Dative case-
The dative case (abbreviated DAT, or sometimes D when it is a core argument) is a grammatical
case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. For example, in "John
gave Mary a book".
The name is derived from the Latin casus dativus, meaning "the case appropriate to giving"; this
was in turn modelled on the Greek ἡ δοτικὴ πτῶ σις, from its use with the verb διδόναι (didónai)
— "to give".
The thing being given may be a tangible object, such as "a book" or "a pen", or it may be an
intangible abstraction, such as "an answer" or "help". The dative generally marks the indirect
object of a verb, although in some instances the dative is used for the direct object of a verb
pertaining directly to an act of giving something. In Russian, for example, the verb 'to call' [by
telephone] is always followed by a noun in the dative.
In some languages the dative case has assimilated the functions of other now-extinct cases. In
Scottish Gaelic and Irish, the term dative case is misleadingly used in traditional grammars to
refer to the prepositional case-marking of nouns following simple prepositions and the definite
article. In Georgian, the dative case also marks the subject of the sentence in some verbs and
some tenses. This is also called the dative construction.
The dative was common among early Indo-European languages and has survived to the present
in the Balto-Slavic branch and the Germanic branch, among others. It also exists in similar forms
in several non–Indo-European languages, such as the Finno-Ugric family of languages and
Japanese.
Under the influence of English, which uses the preposition "to" for both indirect objects (give to)
and directions of movement (go to), the term "dative" has sometimes been used to describe cases
that in other languages would more appropriately be called lative
Genitive case-
In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated GEN; also called the possessive case or second case)
is the case that marks a noun as modifying another noun. It often marks a noun as being the
possessor of another noun but it can also indicate various relationships other than possession;
certain verbs may take arguments in the genitive case; and it may have adverbial uses (see
Adverbial genitive). Modern English does not typically mark nouns for a genitive case
morphologically – rather, it uses the apostrophe ’s or a preposition (usually of) – but the personal
pronouns do have distinct possessive forms.
Depending on the language, specific varieties of genitive-noun–main-noun relationships may
include:
possession (see Possessive case):
o inalienable possession ("Janet’s height", "Janet’s existence", "Janet’s long
fingers")
o alienable possession ("Janet’s jacket", "Janet’s drink")
o relationship indicated by the noun being modified ("Janet’s husband")
composition (see Partitive case):
o substance ("a wheel of cheese")
o elements ("a group of men")
o source ("a portion of the food")
participation in an action:
o as an agent ("She benefitted from the love of her father") – this is called the
subjective genitive (Compare "Her father loved her", where Her father is the
subject.)
o as a patient ("the love of music") – this is called the objective genitive (Compare
"She loves music", where music is the object.)
origin ("men of Rome")
reference ("Of the Gaulish War")
description ("man of honour", "day of reckoning")
compounds (Scottish Gaelic "ball coise" = "football", where "coise" = gen. of "cas",
"foot")
Depending on the language, some of the relationships mentioned above have their own distinct
cases different from the genitive.
Possessive pronouns are distinct pronouns, found in Indo-European languages such as English,
that function like pronouns inflected in the genitive. They are considered separate pronouns if
contrasting to languages where pronouns are regularly inflected in the genitive. For example,
English my is either a separate possessive adjective or an irregular genitive of I, while in Finnish,
for example, minun is regularly agglutinated from minu- "I" and -n (genitive).
In some languages, nouns in the genitive case also agree in case with the nouns they modify (that
is, it is marked for two cases). This phenomenon is called suffixaufnahme.
In some languages, nouns in the genitive case may be found in inclusio – that is, between the
main noun’s article and the noun itself.
Many languages have a genitive case, including Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Basque, Czech,
Estonian, Finnish, Georgian, German, Greek, Icelandic, Irish, Latin, Latvian, Polish, Romanian,
Russian, Sanskrit, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, Turkish and Ukrainian. English does not
have a proper genitive case, but a possessive ending, -’s (see below), although pronouns do have
a genitive case.
Transitive case- The verb has a direct object.
Marcas mus videt.(Marcas saw the mouse.)
Cornelia agricola spectat.(Cornelia watched the farmer.)
Maria est parva puella.( Maria is a small girl.)
Intransitive case-The verb doesn't have a direct object.
Ambulant.(They walk.)
Porto.(I carry.)
Spectat.( She watches.)
Singular Plural
Subject or Nominative case: a ae
Direct object or Accusative case: am as