From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Admiralty of Friesland
Admiralty of Friesland
History
The Friso, a ship of the Frisian Admiralty
The Admiralty of Friesland or Frisian Admiralty (Dutch -
Admiraliteit van Friesland or Friese Admiraliteit; West Frisian
- Fryske Admiraliteit) was one of the five admiralties of the
Dutch Republic. Set up on 6 March 1596, it was dissolved
in 1795 during the reforms by the Batavian Republic.
Destruction of the Admiralty Two boats of the Frisian Admiralty (foreground)
archives Foundation
Few sources on the Frisian Admiralty survive. The entire The Dutch Revolt (1568-1648) brought about the need
archive on the Admiralty was destroyed in the large fire for an improved organisation for the protection of trade,
of 12 and 13 February 1771 in Harlingen, and many maps i.e., the sea routes of the new Dutch Republic. Difficulties
and documents relating to the history of Friesland were quickly arose between the different provinces with dif-
also lost. What little archive material remained was held ferent views on the design of such organisation. Original-
in the Department of Navy at The Hague, until that too ly there were three different Admiralties: that of Zealand,
was destroyed by fire on 8 January 1844. Little is known that of the Southern Quarter of the province of Holland,
on the great men of the Admiralty, due to a lack of sur- and that of the Northern Quarter of Holland, with Fries-
viving archival material. One example of such loss is de- land to be controlled by the latter. In 1587, the Northern
scribed by historian Beucker Andreae, who studied the Quarter Admiralty established its headquarters at Ams-
life of Admiral Auke Stellingwerf. About his search on the terdam. Quickly a dispute arose between Friesland and
latter’s baptismal records in what might have been the this Amsterdam Admiralty over earnings from convoys,
man’s birthplace, Workum, he wrote: over import and export rights, over the financial admin-
istration, and because Amsterdam was simply too far
A box had been kept, however, by the church away. Consequently, on 6 March 1596, the States of Fries-
guardians, holding old books and manuscripts, land decided on the "Foundation of a Chamber or Council
among which, according to an elderly inhabitant of of Admiralty for this Territory." On 5 May 1597, Hoitze
the town, the baptismal records should have been Aisma, Feijcke Tetmans, Sicke van Dijckstra, and Frans
present. But that box had some years ago been giv- Jansz were entrusted with creating the Frisian Admiralty
en to the deacons for safe-keeping, and there — board.
since there was no lock on the lid — the female su-
pervisor of the old people’s home had cut up the Organisational Structure
books she discovered in the box for domestic use, On 14 June 1597 the States-General of the Netherlands,
as sewing patterns! And so it came about that, al- the highest confederal executive power of the Republic,
though the box is still there, the papers can no approved a proposal in which the foundation of a Gener-
longer be found in them. [1] aliteitscollege was decided upon; this replaced an earlier
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Admiralty of Friesland
navy board, the Collegie Superintendent, of which Maurice Lange Oosterstraat in the city of Dokkum. This building
of Nassau, Prince of Orange (Admiral-General since 1588) had been bought in 1589 by captain Tjaerd Tjebbes for
had been the head, but which had been dissolved in 1593 the sum of 900 gold guilders.
as a result of disputes between the provinces. The Gener- The Admiralty also took up residence in the Blauhuis,
aliteitscollege was to be a loose cooperation, itself a mere an impressive building with a striking slender tower. The
formality without actual power, between five au- city administration initially paid the rent, but from 1610
tonomous Admiralties (the Zealand, the Frisian, the West this was taken over by the Admiralty.[2]
Frisian, the Amsterdam and the Rotterdam) to be repre- In 1618 the institution moved to another building,
sented in it. Each admiralty also had its own hierarchy. which thereby acquired the name Het Admiraliteitshuis
The Frisian Admiralty was led by a college responsible for ("The Admiralty House"); it is the location of the present
the appointment of civil servants as bailiffs and clerks. city museum of the same name at Dokkum. Contrary to
Furthermore, the States-General appointed for each ad- what might be expected from its name, this museum is
miralty a receiver-general, a secretary, and a public pros- not devoted to the maritime past of the city.
