AP USH Harlem Renaissance for 2-28-08

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							The Harlem Renaissance

        Mr. Oppel
       AP US History
                     Harlem Renaissance




“The Harlem Renaissance
 probed racial themes and
what it meant to be black in
         America”

                                      2
                       Harlem Renaissance


     I. Introduction
A. Definition
  Generic term
  describes Manhattan-based

   (NYC) cultural movement
  1920s and 30s


                                        3
              Harlem Renaissance


B. Location




              New York
                City
                               4
               Harlem Renaissance

   Manhattan
    Island
                Harlem

Central
 Park


  WTC                           5
Harlem Renaissance




                 6
                         Harlem Renaissance


   C. European Origins
1. European Art
  French artists study West African
   sculpture
  Popularize artistic primitivism

    Spontaneous

    Instinctive
                                          7
            Harlem Renaissance


Amedeo Modigliani




                             8
Harlem Renaissance




                 9
           Harlem Renaissance


Pablo Picasso
      •Les
      Demoiselles
      d'Avignon
      •1907
      •African masks
                           10
Harlem Renaissance




                11
Harlem Renaissance




                12
                       Harlem Renaissance


    2. European Music
Incorporate syncopation
 from ragtime
Later reintroduced to jazz


                                       13
                  Harlem Renaissance


Sousa on Tour in Europe
       1893 Chicago
        World‟s Fair
       touring repertoire
        began to include
        early ragtime
        cakewalks and
        syncopated songs          14
      Harlem Renaissance




 introduced
  ragtime to
  Europe
 Performances
    Paris
     Exposition
    Kaiser
     Wilhelm II of
     Germany          15
                                      Harlem Renaissance




Incorporate American jazz
    Claude DeBussy
      Children’s   Corner, 1906-8
    Igor Stravinsky
      Le   Sacre duprintemps, 1913
    Eric Satie
      Parade,   1917
                                                      16
 Harlem Renaissance




Black jazz
 bands
 toured
 Europe
 during
 WWI
                 17
                Harlem Renaissance


D. American influences

        Southern
         Counter-
         Reconstruction
          Black Codes

          Jim Crow laws


                                18
            Harlem Renaissance

WWI Experience
  in Europe


         Harlem
          Hellfighters



                            19
               Harlem Renaissance

The Great Migration &
    Urbanization




                               20
               Harlem Renaissance


The Red Scare
       The NEW YORK
        TIMES lamented the
        new black militancy:
       "There had been no
        trouble with the Negro
        before the war when
        most admitted the
        superiority of the
        white race."
                               21
                                                      Harlem Renaissance

                   Claude McKay
                If We must Die, 1919
 If we must die, let it not be like hogs
  Hunted and penned in an inglorious spot,
  While round us bark the mad and hungry dogs,
  Making their mock at our accursed lot.
  If we must die, O let us nobly die,
  So that our precious blood may not be shed
  In vain; then even the monsters we defy
  Shall be constrained to honor us though dead!
  O kinsmen we must meet the common foe!
  Though far outnumbered let us show us brave,
  And for their thousand blows deal one deathblow!
  What though before us lies the open grave?
  Like men we'll face the murderous, cowardly pack,
  Pressed to the wall, dying, but fighting back!

                                                                      22
                         Harlem Renaissance


      II. Harlem Renaissance

A.   Activists
B.   Artists & Photographers
C.   Writers
D.   Composers, Musicians,
      Actors & Singers
                                         23
                      Harlem Renaissance



   Prognostications
“The nation was on the verge
 of a „renaissance of American
 Negro literature‟”

       W.E.B. DuBois
       NAACP‟s Crisis, 1920
                                      24
                        Harlem Renaissance




“America was „on the edge, if not
 already in the midst of, what
 might not improperly be called a
 Negro renaissance‟”

      New York Herald Tribune, 1925     25
         Harlem Renaissance


A. Activists




                         26
               Harlem Renaissance

Marcus Garvey
   1887-1940
     Jamaican
     “Back to Africa”
      movement
     Universal Negro
      Improvement
      Association              27
                        Harlem Renaissance




Uniform of the
 “Provisional
 President of Africa”
Opened office in
 Harlem in 1917
                                        28
Harlem Renaissance




                29
      Harlem Renaissance




Black Star
 steamship line
Raised money
 to help blacks
 emigrate to
 Africa
                      30
Harlem Renaissance




                31
Harlem Renaissance




                32
                       Harlem Renaissance




Liberia feared he
 was a revolutionary
 and pulled away its
 support
Jailed & deported
 to Jamaica, 1923
                                       33
                      Harlem Renaissance

         African Folklore &
             Africanism
W.E.B.
DuBois
                                 Alain
                                 Locke




