Portal italstiny

Portál italského jazyka:

 Why learn Italian ? - a profile of the Italian language (http://how-to-learn-any-

language.com/e/languages/italian/index.html)

 All free Italian dictionaries (http://www.dicts.info/dictlist1.php?k1=53)

 Centro Studi Italiani (http://www.locuta.com/)

 Italian course search (http://www.applelanguages.com/en/learn/italian.php)

 Online Italian language course

(http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/modlang/carasi/site/pageone.html)



Na území Itálie se hovoří:



A G cont. P



 Albanian language  Griko language  Piemontese language

 Provençal language

C I

S

 Calabrian language  Italian dialects

 Catalan language  Italian language  Sardinian language

 Cimbrian language  Italkian  Sardo campidanese

 Sardo logudorese

 Sassarese

F L

 Sicilian language

 Franco-Provençal  Ladin language

language  Lombard language V

 Friulian language

 Venetian language

M

G

 Molise Slavic W

 Gallurese language

 German language  Walser language

N



 Neapolitan language



O



 Occitan language





Italština:

Italian is a Romance language spoken by about 70 million people, most of whom live

in Italy. Standard Italian is based on Tuscan dialects and is somewhat intermediate

between the languages of Southern Italy and the Gallo-Romance languages of the

North. The long-established Tuscan standard has, over the last few decades, been

slightly eroded by the variety of Italian spoken in Milan, the economic center of Italy.

Italian has double (or long) consonants, like Latin (but unlike most modern Romance

languages, e.g., French and Spanish). As in most Romance languages (with the

notable exception of French), stress is distinctive.





History



The history of the Italian language is quite complex but the modern standard of the

language was largely shaped by relatively recent events. The earliest surviving texts

which can definitely be called Italian (as opposed to its predecessor Vulgar Latin) are

legal formulae from the region of Benevento dating from 960-963 C.E. Italian was first

formalized in the 14th century through the works of Dante Alighieri, who mixed

southern Italian dialects, especially Sicilian, with his native Tuscan in his epic poems

known collectively as the Commedia, to which Boccaccio later affixed the title Divina.

Dante's much-loved works were read throughout Italy and his written dialect became

the canonical standard that others could all understand. Dante is still credited with

standardizing the Italian language.

Italian has always had a distinctive dialect for each city, since the cities were up until

recently city-states. Italians generally believe that the best spoken Italian is lingua

toscana in bocca romana - 'the Tuscan tongue, in a Roman mouth' (Tuscan dialects

spoken with Roman inflection). The Romans are known for speaking clearly and

distinctly, while the Tuscan dialect (supposedly derived from Etruscan and Oscan), is

the closest existing dialect to Dante's now-standard Italian.

In contrast to the dialects of northern Italy, the older southern Italian dialects were

largely untouched by the Franco-Occitan influences introduced to Italy, mainly by

bards from France, during the middle ages. (See La Spezia-Rimini Line.) The

economic might and relative advanced development of Tuscany at the time (late

middle ages), gave its dialect weight, though Venetian remained widespread in

medieval Italian commercial life. Also, the increasing cultural relevance of Florence

during the periods of 'Umanesimo' and Rinascimento (Renaissance) made its vulgare

(dialect) a standard in the arts.





Classification



Italian is a member of the Italo-Dalmatian group of languages, which is part of the

Italo-Western grouping of the Romance languages, which are a subgroup of the Italic

branch of Indo-European.







Geographic distribution



Italian is the official language of Italy and San Marino, and is an official language in

Ticino and Grigioni cantons of Switzerland. It is also the second official language in

Vatican City and in some areas of Istria in Slovenia and Croatia with an Italian

minority. It is widely used by immigrant groups in Luxembourg, the United States,

Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, and Australia, and is also spoken in

neighbouring Malta and Albania. It is spoken, to a much lesser extent, in parts of

Africa formerly under Italian rule such as Somalia, Libya and Eritrea.







Official status



Italian is an official language of Italy, San Marino, Switzerland and Vatican City. It is

also an official language in the Istria County (Croatia) and municipalities of Koper,

Piran and Izola (Slovenia).







Dialects



The dialects of Italian identified by the Ethnologue are Tuscan, Piemontese,

Sardinian, Abruzzese, Pugliese (Apulian), Umbrian, Laziale, Central Marchigiano,

Cicolano-Reatino-Aquilano, and Molisan. Other dialects are Milanese, Brescian,

Bergamasc, Venetian, Modenese, Bolognese, Sicilian and so on, essentially one per

city.