ecutor. Friesland’s Admiralty was partly funded by the The period between the foundation and the Battle of
capital of another province, the city of Groningen (capi- the Downs is little known due to the destruction of the
tal of the province of the same name), and so people from Admiralty archives. It appears from a fleet list that at the
Groningen could also be admitted to the Admiralty’s po- Battle of Gibraltar Captain Teunis Woltersz was present
sitions (e.g. Admiral Rudolf Coenders), in return for its in command of De Friesche Pinas, though her number of
providing ships. The Frisian Admiralty was thus founded crew and of guns are both unknown.
within a confederal context on 15 August 1597. That employment with the Admiralty at Dokkum
brought rich earnings is demonstrated by this excerpt
The Dokkum Era from the minutes of an assembly of the States General, in
which a captain asks around for payment of reward mon-
ey promised to him because of courage he has shown:
Kapt.Thoenis Woltersz. asks by request payment of
f. 50, = that have been assigned him on 17
December 1609 for courage shown in the battle of
Gibraltar, furthermore [he asks] for an instruction
to be given to the Adm. at Dokkum that he be
readmitted into their service and that until that
time he might receive wages. The States decide
that the Adm is to pay Woltersz the f. 50, and to
take him in service on the first vacancy [of full
captain] to become available. For now he will
receive an extra-ordinary wage of f. 12, if it
appears that he does real service [as an extra-
Het Admiraliteitshuis ordinary captain].[3]
Battle of the Downs
The Admiralty wharf at Dokkum
The Frisian Admiralty was initially housed in the old Before the Battle of the Downs, by Reinier Nooms
raadhuis (town hall) on the corner of Hoogstraat on the
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Admiralty of Friesland
In 1626 the Frisian Admiralty was exempted from its duty Ameland and Schiermonnikoog and the coast, and the
to deliver six warships, suggesting that not all was well Eems estuary east of Groningen. Dokkum was ideally sit-
in Dokkum financially and administratively. The Admi- uated to serve as a base for light ships for this purpose,
ralty, however, came into action under the command of the river Dokkumer Ee giving direct access to this area.
Dutch supreme commander Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten However, during the 17th century the Dokkumer Ee be-
Harpertszoon Tromp during the Thirty Years War to gan to silt up very seriously; the commission feared that
blockade the German Ems and Jade Rivers to prevent pri- in future the river bed could only be kept deep enough
vateers working for the Habsburgs to leave port. During at prohibitive costs, concluding that a relocation was in-
this blockade the Frisians even captured the freebooter evitable.
Du Mortier. In 1639 the Admiralty equipped three ships A year later, on 18 August 1643, regulations were
and four yachts for the Republic. A few were sent out on drafted to organize the move. On 1 March 1644, the de-
scouting duties in the actions that would lead up to the finitive decision to move was taken, and over the course
Battle of the Downs, including a roeifregat (galley) from of 1645 the relocation took place. The magistrates of Har-
the Frisian Admiralty, the Rotterdam, under command of lingen promised to see to it that the Admiralty would
Captain Joris Pieters van den Broeck. After it brought get good accommodation in "their" city, expenses to be
back its report, Admiral Tromp decided to give battle on met by the city. The Admiralty had, however, expected to
16 September, with a Dutch fleet of 29 ships against 67 be provided with more buildings--meeting rooms, ware-
Spanish ships. One of the largest ships in Tromp’s fleet houses, space for prisoners, and housing for servants.
was a 70 man frigate with 22 guns under the command The Admiralty got a building on the south side of the
of the Frisian captain Tjaard de Groot. In the later Battle south harbour. There was a request also for a building on
of the Downs Broeck defeated a 140 man, 18 gun Spanish the north harbour. A last admonition was necessary in
galleon. 1653 before a few warehouses around the Westkerk be-
Van den Broeck found frequent fame in later years. came Admiralty property too.