                                      34
                         Harlem Renaissance


  B. Artists & Photographers

Aaron Douglas
Jacob Lawrence
LM Jones
Arthur J. Motley, Jr.
James Van Der Zee
                                         35
             Harlem Renaissance


Aaron Douglas
      Painted murals
      Illustrated The
       Crisis and
       Opportunity
      taught art at
       Fisk University
                             36
             Harlem Renaissance

  Aaron Douglas
Aspects
of
Negro
Life,
1934
                             37
           Harlem Renaissance




Into
Bondage,
1936


                           38
               Harlem Renaissance




L.M. Jones
The Ascent
of Ethiopia,
1932

                               39
Harlem Renaissance




                40
                         Harlem Renaissance


  Arthur J. Motley, Jr.
1891 – 1981
Art Institute of Chicago
Realistic, urban subjects, jazz, &
 abstract painting

                                         41
            Harlem Renaissance


Cocktails, 1926




                            42
          Harlem Renaissance




Motley
Blues,
 1929



                          43
                      Harlem Renaissance


   James Van Der Zee
1886 – 1983
photographer
celebrated the black middle
 class
brought dignity
reshaped the image of blackness      44
                                             Harlem Renaissance
"A Couple Wearing Raccoon Coats With a Cadillac, Taken on West
     127th Street," photograph by James Van Der Zee, 1932




                                                                 45
Harlem Renaissance




                46
Harlem Renaissance




                47
    Harlem Renaissance




 Alpha Phi Alpha Basketball
 Team, 1926




Alpha Phi
Basketball
  Team,
  1926
                              48
                           Harlem Renaissance


           C. Writers
 Countee Cullen   Jessie Fauset
 Langston Hughes  Zora Neale
 Alain Locke       Hurston
 Claude McKay     Nella Larsen
 Wallace Thurman
 Jeane Toomer
 Walter White
                                           49
                       Harlem Renaissance


  purpose of writing?
Many             The writers
                   themselves
 establishment
                   wanted to
 blacks “wanted show realism
 black writers to of life in
 promote           Harlem
 positive images”
                                       50
                Harlem Renaissance

African–American
   publications




 NAACP     Urban League
                                51
              Harlem Renaissance


The NAACP magazine

   Art
     Aaron Douglas

   Literature
     Countee Cullen

     Langston Hughes

     Clause McKay

                              52
             Harlem Renaissance


Claude McKay
     Born in Jamaica
     Wrote poetry
      and novels
     Tried to use
      poetry to inform
      as well as please
                             53
                            Harlem Renaissance




Wrote poem “If We must Die” in
 response to a series of 1919 race riots
Fled to Soviet Union and Europe,1922
In conflict with “Harlem Renaissance”
 and claimed to be an older
 “forerunner”
                                            54
             Harlem Renaissance


Langston Hughes
      Lived in MO and
       Cleveland
      Worked or
       traveled in
       Mexico, Europe,
       and Africa
      Harlem
       Renaissance poet      55
                         Harlem Renaissance




Stressed nobility of lowly walks
 of life, developed racial pride,
 place of AA in white world
Gained attention of whites and
 raised self-esteem of blacks

                                         56
                          Harlem Renaissance




Wrote in African-American
 vernacular
Brought rhythm of blues and jazz to
 writing process
“The Negro Speaks of Rivers”,
 “Negro”, “Harlem”, “Weary Blues”
                                          57
                 Harlem Renaissance


Zora Neale Hurston
       Raised in all-black
        town in Florida
        near Orlando
       Literary realism and
        consciousness of
        race issues like
        degree of skin-color     58
                    Harlem Renaissance




“Color Struck”
Mules and Men, 1935
Their Eyes Were Watching
 God, 1937

                                    59
                      Harlem Renaissance


     D. Composers & Musicians

Jazz           Stage Concerts
  Music        Brodaway
  Clubs

  artists




                                      60
                         Harlem Renaissance


           1. JAZZ
Harlem jazz culture
  Clubs, cabarets, theaters,

   ballrooms, rent parties
  Liquor

  White and black worlds
                                         61
                         Harlem Renaissance




Musical origins
  African American

  Southern

  poor

  rural

  Blues, Negro Spirituals, Ragtime
                                         62
                           Harlem Renaissance




Criticism of jazz
  as music

    “cacophpony” and “deliberate
     vulgarity”
    “Bolshevistic smashing of the
     rules of music”
    Jazzing and ad libbing
                                           63
                            Harlem Renaissance




   as a cultural influence
     Promoted “daring couple
      dancing”
     The “sex-exciting” music
      affected girls morals and
      threatened chaste girls

                                            64
                      Harlem Renaissance


       White Clubs
segregated    dance shows
shows and       light-skinned

 music            girls
                 5‟6” or taller
black staff
                 under 21

                                      65
                       Harlem Renaissance


  NEGROTARIANS
Hurston‟s name for whites
 interested in Harlem life
   fascinated with Negro culture

   still condescended with views
    of exoticism and a lack of
    civilization                       66
                     Harlem Renaissance


       Connie‟s Inn
 Fats Waller
 Bill “Bojangles”
  Robison
 Louis
  Armstrong
   
                                     67
          Harlem Renaissance


Cotton Club
       Cab
        Calloway
       Duke

        Ellington
          
                          68
                     Harlem Renaissance


       Black Clubs
for blacks
less expensive
food, music, no shows


                                     69
                          Harlem Renaissance


      Duke Ellington, 1899 - ?