Many of the so-called dialects of Italian spoken around the country are different

enough from standard Italian to be considered separate languages by most linguists

and some speakers themselves. Thus a distinction can be made between "dialects of

(standard) Italian" and "dialects (or languages) of Italy".

A link to an Italian site with translation features between Italian dialects and Italian:

[1] (http://www.dialettando.com)







Vowels



Italian has seven vowel phonemes: /a/, /e/, /ɛ/, /i/, /o/, /ɔ/, /u/, although many Italian

speakers only distinguish 5. The words /ˈpeska/ (fishing) and /ˈpɛska/ (peach), both

spelled as "pesca", show that /e/ and /ɛ/ are in fact two different phonemes. Similarly,

the words /ˈbotːe/ (barrel) and /ˈbɔtːe/ (beatings), both spelled as "botte", discriminate

/o/ and /ɔ/.

In general, vowel combinations usually pronounce each vowel separately.

Diphthongs exist, (e.g. "uo", "iu", "ie"), but are limited to the pattern:

(unstressed "u" or "i") + (stressed vowel)



The unstressed "u" in a diphthong approximates the English semivowel "w", the

unstressed "i" approximates the semivowel "y". E.g.: buono, ieri. As a semivowel, "j"

is an alternate spelling of i, currently obsolete but common until early 20th century

and preserved in specific words like "Jesi" (a town).

Triphthongs are limited to a diphthong plus an unstressed "i". (e.g. miei, tuoi.) Other

sequences of three vowels exist (e.g. noia, febbraio), but they are not triphthongs;

they consist of a vowel followed by a diphthong.







Consonants



Two symbols in a table cell denote the voiceless and voiced consonant, respectively.

bilabial labiodental dental alveolar postalveolar palatal velar



plosive p, b t, d k, g



nasal m n ɲ



trill r

flap ɾ



fricative f, v s, z ʃ



affricate ʦ, ʣ ʧ, ʤ



lateral l ʎ



The sound [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ when followed by a velar consonant, i.e., /k/ or

/g/.

Italian plosives are in general not aspirated, though they often are in English. Italian

speakers hear the difference as a foreign accent.

Italian has geminate, or double, consonants, which are distinguished by length.

Length is distinctive for all consonants except for /z/, /ʃ/, /ʦ/, /ʣ/, /ʎ/ /ɲ/. Geminate

plosives and affricates are realized as lengthened closures. Geminate fricatives,

nasals, and /l/ are realized as lengthened continuants. Geminate /ɾ/ is realized as the

trill [rː].







Assimilation



Italian has few diphthongs, and so most unfamiliar diphthongs heard in foreign words

(in particular, those with a first vowel that is not "i" or "u", or a first vowel that is

stressed), will be assimilated as the corresponding dieresis (i.e., the vowel sounds

will be pronounced separately: "strive" and "hive" will rhyme with "naïve").









Nouns (i nomi)



Nouns in Italian have gender (masculine or feminine, but no neuter), and number

(singular or plural). The gender and number is always shown by the leading article

(definite or indefinite), and usually by the final vowel.

In most cases:



 Masculine singular in -o, plural in -i

o il ragazzo / i ragazzi (the boy / the boys)

 Feminine singular in -a, plural in -e

o la ragazza / le ragazze (the girl / the girls)

but:



 Masculine singular in -e, plural in -i

o il cane / i cani (the dog / the dogs)

 Feminine singular in -e, plural in -i

o la parete / le pareti (the wall / the walls)





Irregular Nouns (i nomi irregolari)



Irregular noun patterns:



 Masculine singular in -a, plural in -i (problema/problemi problem(s))

 Masculine singular in -é, plural in -é (caffé coffee(s))

 Feminine singular in -à, plural in -à (città city/cities)

 Feminine singular in -o, plural in -o (...except la mano, le mani, hand(s))



Certain body parts are masculine in the singular but feminine in the plural:



 braccio (m)/braccia (f) (arm/arms)

 ginocchio (m)/ginocchia (f) (knee/knees)

 sopracciglio (m)/sopracciglia (f) (eyebrow/eyebrows)



And occasional individual exceptions when a word has been abbreviated but keeps

its original gender, for example:



 la foto (= la fotografia, the photograph)

 la moto (= la motocicletta, the motorcycle)







Lastly, the soft/hard nature of italian c and g leads to a few spelling/pronunciation

rules in certain cases:



 Words in -cio and -gio form plurals in -ci and -gi (to preserve pronunciation).