In May 1641 he defeated an 80 man, 12 gun ship from
Dunkirk, and in 1642 defeated a 140 man, 20 gun frigate First Anglo-Dutch War
with a ship of only 67 men and 10 guns. At the start of the First Anglo-Dutch War in July 1652,
the fleet of the Republic was in state of serious neglect.
Move In 1651 it had been decided to expand the active fleet of
The Frisian Admiralty at first only built the harbour fa- 40 ships by activating 36 older warships. One year later
cilities in Dokkum it thought necessary to equip about it was decided to acquire a further 150 armed merchant-
nine ketches that were to control the Wadden Sea, not men as a reserve. The Frisian Admiralty did not, however,
considering it necessary to build facilities that could han- manage to comply with this first order of 1651, though it
dle greater numbers of ships. When an actual need for punctually met the second command (from 1652) for de-
large warships arose later on — normally two larger ships livery of 17 ships. For the first time in its history the Ad-
were operational — they simply used the ports of other miralty had a considerable number of larger warships op-
provinces. For instance, from 1620 until 1636 the Admi- erational: up to eight were supplied to the national fleet.
ralty’s large warships were equipped at Amsterdam. In Each ship was between 120 and 125 feet long and between
1636, these ships were even briefly stationed in Rotter- 27 and 28 feet wide. The ships were manned by 85 sailors
dam, far away from Friesland. Already in 1631 a vote in and 25 soldiers and armed with between 28 and 30 guns.
the Frisian college had come up to move the Frisian Ad- At the Battle of Plymouth in 1652, the Frisian Admi-
miralty to the port of Harlingen, the main reasons being: ralty ships Westergo, Albertina, Schaapherder, Sara, Hector
The conveniant location of the city of Harlingen and van Troye, and Gelderlandt were present, under command
other commodities serving the equipment for sea and the of Commodore Michiel de Ruyter, as well as the Frisian
defence against sudden enemy attacks.[4] captain Douwe Aukes on board the Dutch East India Com-
pany warship De Vogelstruys, which had been added to
Harlingen was Friesland’s only major sea port and of- the national fleet on the outbreak of war, with a crew
fered obvious benefits as a naval port, if only to secure of 200 heads and 40 guns. Aukes and his vessel, separat-
Friesland’s main trade route. Dokkum, in contrast, was ed from the rest of the fleet, were surrounded by four
land-locked and could be reached only by light ships. Still British ships but when his crew was about to surrender
it took ten years for a commission to investigate the pos- Aukes threatened to blow her up himself if they refused
sibilities for a move; it presented its report in 1642. An to fight. The crew was so afraid that in the subsequent
objection against a move had always been that the con- fight two British ships were sunk while the others were
nection between the port of Harlingen and the North Sea, put to flight.
the Vlie estuary, lay in the area under control of the Ad- The other Admiralty colleges were not always pleased
miralty of Amsterdam. The waters to be patrolled by the with the behavior of the crew of the ships of the Frisian
Frisian Admiralty were just these between the islands of
3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Admiralty of Friesland
Admiralty--for example, during this war, one of the
Frisian ships sailed home without permission, and after
the Battle of Portland the shipmasters Sekema Becks and
Allert Jansz were punished for not taking part.
