب " ال يهمنا من الذي فتح اللاب بقدر ما يهمنا عملية فتح اللاب. كذلك في الجملة الثانية ال
يهمنا من الذي يزرع القهوة بقدر ما يهمنا عملية زرع القهوة.
كيف يتكون المبني للمجهول ؟
SINGULAR PLURAL
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مفرد جمع
PRESENT is+past participle are+past participle
حاضر
PAST was+past participle were+past participle
ماضي
في المضارعpast participle + is /are + بتكون الملني للمجهول بوضع الفاعل
: في الماضيمثالwas/were+past participle+والفاعل
:المضارع المفرد
English is spoken in many countries .اسنجليزية ’تنطق في دول كثيرة
القردة توجد قي الغاباتMonkeys are found in forests المضارع الجمع
:الماضي المفرد
أخترع التليفون بواسطة جراهام بيلThe telephone was invented by Graham Bell..
:الماضي الجمع
الكتب وضعت فوق الطاولة The books were put on the table.
في الجدول التالي سوف تجد ملخص للحاالت التي يكون عليها الفعل في الملني للمعلوم و مقابلها ستجد كيف يصلح
.عندما تتحول الجملة إلى الملني للمجهول
Tense in the passive Tense in the active
التصريف في المبني للمجهول التصريف في المبني للمعلوم
is/are + past participle Present simple
John is given a dollar everyday ex: Someone gives John a dollar everyday.
Is/are + being+ past participle Present continuous
A house is being built ex: They are building a house.
Was/were + past participle Past simple
I was given a present ex: Someone gave me a present
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was/were + being+ past participle Past continuous
A film was being made ex: They were making a film
Have/has been+ past perfect Present Perfect
I have been sent a letter ex: Someone has sent me a letter.
Had been+ past perfect Past perfect
I had been sent a letter ex: Someone had sent me a letter.
Will be+ past participle Future
The thief will be caught ex: They will catch the thief
must /can/should/have to +be + past must-can-should-have to
participle
ex: They must find a solution
A solution must be found
The Reported Speech الخطاب الغير مباشر
نستخدم صيغة الخطاب الغير الملاشر عندما نريد ان نخلر شخص ما قاله شخص اخر
قال رامي " انا جائع Iam hungry" Ramy said
Ramy said that he was hungry
فيما يلي جدول يحتوي على صيغة الفعل في الخطاب الملاشر وكيف يصلح في الخطاب الغيرالملاشر
Verbs used to begin the
Tense in the direct sentence in the reported form
form Tense in the reported form
بعض األفعال التي نبدأ بها الجملة
تصريف الفعل في الخطاب تصريف الفعل في الخطاب الغير مباشر
المباشر في الخطاب الغير مباشر
imperative Infinitive told -invited-ordered-
begged-
ex: Teacher:" Amine, The teacher ordered Amine to go out
go out" توسل- أمر- استضاف- قال
warned-advised
نصح - حذر
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Present simple Past simple
ex: "I have a car" He said that he had a car
Present continuous Past continuous
ex: "I'm having a nice She said that she was having a nice
time" time.
Past simple Past perfect
ex: "I stole the money The thief admitted that he had stolen told-said-confessed-
" the money. admitted-
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
أقر- اعترف- قال - قال
ex: "I was watching She said that she had been watching
TV" TV declared-revealed
Future simple Would+infinitive
كشف- صرح
ex: "I'll call you" He said that he would call me
Future continuous Would be+---ing
ex: "I'll be waiting for She said that she would be waiting for
you" me.
Present perfect Past perfect
ex: "I've never seen this She told me that she had never seen
film" that film
Exercise
Rewrite these sentences in the reported speech.
1." I'm tired"
Ali said that -----------------------------------------------------
2."The ministry is going to open a new school."
The minister revealed that-----------------------------------------------
3."We lost a lot of soldiers"
The army admitted that----------------------------------------------------
4." I'll visit you"
She said that--------------------------------------------------------------
5."I have never seen such a beautiful match."
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The coach told reporters that---------------------------------------------
Answers
1." I'm tired"
Ali said that ---he was tired---------------------------------
2."The ministry is going to open a new school."
The minister revealed that-------the ministry was going to open a new school----------------
3."We lost a lot of soldiers"
The army admitted that------they had lost a lot of soldiers--------------------
4." I'll visit you"
She said that---------------she would visit me--------------------
5."I have never seen such a beautiful match."
The coach told reporters that----he had never seen such a beautiful match----------------------
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