 Words in -co and -go:

o Form plurals in -ci and -gi if the final letter before the prefix is a vowel:

l'amico, gli amici

o Generally form plurals in -chi and -ghi if the final letter before the prefix is a

consonant: il fungo, i funghi

 Words in -cia and -gia:

o Form plurals in -cie and -gie if the final letter before the prefix is a vowel: la

camicia, le camicie

o Form plurals in -ce and -ge if the final letter before the prefix is a consonant: la

frangia, le frange

 Words in -cie are invariable in the plural, with the exception of: la superficie, le

superfici.

Articles (gli articoli)



The Definite Article (the)



 Masculine singular: il (lo before an impure consonant sound, l' before a vowel)

 Masculine plural: i (gli before a vowel or impure consonant sound)

 Feminine singular: la (l' before a vowel)

 Feminine plural: le



Impure consonant sounds are z, gn, pn, ps, or s+consonant (sp, st, etc). See also

Italian sounds.





The Indefinite Article (a)



 Masculine: un (uno before an impure consonant sound)

 Feminine: una (un' before a vowel)





Pronouns (i pronomi)



Declension



First Person Second Person Third Person



Informal Formal Masculine Feminine

Singular Plural

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

lui (egli, loro lei (ella, loro

Nominative io noi tu voi Lei Loro

esso) (essi) essa) (esse)

Accusative mi ci ti vi La Le lo li la le

Dative mi ci ti vi Le Loro gli loro le loro

Prepositional me noi te voi Lei Loro lui loro lei loro

Notes:



 egli/ella are fading, esso/essa/essi/esse are rare neuter forms.

 2nd person Nom. is tu for informal, Lei for formal since 1940s. lei (third person

singular) and Lei (second person singular formal) are pronounced the same but written

as shown. Formal Lei/Loro take third-person conjugations.

 Accusative mi, ti, ci, and vi become me, te, ce, and ve when emphasized.

 Accusative lo and la contract to l' before a vowel or h.

 Dative mi, ti, ci, and vi become me, te, ce, and ve when emphasized or when preceding

an accusative pronoun.

 Dative gli combines with Accusative lo, la, li, and le to form glielo, gliela, glieli, and

gliele.







(Compare German Sie.)



Adjectives (gli aggettivi)



Adjectives, like nouns, have two genders and two numbers.



In general, for adjectives:



 Masculine in -o, plural in -i

 Masculine in -e, plural in -i

 Feminine in -a, plural in -e

 Feminine in -e, plural in -i









Possessive adjectives



 Masc. sing.: mio, tuo, suo, nostro, vostro, loro

 Fem. sing.: mia, tua, sua, nostra, vostra, loro

 Masc. pl.: miei, tuoi, suoi, nostri, vostri, loro

 Fem. pl.: mie, tue, sue, nostre, vostre, loro



In most cases the possessive adjective must be used with the definite article:



 Ho perso la mia penna. (I've lost my pen.)

 Mi piace il mio lavoro. (I like my job.)

 Hanno rubato la mia automobile! (They've stolen my car!)



The only exception is when the possessive refers to a family member:



 Sara è mia sorella (Sarah is my sister.)

 Questa penna è di mia zia. (This pen is my aunt's.)









Tenses (i tempi)

 Simple tenses (examples in first person)



Present Presente do, am doing1 faccio, sto facendo

Imperfect Imperfetto was doing, used to do facevo

Future Futuro will do farò

2

Preterite Passato remoto did feci



 Compound tenses



Recent Past Passato Prossimo have done ho fatto

3

Recent Pluperfect Trapassato Prossimo had done avevo fatto

Remote Pluperfect Trapassato Remoto had done ebbi fatto

Future Perfect Futuro Anteriore will have done avrò fatto



 Special forms



Infinitive Infinito to do fare

Past Participle Participio Passato done fatto

Present Participio

doing facente/facendo

participle/Gerund Presente/Gerundio

Imperative Imperativo do! fai! / fa!