Mainly because of money problems, it was chronical-
ly difficult for the Admiralty to sufficiently supply its ves-
sels during the war, as was demonstrated in December
1652. Frisian captains Schelte Tjerks Wiglema and Adri-
aan Brunsveldt had not yet received the funds to feed the
crew when Tromp required them to join his fleet. Hastily,
Wiglema travelled to The Hague to ask for the necessary
money, but this was denied. Ultimately the Dokkumer
captain paid for the provisions himself, "from his love
for, and to the greater glory of, the Fatherland." Wigle-
ma himself wouldn’t eat much of the food, being killed The Four Days’ Battle, by Pieter Cornelisz van Soest, painted
around 1666
a few weeks after. Understandably, through the lack of
money many ships, most of them being older converted
merchantmen, were in poor condition. When the Wester- men and 46 guns were then still seen as sufficiently
go sank in 1653, her hull hadn’t been cleaned for eight heavy. However, in the autumn of 1664 the States-Gen-
months. eral became convinced it had at last become unavoidable
Near the end of the war, in 1653, the States-General to match the English fleet in strength and firepower; in
decided, on instigation of the Grand Pensionary of the December 1664 they ordered the construction of 24 new
States of Holland Johan de Witt, to keep a large standing and much heavier vessels along with a number of lighter
navy during peacetime. This "New Navy" consisted of a ships, the Frisian share being a fleet of nine vessels with
professional core of 64 capital ships. Five of these were to a total crew of 1930 sailors and 416 cannon. In January
be Frisian ships. 1665, a second order of 24 heavy vessels was placed, the
Frisian Admiralty having to build three of them and also
War in the Baltic two yachts, two galiots, two fireships, and an ammuni-
tion supply vessel. Now that war was imminent and the
When in the Northern Wars Sweden tried to conquer
Orangist province of Friesland--contrary to the predic-
Denmark in an attempt to gain control of the Baltic Sea,
tions of the English ambassador George Downing--fully
the Swedes threatened to inflict great damage on Dutch
participated in the confederal war effort, lack of money
trade. The Dutch Republic thus began to fear for her
was no longer an obstacle, and the Admiralty immediate-
trade on the Baltic Sea and sent a fleet led by Lieutenant-
ly began construction on these ships.
Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam to help the Danes
When the Second Anglo-Dutch War finally broke out,
in what became known as the Dutch-Swedish War. The
the Frisian fleet sailed. In the course of February 1665 the
Swedes were defeated in 1658 in the Battle of the Sound.
Frisian squadron gathered at the Texel. The crews were
Five Frisian ships took part in this battle, including the
mostly recruited among seamen of the merchant navy
Albertina under Captain Auke Stellingwerf and the troop
forbidden to sail their merchant ships until the navy ves-
transport Judith under master Tjerk Hiddes de Vries.
sels were fully manned. The crew of the Westergo includ-
Stellingwerf, acting on behalf of the Admiralty, wintered
ed a Polish sailor, who discovered a way of setting an en-
in Denmark from 1658 to 1659 as did Tjerk Hiddes de
emy sail on fire with burning arrows. On 1 May, all the
Vries, defending Copenhagen against the Swedish attack.
captains were gathered by Lieutenant-Admiral Stelling-
werf and given their orders. The next day, however, a
Second Anglo-Dutch War contrary wind meant they could not sail out. In the last
In 1661 the States-General, to compensate losses, ordered few days, marriages were hurriedly concluded, for the
the Frisian Admiralty to build three ships (out of eigh- fleet was to sail on 24 May. The ships Zevenwolden,
teen across all the Admiralties), and five more in 1664, Groeningen, Prinses Albertine, d’Elf Steden, Westergo, Omlan-
but none were ever delivered. The States-General be- dia, Frisia, De Postillon van Smirna, Hollandia, and Oostergo fi-
came irritated and stated that they were "displeased in nally sailed, with a combined crew of 2279 sailors and 700
the highest possible extent". In response, that same year cannon. The great fleet finally arrived in the North Sea,
two Frisian warships were built, the Sevenwolden and the sinking several British merchantmen. In June, however,
Princes Albertina. The threat of war with England rapidly the combined Dutch fleet engaged the English in the Bat-
increasing, the Admiralty began to adopt a more active tle of Lowestoft and suffered a heavy defeat, Stellingw-
attitude towards ship construction. Ships like the Ooster- erf being among the admirals killed. He was succeeded as
go (with 225 men and 56 guns) and d’Elff Steden with 175 Lieutenant-Admiral of the Frisian fleet by Tjerk Hiddes.
