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Decay for the wave equation outside a slowly

rotating Kerr black hole



Pieter Blue





19 August 2010

Philadelphia: SIAM nonlinear waves and coherent structures









Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Hidden symmetries and Kerr wave decay







Joint with Lars Andersson.

Kerr spacetime

parameters: M mass and Ma angular momentum.

rotating black hole, expected end state.

black hole for |a| ≤ M; a = 0 is Schwarzschild.

Wave: α

αψ = 0, decoupled, important equation, model.

Goal: robust tools (hopefully) for Kerr stability.

We consider |a| M, exterior r > r+ .

Result: t −1+|a|C decay for |a| M [arXiv:0908.2265].









Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Kerr wave decay: other results







|a| ≤ M, mode decay: Finster-Kamran-Smoller-Yau

a = 0, integrated decay/ local energy decay/ Morawetz

estimate and decay rate estimates: Laba- Soffer, B- Soffer

(but gap), B- Sterbenz, Dafermos- Rodnianski, Metcalfe-

Marzuola- Tataru- Tohaneanu, Luk.

Donninger- Schlag- Soffer.

a M: Boundedness, integrated decay/ local energy

estimate/ Morawetz estimate, decay rates.

Dafermos-Rodnianski, Tataru-Tohaneanu, Tataru (t −3 )









Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Integrated decay/ local energy estimates/ Morawetz









For some localising weight 1A independent of t,



1A |∂ψ|2 d3 xdt ≤ C |∂ψ|2 d3 x.

0 space space









Pieter Blue Kerr decay

General relativity in 1 slide







M: space-time manifold.

g : Lorentz (-,+,+,+ signature) pseudometric.

Time-like vector: g (v , v ) 0.

Summation convention g (v , v ) = gαβ v α v β .

Curve length: |g (γ, γ)|ds.

˙ ˙

(Vacuum) Einstein equation:



Ric[g ] =0.









Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Energy-momentum tensor



Energy-momentum tensor:

γ

T [ψ]αβ = αψ βψ − gαβ ( γψ ψ).



Given a vector-field X , 4-momentum

(X )

P[ψ]α =T [ψ]αβ X β ,

(X )

EX [ψ](Σ) = P[ψ]α dν α .

Σ



Assume spacetime is foliated by Σt with timelike, future-oriented

normal



EX [ψ](Σt ) =EX [ψ](t) = EX [ψ] = EX (t)







Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Energy-momentum properties



Properties:

1. If T timelike,

then ET ≥ 0.





2. We call S a (generalised) symmetry when

α α

α ψ = 0 =⇒ α Sψ = 0,

If S is a symmetry,

then EX [Sψ] has the same properties as EX [ψ].





3. If X is generates a symmetry,

then EX (t2 ) = EX (t1 ).

Otherwise: EX (t2 ) − EX (t1 ) = T [ψ]αβ (α X β) d4 µ

g.









Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Geometry of Schwarzschild and Kerr





Spherical co-ordinates, (t, r , θ, φ):



2Mr 4Mra sin2 θ Σ

g =− 1− dt 2 − dtdφ + dr 2

Σ Σ ∆

2

sin θ 2

+ Σdθ2 + (r 2 + a2 )2 − a2 ∆ sin2 θ dφ ,

Σ

Σ =r 2 + a2 cos2 θ,

∆ =r 2 − 2Mr + a2 .



Exterior: r > r+ = M + M 2 − a2 .

Symmetries: ∂t , ∂φ .







Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Kerr Problems









Problems:

1. No timelike, Killing vector: no positive, conserved energy.

2. ∂t , ∂φ only Killing vectors:

ET [k n u] doesn’t control Sobolev norms,

3. Photon orbits: “trapping” at more than one r .

Can’t prove Morawetz/ local energy estimate using a vector

field.









Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Energy





Use blended energy

Stationary vector field timelike for r large ∂t .

Null generator extension timelike for r near r+ ∂ t + ωH ∂ φ .

For |a| small overlap.

Let



Tχ =∂t + χωH ∂φ .



Timelike in full exterior.

Failure to be conserved controlled by Morawetz (local decay)

estimate.







Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Hidden symmetries



Hidden symmetry from Carter Killing 2-tensor



1 cos2 θ 2

Q= ∂θ sin θ∂θ + 2

∂φ + a2 sin2 θ∂t .

sin θ sin2 θ

Symmetry algebra

2 2

S2 ={Sa }a = {∂t , ∂t ∂φ , ∂φ , Q},









2

|∆S 2 u|2 ≤ |Qu|2 + |∂φ u|2 + |∂t u|2 ,

2





ET [∆S 2 u] ≤ ET [Sa u].

a







Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Morawetz (local energy) estimate idea



Wave equation



1 1

0= ∂r ∆∂r + R ψ= ∂r ∆∂r + R(r )a Sa ψ.

∆ ∆



Illustrate method by integration by parts (roughly):



A =F∂r

2

0 =(F∂r ψ)(∂r ψ + Rψ)

1

=(∂r ψ) (F )(∂r ψ) + ψ(−F) (∂r R) ψ

2

+ l.o.t.s

+ ∂t (Fψ ∂t ψ) + ∂r (∆(terms)).



∆F bounded =⇒ Σt |∆F(∂r ψ)∂t ψ|d3 µ ≤ ET .



Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Higher energies and momenta for S2 vectors

Let

n

EX ,n+1 [ψ] = EX [Sψ],

i=0 S∈Si

n

|ψ|2 =

n |Sψ|2 .

i=0 S∈Si



Let

T [ψ1 , ψ2 ]αβ =(1/4) (T [ψ1 + ψ2 ]αβ − T [ψ1 − ψ2 ]αβ ) ,

T [ψ1 ]abαβ =T [Sa ψ, Sb ψ]αβ .

Given S2 vector X ab , let

(X ab )

P[ψ]α =T [ψ1 ]abαβ X abβ ,

(X ab )

EX ab [ψ] = P[ψ]α dν α .



Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Morawetz estimate



Morawetz S2 vector field

z a

Aab = w ∂r R Lb ∂r ,



2 2

L = ∂t + ∂φ + Q.



Get Tabαβ α Aabβ (plus corrections) like



z 1/2 z

∆3/2 z 1/2 ∂r w

1/2

−∂r Ra (∂r Sa ψ)(∂r Sb ψ)

∆ ∆

z z

+ w ∂r Ra ∂r Rb Lαβ (∂α Sa ψ)(∂β Sb ψ)

∆ ∆

1 z

+ ∂r ∆∂r z ∂r w ∂r Rb Lb (Sa ψ)(Sb ψ).

4 ∆





Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Bounded energy argument and local energy decay





ETχ ,3 (t2 )+ETχ ,3 (t1 )

1 1 1

≥C |∂ ψ|2 + 1r ∼3M 3 |∂t ψ|2 + |

2 r 2 2 ψ|2 +

2 |ψ|2 d4 µg .

r r r4







ETχ ,3 (t2 ) − ETχ ,3 (t1 ) ≤|a|C (localisation)|∂ 3 ψ|2 d4 µg



≤|a|C (ETχ ,3 (t2 ) + ETχ ,3 (t1 )).







1 + |a|C

ETχ ,3 (t2 ) ≤ ET ,3 (t1 )

1 − |a|C χ





Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Theorem

For |a| < a0 , if ψ satisfies the Kerr wave equation then ∃C :



ETχ ,3 (t)

1 1 1

+ |∂ ψ|2 + 1r ∼3M 3 |∂t ψ|2 + |

2 r 2 2 ψ|2 +

2 |ψ|2 d4 µg

r r r4

≤ CETχ ,3 (0).



Furthermore, ∃c such that for

r+ < r1 < r2 < ∞∃C : ∀t ∈ R, r ∈ (r1 , r2 ), (θ, φ) ∈ S 2



|ψ(t, r , θ, φ)| ≤ C t −1+C |a|

ETχ ,9 (0) + EK,7 (0) + En,3 (0) .



Similarly for r → r+ and r → ∞.







Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Decay rate estimate







(r 2 +a2 )2 −a2 ∆ sin2 θ

2

Use vector field K = (t 2 + r∗ )∂t + (r 2 +a2 )2

2tr∗ ∂r∗

to cancel top-order terms.

Still a high-order term with coefficient a to be controlled: lose

C |a| in decay rate.

Use hyperbolic, instead of null, surfaces to get decay near null

infinity.

Use Sterbenz form (∂+ ψ)du+ , Stokes’ theorem, and

Morawetz to extend decay to event horizon.









Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay

Pieter Blue Kerr decay



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