Notes



1Present continuous in Italian is similar to that in English but not as frequently used.

Italian usually uses the simple present instead, except when emphasizing the

ongoing nature of the action.

2The preterite is becoming obsolete in spoken Italian. It is still used in Southern Italy

but becoming less common there too. It is however very common in literature, even

modern literature.

3The Trapassato Prossimo (Recent Pluperfect) and the Trapassato Remoto (Remote

Pluperfect) are separate tenses in Italian though not in English.







Verbs (i verbi)



Italian verb infinitives have one of three endings, either -are, -ere, or -ire. (Exceptions

are porre "to place", and a few verbs ending in -urre, most notably tradurre "to

translate".) Most Italian verbs are regular.





Compound tense auxiliary verbs

In Italian, compound tenses are formed with an auxiliary verb (either essere "to be" or

avere "to have"). Most verbs use avere as their auxiliary verb. The exceptions are

commonly used verbs of motion, (and other intransitives), all reflexive verbs and

verbs in the passive voice.

The distinction between the two auxiliary verbs is important for the correct formation

of the compound tenses and is also essential to the agreement of the past participle.





The past participle



The past participle is used in Italian as both an adjective and to form many of the

compound tenses of the language. The past participle conjugated with essere follows

the usual adjective agreement rules.

For the intransitive essere verbs, the past participle always agrees with the subject:

lui è partito; lei è partita. This is also true for reflexive verbs, the impersonal si

construction, and the passive voice, which also use essere.

The past participle when conjugated with avere never changes to agree with the

subject.





Regular conjugations



[edit]



Indicative mood (l'indicativo)





Present Preterite Imperfect

First Second Third First Second Third First Second Third First

Conj. Conj. Conj. Con. Conj. Conj. Conj. Conj. Conj. Conj

io parlo batto parto parlai battei partii parlavo battevo partivo parle

tu parli batti parti parlasti battesti partisti parlavi battevi partivi parle

lui parla batte parte parlò batté partì parlava batteva partiva parle

noi parliamo battiamo partiamo parlammo battemmo partimmo parlavamo battevamo partivamo parle

voi parlate battete partite parlaste batteste partiste parlavate battevate partivate parle

loro parlano battono partono parlarono batterono partirono parlavano battevano partivano parle

The infinitive of first conjungation verbs end in -are, that of second conjungation

verbs in -ere, and that of third conjungation verbs in -ire.

Some third conjugation verbs such as capire insert -isc- between the stem and the

endings in the present, e. g. capisco, capisci, capisce, etc. It is impossible to tell from

the infinitive form which verbs exhibit this phenomenon, though it tends to be the

shorter verbs. In some grammatical systems, "isco" verbs are considered a fourth

conjugation, often labelled 3b. The infinitive of some second conjungation verbs ends

in -urre, e. g. tradurre, condurre, dedurre. Their conjungation is the same as if the

verbs were traducere, conducere, decucere.



Subjunctive mood (il congiuntivo)



 Present

o -are: -i, -i, -i, -iamo, -iate, -ino

o -ere: -a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano

o -ire (partire): -a, -a, -a, -iamo, -iate, -ano

o -ire (capire): -isca, -isca, -isca, -iamo, -iate, -iscano

 Imperfect

o -are: -assi, -assi, -asse, -assimo, -aste, -assero

o -ere: -essi, -essi, -esse, -essimo, -este, -essero

o -ire: -issi, -issi, -isse, -issimo, -iste, -issero





Conditional mood (il condizionale)



 Conditional

o -are: -erei, -eresti, -erebbe, -eremmo, -ereste, -ebbero

o -ere: -erei, -eresti, -erebbe, -eremmo, -ereste, -ebbero

o -ire: -irei, -iresti, -irebbe, -iremmo, -ireste, -ebbero





Imperative mood (l'imperativo)



 -are: -a, -i, -iamo, -ate, -ino

 -ere: -i, -a, -iamo, -ete, -ano

 -ire (partire): -i, -a, -iamo, -ite, -ano

 -ire (capire): -isci, -isca, -iamo, -ite, -iscano



Non-finite forms



 Gerund: -ando, -endo, -endo

 Participle: -ato, -uto, -ito





Irregular verbs (i verbi irregolari)

Most Italian verbs are regular, but many of the most commonly used verbs are not. In

particular, the auxiliary verbs essere and avere, and the common modal verbs potere

(ability, to be able to), dovere (duty, to have to), stare (to stand, to be in a particular

state), sapere (to know how to), and volere (to want to) are all irregular.