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Admiralty of Friesland
In 1666, while Lieutenant-Admiral Michiel de Ruyter rich province of Holland decided to temporarily discon-
was supreme commander of the rebuilt and expanded tinue warship construction; for much poorer Friesland
Dutch fleet, Frisian ships were present at the Four Days this situation would basically last well into the second
Battle near Dunkirk. In this battle the British lost ten half of the 18th century. As a result, soon after 1715 Fries-
ships and 2,800 men, compared with the four ships and land was unable to equip even a single larger vessel. To
two thousand man lost by the Dutch. Tjerk Hiddes distin- end this situation, between 1728 and 1730 the English
guished himself by his bravery. This was to be the zenith shipwright Thomas Davis in Harlingen built the Prins Friso
of Frisian naval power, for not six weeks later the Dutch of 52 cannon, to provide the Admiralty with a flagship.
fleet was defeated in the St James’s Day Battle with the This was the only major warship constructed in Friesland
thirteen Frisian ships being badly mauled. Tjerk Hiddes between 1700 and 1758. In 1740 the frigate Termeer was
was mortally wounded, Rudolf Coenders killed. purchased from the Admiralty of Amsterdam and re-
Still, the next year, 1667, the Frisian Admiralty again named the Friesland. In the second half of the 18th centu-
equipped eleven larger vessels. It rendered only a modest ry a minor Dutch naval renaissance took place with mod-
contribution to the decisive Raid on the Medway — its ern warships being built in an attempt to counter grow-
fleet was initially too late — but such ships as the Gronin- ing British naval dominance. Friesland also embarked on
gen (between 276 and 300 crew members and 70 guns), a small construction programme. In 1758 Charles Ben-
the flagship of the new Frisian operational commander tham built the Prins Willem (36 cannon), in 1760 wharf
Vice-Admiral Enno Doedes Star, were used to cover the master Willem Lodewijk van Genth built the Princesse
national fleet.[5] Maria Louisa (54 cannon), and in 1769 the d’Eendracht (24
cannon) was built. After 1778 production accelerated and
Third Anglo-Dutch War fourteen vessels were under construction between that
In the Third Anglo-Dutch War the Frisian fleet was al- year and 1789, though two of these would remain unfin-
ready markedly diminished in power. As the province ished.
was under threat by the army of Bernhard von Galen
The Harlingen Era
it couldn’t spend much funds on naval activities. As a
result, after the initial Battle of Solebay, in which nine
Frisian ships were present, the entire Dutch fleet was
rather small, despite having to fight the combined Anglo-
French force. The Admiralty of Friesland nevertheless
provided the following ships and captains for the 1673
Battle of Texel, the last great sea battle of this war:
Ships of the line:
d’Elf Steden 50 (Witzo Johannes Beima)
Prins Hendrik Casimir 70 (Rear-Admiral Hendrik
Bruynsvelt)
Groningen 70 (Vice-Admiral Enno Doedes Star)
Oostergo 58 (Jan Janszoon Vijselaer)
Frigate: The Admiraliteitsgebouw at Harlingen
Windhond 30 (Jan Pieterszoon Vinckelbos)
Scouting vessels: The Harlingen period encompassed both the apex
Hoop 6 (Cornelis Reindertszoon Eenarm) and the lowest point of Frisian sea power. At the height
Liefde (Jochem Jansen) of the Admiralty, Harlingen had four wharfs. Dozens of
"Brander": warships were launched. This period produced naval he-
Welkomst (IJsbrand Albertszoon) roes such as Tjerk Hiddes de Vries and Auke Stellingwerf,
both fatally wounded during naval service--under Dutch
Decline conventions, being killed in battle was the mark of a real
naval hero. Under the command of Tjerk Hiddes de Vries,
In the years after 1673, the Frisian fleet never recovered.
during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Frisian Admiral-
Although the national Dutch fleet continued to grow in
ty’s fleet was at its largest, with no less than forty vessels,
strength during the wars between William III of Orange
large and small.
and Louis XIV of France, the Frisians were unable to keep
The Frisian Admiralty in this time also profited from
up with developments. In 1685 the entire Frisian fleet
the sale of seized goods and ships. For example, during
consisted of two frigates, and even these were in a poor
the Four Days Battle on June 13, 1665, the Nagelboom, a
condition. Between 1672 and 1712 Friesland had just sev-
VOC ship taken the previous year by the English during
en naval vessels built. Due to the wars with France, in
the Battle of Lowestoft, was recaptured by the Frisians.