Went to NYC at 23
Played with bands & then formed own
pianist, conductor, orchestrator
Improvised well
Rose to prominence from 1928 – 1934
 playing at the Cotton Club in Harlem
                                          70
                         Harlem Renaissance




Jazz compositions 1928-34
   “The Mooche”

   “It Don‟t Mean a Thing If It
    Ain‟t Got That Swing”
   “Mood Indigo”

   “Sophisticated Lady”
                                         71
         Harlem Renaissance


Bessie Smith




                         72
                          Harlem Renaissance


     2. Negro Spirituals
Sung for musical merit
Not baggage of
 slavery
Performers
   Marian Anderson
   Paul Robeson
                                          73
                         Harlem Renaissance


     3. BROADWAY
Eubie Blake & Noble Sissle
  Shuffle Along, 1921

  Chocolate Dandies, 1924

Fats Waller
    Ain’t Misbehavin’
                                         74
                        Harlem Renaissance




White writers supported movement
  Sherwood Anderson,

   Sinclair Lewis, & Eugene O‟Neil
Secret financial benefactors
  Tried to encourage the exoticism


                                        75
             Harlem Renaissance


Paul Robeson
    Lawyer
    Athlete
    Singer
    Actor
    Political radical
                             76
                        Harlem Renaissance




Robeson won the
 title role in Eugene
 O‟Neil‟s Broadway
 play The Emperor
 Jones on a lark and
 improvised on stage
 into success
                                        77
                           Harlem Renaissance




 George Gershwin
    Porgy and Bess

 Jerome Kern & Oscar Hammerstein
    Showboat

 Eugene O‟Neil
    The Emperor Jones

    All God’s Chillun Got Wings
                                           78
           Harlem Renaissance




 In London
    The Emperor

     Jones
    Showboat, 1928

    Othello, 1930

     (picture on left
     from 1944)
                           79
                      Harlem Renaissance




Better treatment in Europe led
 him to radicalism
  Socialism

  Communism

  Ties to U.S.S.R.

                                      80
              Harlem Renaissance


Josephine Baker
      Born in St. Louis
      Performing by 15
       as a singer and
       dancer
      Expatriate
                              81
                     Harlem Renaissance




Shuffle Along, 1921-23
  danced

  sang

  clowned

  improvised
                                     82
Harlem Renaissance




                83
            Harlem Renaissance


exoticism




                            84
Harlem Renaissance


        style




                85
       Harlem Renaissance


showgirl




                       86
        Harlem Renaissance


clown




                        87
         Harlem Renaissance


sophisticated
         lady



                         88
              Harlem Renaissance


La Revue Negre
     Paris, France
       scantily clad

       erotic dancing

       suggestive

        music
                              89
                   Harlem Renaissance


“La Folie du Jour”
   Paris, France, 1926
     Folies Berger night club

     topless, banana skirt,
      climbs down a tree like
      an animal
     danced the charleston

     erotic and comic             90
Harlem Renaissance




                91
              Harlem Renaissance


“the charleston”




                              92
                       Harlem Renaissance
        The end of a
         movement
By the late 20s & early 30s
Economic hardships with the
 Depression
Participants “moved on”
Some prospered throughout the 30s
                                       93
                                                                                     Harlem Renaissance


                            Bibliography
   Harlem Renaissance
        http://www.si.umich.edu/CHICO/Harlem/index.html
   Josephine Baker
        http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/home.html
   Claude DeBussy
        http://www.duke.edu/~aparks/class4.html
   Marcus Garvey
        http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/index.html
        http://www.isop.ucla.edu/mgpp/sound.htm
        http://www.isop.ucla.edu/mgpp/facts.htm
   Amedeo Modigliani
        http://www.mystudios.com/gallery/modigliani/gallery_wall.html
        http://www.trindera.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Year%209/modigliani_and_african_art.htm
   Pablo Picasso
        http://www.moma.org/collection/depts/paint_sculpt/blowups/paint_sculpt_006.html
        http://www.moma.org/collection/conservation/demoiselles/analysis_1_la.html
        http://cghs.dade.k12.fl.us/african-american/twentieth_century/cubism.htm
        http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~bcr/African_Mask.html
   Red Summer
        http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_red.html

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