The 110 most-used irregular Italian verbs are conjugated

here (http://turtiainen.dna.fi/cgi-bin/it/irreg.pl)





essere (to be, an auxiliary)



 Present: sono, sei, è, siamo, siete, sono

o Present subjunctive: sia, sia, sia, siamo, siate, siano

 Imperfect: ero, eri, era, eravamo, eravate, erarano

o Imperfect subjunctive: fossi, fossi, fosse, fossimo, foste, fossero

 Preterite: fui, fosti, fu, fummo, foste, furono

 Future: sarò, sarai, sarà, saremo, sarete, saranno

 Conditional: sarei, saresti, sarebbe, saremmo, sareste, sarebbero



avere (to have, an auxiliary)



 Present: ho, hai, ha, abbiamo, avete, hanno

o Present subjunctive: abbia, abbia, abbia, abbiamo, abbiate, abbiano

 Imperfect: avevo, avevi, aveva, avevamo, avevate, avevano

o Imperfect subjunctive: avessi, avessi avuto, avesse avuto, avessimo avuto,

aveste avuto, avessero avuto

 Preterite: ebbi, avesti, ebbe, avemmo, aveste, ebbero

 Future: avrò avrai, avrà, avremo, avrete, avranno

 Conditional: avrei, avresti, avrebbe, avremmo, avreste, avrebbero



potere (to be able to, a modal)



 Present: posso, puoi, può, possiamo, potete, possono

o Present subjunctive: possa, possa, possa, possiamo, possate, possano

 Imperfect: potevo, potevi, poteva, potevamo, potevate, potevano

o Imperfect subjunctive: potessi, potessi, potesse, potessimo, poteste, potessero

 Preterite: potei, potesti, poté, potemmo, poteste, poterono

 Future: potrò, potrai, potrà, potremo, potrete, potranno

 Conditional: potrei, potresti, potrebbe, potremmo, potreste, potrebbero





Adverbs (avverbi)



An adjective can be made into an adverb by adding -mente to the ending of the

feminine singular form of the adjective. (E.g. lenta "slow" becomes lentamente

"slowly". Adjectives ending in "-re" or "-le" lose their "e" before adding -mente (facile

"easy" becomes facilmente "easily").





Sentences and word order



Italian is an SVO language, where Subject, Verb, and Object normally come in that

order. The subject, if a pronoun, is usually omitted -- distinctive verb conjugations

make it redundant. Subject pronouns are considered emphatic when used at all.

Questions are formed by a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (in written

form, a question mark). The question word (how, who, what, etc.) simply replaces the

missing subject or object. Subject-verb inversion does not mark a question as in

many European languages, it just emphasizes the subject.

Note how in the following examples the Italian word order remains relatively fixed

while the English varies somewhat:

E.g.

Davide è arrivato in ufficio. (David has arrived at the office.)

Davide è arrivato in ufficio? (Has David arrived at the office?)

Perché Davide è arrivato in ufficio? (Why has David arrived at the office?)

Perché Davide è arrivato in ufficio. (Because David has arrived at the office.)

È arrivato Davide in ufficio. (It was David who arrived at the office.)

È arrivato Davide in ufficio? (Has David, in particular, arrived at the office?)

È arrivato in ufficio. (He has arrived at the office.)

Lui è arrivato in ufficio. (He has arrived at the office.)

Chi è arrivato in ufficio? (Who has arrived at the office?)

In general, adjectives come after the noun they modify, adverbs after the verb. But:

as with French, adjectives coming before the noun indicate essential quality of the

noun. Demonstratives (e.g. questo this, quello that) come before the noun, and a few

particular adjectives (e.g. bello) may be inflected like demonstratives and also placed

before the noun.





Object Pronouns



Though objects come after the verb as a rule, the rule changes when the object is a

pronoun.

Dative and accusative pronouns come before the verb. If an auxiliary verb is used,

the pronouns come before the auxiliary. If both dative and accusative pronouns are

used, the dative comes first. Pronominal particles "ce"/"ci" (to it) and "ne" (of it) are

treated like accusative pronouns for word-order purposes. (Note that "ci", the first

person plural accusative, is easy to confuse with "ci", the accusative particle, but

they're not the same. See examples.)