1712 the Republic was financially exhausted. Even the
As it was their prize it was also their legal possession, no
5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Admiralty of Friesland
longer that of the VOC. In an advertisement in the Haer- nancial problems. In 1795, during the Batavian Republic,
lemse Courant a year later the same ship came up for sale: the different Admiralties of Netherlands were merged in-
to a central committee to fulfil the wishes of the Patri-
The council members of the Frisian Admiralty pre- ots, in the context of transforming the Dutch confedera-
sent to be publicly sold to the highest bidder a cap- tion into a unitary state. The Admiralty’s shipyard, where
ital and distinguished Warship named the Nagel- warships were nearing completion and launch, moved
boom, captured by Vice-Admiral Coenders in the into private hands. The last ship launched by the Admi-
latest Battle against the English, complete with ralty was in 1789, the 20 gun Syreene. Few opposed this
Shrouds, Rigging, Sails, Anchors and Ropework, merger, since the best days of this and the other Admiral-
and also a large quantity of Cannon and all further ties were well behind them. The Dutch Navy’s dominant
accessories, more broadly specified in the Inventory role was over forever.
kept by our Sales Master, that any whom it pleases
may there see and inspect. Who has interest may
come, on the next 31 July Old Style, in the College of Sea battles in which it partici-
their Noble Mightinesses within Harlingen, at ten pated
o’clock before Noon, and buy according to the Con-
ditions and Articles that can be read in advance by Between 1596 and 1792 the Admiralty of Friesland par-
any Bystander from the prescribed Day.[6] ticipated in several sea battles, usually as part of a con-
federate fleet from the five different Dutch Admiralties,
In the 18th century activities were minimal; the short re- the Zeeuwse, Friese, Westfriese, Amsterdam and the Rot-
vival later that century was dealt a serious blow when terdamse. In a few cases, it participated in international
during the night of 12 to February 13, 1771 the townspeo- coalitions. In some sea battles the Frisian Admiralty opt-
ple couldn’t prevent a fire laying waste to the building ed out; sometimes because it was too late to join in, and
of the Frisian Admiralty in Harlingen. Not only did the sometimes because it did not have sufficient funds to
vergaderhuis (council hall) and two associated warehous- raise a fleet, as in most battles of the Third Anglo-Dutch
es burn down, but also the entire archive. After this fias- War (since Friesland and Groningen were already under
co the Admiralty moved to the Havenplein. attack from the bishop of Münster, Bernhard von Galen).
The time in Harlingen saw other mishaps as well. In • Battle of Gibraltar 1607 • Battle of Portland 1663
1781, during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, the Frisian • Battle of the Downs • Battle of Lowestoft
Admiralty in Harlingen began building the two largest 1639 1665
ships of the line in its history, the 74 gun Vriesland and • Battle of Goodwin • Four Days Battle 1666
Stadt en Lande (named after the provinces of Friesland Sands 1652 • St. James’s Day Battle
and Groningen respectively), but construction was halted • Battle of Plymouth 1666
when it was realized, after new soundings, that they were 1652 • Raid on the Medway
too large to leave port, having too deep a draught to • Battle of the Kentish 1667
pass the Buitenhaven, the silted exit channel. After several Knock 1652 • Battle of Solebay 1672
years’ indecision as to what to do with them, they were • Battle of Dungeness • Second battle of
sold for scrap in 1792.[7] 1652 Schooneveld 1673
• Battle of Portland 1653 • Battle of Texel 1673
The end • Battle of the Gabbard • Battle of Beachy Head
1653 1690
• Battle of Scheveningen • Battle of Dogger Bank
1653 1781
• Battle of the Sound
1658
A few ships of the former Frisian Admiralty fought in the
Battle of Camperdown in 1797, under the flag of the Bata-
vian Republic.
