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Shared by: Nuhman Paramban
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Animate Intransitive (AI)



VAI - Independent - Present Independent - Past Imperative / More Stems Conjunct

tâu – s/he is there



nititân (fut: nika itân) etaiân

tshititân etain

tâu etât, tât (future: tshe tât)

tânua tânitî

nititânân etaiât

u

tshititânân etaiâk

u

tshititânâu etaiek

tâuat etâht

i stem: mûpu – s/he is visiting More i-stems leaves (by vehicle)

pûshu (leaves by vehicle)

ni mûp i n apu (sits) 1s: pûshiân

tshi mûp i n aimu (talks)

mûp - u 3s: mûp îpan nîmu (dances) 3s: pûshit

mûp i nua tshîtimu (is lazy)

ni mûp i nân pâpu (laughs)

tshi mûp i nân âkushu (is sick)

tshi mûp i nâu

mûp - uat 3p: pûshîht

â: nipâu – s/he is sleeping nipâpan – s/he was sleeping Imperative



ni nip â n ni nip â (tî) nip â iân

tshi nip â n tshi nip â (tî) 2s: nipâ! nip â in

nip â u nip â pan nip â t

nip â nua nip â nipan(î) nip â nitî

ni nip â nân ni nip â tân nip â iât

u

tshi nip â nân tshi nip â tân 21p: nipâtau nip â iâk

u u

tshi nip â nâu tshi nip â tâu 2p: nipâk nip â iek

nip â uat nip â panat nip â ht

AI impersonal: AI impersonal conj: Present More â-stems: Other conjunct forms:

Present: (People are sleeping) 3: nipânanût pimipâtâu (runs, drives past) Changed conj: nepâian

3: nipânânu 3’: nipânânnût pâpâtâu (arrives by running, Past neg: apu tût nipâian

3’: nipânânnu wheeled vehicle) Past neg Q: auen tshîtûtepan?

Past: mishakâu (arrives home from (use independent past form)

3: nipânânipan a trip) Fut neg: apu tshika tshî nipâian

3’: nipânânnipan mâu (cries) Rflx: uâpamitîshuiân (I/myself)

u

uâpamitîshuiek (yourselves)

VAI - Independent - Present Independent - Past Conjunct

e: tshituteu – s/he is leaving pimuteu – walk pimuteu – walk

Imperative

ni tshîtût e n pimûtetâu (let’s walk) 1s: pimûteiân

tshi tshîtût e n

tshîtût e u More e-stems: 3s: pimûtet

tshîtût e nua atusseu (works)

ni tshîtût e nân pimûteu (walks)

tshi tshîtût e nân pîtutsheu (comes in)

tshi tshîtût e nâu nipâkueu (is thirsty)

tshîtût e uat

u: natau – s/he is hunting More u-stems: sing

ishinîkashu (her name is)

ni nata u n innîu (is alive) 1s: nikamuiân

tshi nata u n minuinnîu (feels well)

nata - u nikamu (sings) 3s: nikamut

nata u nua tipâtshimu (tells story)

ni nata u nân

tshi nata u nân

tshi nata u nâu

nata u uat

n: takushinu – s/he arrives (by foot) I arrived: Imperative - pimishinu arrive, come (by foot)

n-stem uses stem vowel î 2s: pimishinî (lie down!)

ni takushin - nitakushinî(tî) 21p: pimishinitâu (let’s …) 1s: takushiniân

u

tshi takushin - 2p: pimishinik (lie down!)

takushin u 3s: takushinit

takushin nua More n-stems:

ni takushin nân minupanu (is well, lucky)

tshi takushin nân minu (is drinking)

tshi takushin nâu shîuenu (is hungry)

takushin uat 3p: takushinîht

î stem More î-stems: is strong

mashkûshiu (is hard, difficult)

uenûtishîu (is rich) 1s: shûtshishîân

matshikâushiu (is bad, mean) 3s: shûtshishît

Inanimate Intransitive (II)



II - Independent - Present Independent - Past Imperative / More Stems Conjunct

â stem: uâpâu – it is white More â -stems uâpâu – it is white

uîshâuâu (yellow)