Examples: (please correct these and add more, it's a difficult grammar point.)

Davide lascia la sua penna in

(David leaves his pen at the office.)

ufficio.

Davide la lascia in ufficio. (David leaves it at the office.)

Davide ce la lascia. (David leaves it there. (but also: David leaves it to us.))

(David leaves one there. (but also: David leaves us one of

Davide ce ne lascia una.

them.))

Davide potrebbe lasciarcene (David might leave one of them (but also: David might leave

una. us one of them.)

(Compare with the similar use of objective pronouns, and "y" and "en" in French.)





And finally, in the imperative and infinitive cases, the objective pronouns come once

again after the verb, but this time as a suffix:

Davide lascia la sua penna in ufficio. (David leaves his pen at the office.)

"Lasciala in ufficio!" ("Leave it at the office!")

"Lasciacela!" ("Leave it there!" also "Leave it us!")

Davide potrebbe lasciarla in ufficio. (David might leave it at the office.)

"Non lasciarcela!" ("Don't leave it there!" also "Don't leave it us!")

Davide dovrebbe lasciarcela. (David should leave it there.)





Writing system



Italian is written using the Latin alphabet. The letters J, K, W, X and Y are not part of

the standard Italian alphabet, but are seen in imported words (such as jeans, whisky,

taxi). J may also appear in many words from different dialects. Each of these foreign

letters has an Italian equivalent spelling: gi, ch, u, cs or s, and i. (For example, the

Italian for "xylophone" is silofono.) "W" is sometimes used as "VV" or as an

abbreviation for "Viva".



 Italian uses the acute accent over the letter E (as in perché, why) to indicate a closed

vowel, and the grave accent (as in tè, tea) to indicate an open vowel. The grave accent

is also used on letters A, O and U to mark an unusual stress position (for instance

gioventù, youth). Typically, the penultimate syllable is stressed.



 The "silent" letter H sounds as a glottal stop when it begins a word.



 The letter Z is pronounced /ʦ /, or sometimes /ʣ /, depending on context, but the

sounds are considered allophones.



 The letters C and G are a soft /ʧ / as in "chair" and /ʤ / as in "gem", respectively,

before the front vowels I and E. They are pronounced hard /k/, /g/ (as in "call" and

"gall") otherwise.1



 But: The normally silent H is added between CI, CE, GI or GE if the consonant is to

be pronounced hard. For example:





Before back vowel: hard Before front vowel: soft With "H": hard

"C" cara (/k/A-ra) ciao ( /ʧ /AH-oh) chiaro (/k/y-AH-roh)

"G" gallo (/g/AL-lo) genere ( /ʤ /en-EH-reh) ghetto (/g/ET-toh)

1

(Front/back vowel rules for C and G are similar in French, Romanian, and to some extent English.

Swedish and Norwegian have similar rules for K.)



 There are two special digraphs in Italian: GN and GL. GN is always pronounced /nj/

(IPA /ɲ /), and GL is pronounced /lj/ (IPA /ʎ /) but only before i. (Compare with

Spanish "ñ" and "ll", Portuguese "nh" and "lh".)



 In general all letters are clearly pronounced, and always in the same way. Spelling is

clearly phonetic and difficult to mistake given a clear pronunciation. Exceptions are

generally only found in foreign borrowings.





Dictionaries



The classic Italian dictionary is Lo Zingarelli.

Many Italian/English dictionaries are available.





Examples

 cheers (generic toast): salute /saˈlute/ (sall-OO-teh)

 English: inglese /iŋˈglɛ ze/ (ing-GLAY-zay)

 good-bye: arrivederci /arː iveˈdɛ rtʃ i/ (a-ree-veh-DARE-chee)

 hello: ciao /ˈtʃ ɑ o/ (CHAH-oh) (informal); buon giorno /ˈbwon ˈdʒ ɔ rno/ (bwon

JAWR-noh) (good morning), buona sera /ˈbwona ˈsː era/ (BWO-na SAY-ra) (good

evening)

 how much? quanto /ˈkwɑ nto/ (KWAN-toh) (masculine); quanta /ˈkwɑ nta/

(KWAN-tah) (feminine)

Použitý zdroj: Encyklopedie Wikipedia