The Battle of Scheveningen, by Jan Abrahamsz Beerstraaten
At the end of the eighteenth century the Frisian Ad-
miralty hit hard times, with Friesland suffering major fi-
6
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Admiralty of Friesland
Famous Vlootvoogden ("Fleet [2] (Dutch) Terpstra, Piter Tweeduizend jaar
geschiedenis van Friesland (Leeuwarden 1979) Blz.
Guardians") and other notable 133.
[3] (Dutch) De Sneuper - Admiraliteit Dokkum (Blz.
officers of the Frisian Admiral- 649. 17 Mei 1612. 4b-538.)[1]
ty [4] (Dutch) De Sneuper - Admiraliteit Dokkum (p. 136)
[2]
Due to the small initial size of the fleet of the Frisian Ad- [5] (Dutch) Roodhuyzen, Thea De Admiraliteit van
miralty, in its first period no flag officers were appoint- Friesland (Franeker 2003) Blz. 26.
ed, though Van den Broeck functioned as an acting rear- [6] VOC site [3]
admiral in 1652. This situation lasted until the Second [7] Geschiedenis Anekdote’s.nl
Anglo-Dutch war, when, in 1665, a full hierarchy of three
admirals was created. After 1691, however, no vice-admi-
ral was appointed and after 1723 again no flag officers
Sources, notes and literature
were present at all. • Engels, M.H.H. Admiraliteit in Friesland--Dokkum 1599
• Aukes, Douwe: • Middaghten, (Leeuwarden 1999)
• Aylva, Baron Hans Christoffel: schout-bij- • Hoogeveen, H. Tsjerk Hiddes--Hwat in dekfeintsje wurde
Willem van: luitenant- nacht (1705-1723) kin (Bolsward 1967)
admiraal (Lieutenant- • Star, Enno Doedes: • Roodhuyzen, T. De Admiraliteit van Friesland (Franeker
Admiral) (1667-1691) schout-bij-nacht 1666; 2003)
• Broeck, Joris Pieter van viceadmiraal • Smits, E. De Friesche Admiraliteit boven water, deel I
den: (1666-1691) (Dokkum 1996)
• Bronckhorst, Frederik • Stellingwerf, Andriesz • Smits, E. De Friesche Admiraliteit boven water, deel II
Willem van: luitenant- Pieter: equipagemeester (Dokkum 1996)
admiraal (1692-1722) • Stellingwerf, Auke: • Terpstra, Piter Tweeduizend jaar geschiedenis van
• Brunsveldt, Adriaan: luitenant-admiraal Friesland (Leeuwarden 1979)
• Bruynsvelt, Hendrik: (1665)
schout-bij-nacht (Rear-
Admiral) 1665-1675
• Stellingwerf, Frederik:
• Tjebbes, Tjaerd:
External links
• Coenders, Rudolf: • Vries, Tjerk Hiddes de: • (Dutch) Article from the Friesch Dagblad
viceadmiraal (Vice- luitenant-admiraal • (Dutch) Page with information on the Frisian
Admiral) (1665-1666) (1665-1666) Admiralty
• Deketh, Jacobus: • Vries, Hidde Sjoerds • (Dutch) Logbooks of the Frisian Admiralty
• Groot, Tjaard de: de: schout-bij-nacht • (Dutch) The museum Admiraliteitshuis at Dokkum
(1692-1694)
• Wiglema, Schelte
Tjerks:
References
[1] Michiel de Ruyter en syn Fryske ûnderadmiraels
(Leeuwarder Courant, 4 March 1962); see also an
article from "De Navorscher," dated 1854,
presumably the source for the article in the
Leeuwarder Courant, available at
http://books.google.com/
books?id=E5QSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA230&lpg=PA230&dq=Aucke+Stellingwerf&source=web&ots=428BsJbmKC&sig=WgTiSn2OsIzxv
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Admiralty of Friesland
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