3s uâp â u uâp â pan mashkuâu (hard) 3s: uâpât

3p uâp â ua uâp â panî kashkatshâu (square) 3p: uâpâti / uâpâkâu

kashteuâu (black)

3’s uâp â nu uâp â nîpan mîkuâu (red) 3’s uâpânit

3’p uâp â nua uâp â nîpanî uâsheshkunâu (blue) 3’p uâpânitî / uâpânikâu

e: tshîtâpûteu – it floats away More e –stems e-stem endings:



3s tshîtâpût e u ishkuâteu (burning) 3s -t

3p tshîtâpût e ua pâshteu (dry) 3p - tî / - kâu

e.g.: tshîtâpûtetî

3’s tshîtâpût e nu

3’p tshîtâpût e nua 3’s - nit

3’p - nitî / - nikâu

e.g.: tshîtâpûtenitî



n: âpatan - it is useful n-stems use an extra “û” More n-stems: uetin – it is cheap, easy

uapan (it is dawn, daybreak)

3s âpat ân âpatanûpan tshimuan (it is raining) 3s: uetîk

3p âpat ân a akûtin (it floats) 3p: uetîkî

kushikuan (heavy)

3’s âpat ân nu âniman (difficult) 3’s uetinnit

3’p âpat ân nua uepâshtan (blown away) 3’p uetinnitî / uetinnikâu

nîtâutshin (grow)

Transitive Inanimate (TI)



VTI - Independent - Present Independent - Past Imperative Conjunct

u

uâpâtam – s/he sees it



n uâpât en uâpât amân

tsh uâpât en uâpât amin

u

uâpât am uâpât âk

uâpât aminua uâpât aminitî

n uâpât enân uâpât amât

u

tsh uâpât enân uâpât amâk

u

tsh uâpât enâu uâpât amek

uâpât amuat uâpât âhk

u u

shashkaim – s/he lights it pishtaim – strike it by accident



ni shashk ain pisht aimân

tshi shashk ain pisht aimin ?

u

shashk aim pisht aik

shashk aiminua pisht aiminitî ?

ni shashk ainân pisht aimât ?

u

tshi shashk ainân pisht aimâk ?

u

tshi shashk ainâu pisht aimek ?

shashk aimuat pisht aihk ?

u

tutam – did it Imperative



ni tut e(tî) 2s: tûta (sg: do it!)

tshi tut e(tî) 21p: tûtetâu (let’s do it)

u

tut amûpan 2p: tûtamuk (pl: do it!)

tut aminîpan(î)

ni tut etân

tshi tut etân

tshi tut etâu

tut amûpanat

Imperative with object:

u

2s: pikunam (break it)

21p: pikunamuâtâu

u

2p: pikunamuek

Transitive Animate (TA)



VTA - Independent - Present Independent - Past Imperative Conjunct

uâpameu – s/he sees him/her Imperative – 1st person obj / xxx = ending for plural object

+at where noted for plural objects

2s: uapami: see me uâpâm ak / akâu

u

n uâpam au +at n uâpam â (tî) 21p: uapamiek : let’s see me uâpam at / atâu

u

tsh uâpam au +at tshi uâpam â (tî) 2p: uapamik : see me uâpam ât

uâpam eu uâpam epan uâpam ânitî

uâpam enua uâpam enîpan(î) plural object: uâpam atshît / atshîht

u

n uâpam ânân +at ni uâpam âtân 2s&p: uapaminan: see us uâpam âk / âkut

u

tsh uâpam ânân +at tshi uâpam âtân uâpam ek / ekut

tsh uâpam âuâu +at tshi uâpam atâu uâpam ât / âht

uâpam euat uâpam epanat

Imperative – 3’ obj

tshîtapâmeu: look at him/her



2s: tshîtâpamima

21p: tshitâpamimâtâu

2p: tshîtâpamimiku(i)



Imperative – 3d person obj

tshîtapâmeu: look at him/her



2s: tshîtâpam

21p: tshitâpamâtâu

u

2p: tshîtâpamik



plural object (look at them):

2s: tshîtâpamit

21p: tshitâpamâtâuat

2p: tshîtâpamikut



3’ obj

(look at him/her obv.)

2s: tshîtâpamima

21p: tshitâpamimâtâu

2p: tshîtâpamimiku(i)



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