Animate Intransitive (AI)
VAI - Independent - Present Independent - Past Imperative / More Stems Conjunct
tâu – s/he is there
nititân (fut: nika itân) etaiân
tshititân etain
tâu etât, tât (future: tshe tât)
tânua tânitî
nititânân etaiât
u
tshititânân etaiâk
u
tshititânâu etaiek
tâuat etâht
i stem: mûpu – s/he is visiting More i-stems leaves (by vehicle)
pûshu (leaves by vehicle)
ni mûp i n apu (sits) 1s: pûshiân
tshi mûp i n aimu (talks)
mûp - u 3s: mûp îpan nîmu (dances) 3s: pûshit
mûp i nua tshîtimu (is lazy)
ni mûp i nân pâpu (laughs)
tshi mûp i nân âkushu (is sick)
tshi mûp i nâu
mûp - uat 3p: pûshîht
â: nipâu – s/he is sleeping nipâpan – s/he was sleeping Imperative
ni nip â n ni nip â (tî) nip â iân
tshi nip â n tshi nip â (tî) 2s: nipâ! nip â in
nip â u nip â pan nip â t
nip â nua nip â nipan(î) nip â nitî
ni nip â nân ni nip â tân nip â iât
u
tshi nip â nân tshi nip â tân 21p: nipâtau nip â iâk
u u
tshi nip â nâu tshi nip â tâu 2p: nipâk nip â iek
nip â uat nip â panat nip â ht
AI impersonal: AI impersonal conj: Present More â-stems: Other conjunct forms:
Present: (People are sleeping) 3: nipânanût pimipâtâu (runs, drives past) Changed conj: nepâian
3: nipânânu 3’: nipânânnût pâpâtâu (arrives by running, Past neg: apu tût nipâian
3’: nipânânnu wheeled vehicle) Past neg Q: auen tshîtûtepan?
Past: mishakâu (arrives home from (use independent past form)
3: nipânânipan a trip) Fut neg: apu tshika tshî nipâian
3’: nipânânnipan mâu (cries) Rflx: uâpamitîshuiân (I/myself)
u
uâpamitîshuiek (yourselves)
VAI - Independent - Present Independent - Past Conjunct
e: tshituteu – s/he is leaving pimuteu – walk pimuteu – walk
Imperative
ni tshîtût e n pimûtetâu (let’s walk) 1s: pimûteiân
tshi tshîtût e n
tshîtût e u More e-stems: 3s: pimûtet
tshîtût e nua atusseu (works)
ni tshîtût e nân pimûteu (walks)
tshi tshîtût e nân pîtutsheu (comes in)
tshi tshîtût e nâu nipâkueu (is thirsty)
tshîtût e uat
u: natau – s/he is hunting More u-stems: sing
ishinîkashu (her name is)
ni nata u n innîu (is alive) 1s: nikamuiân
tshi nata u n minuinnîu (feels well)
nata - u nikamu (sings) 3s: nikamut
nata u nua tipâtshimu (tells story)
ni nata u nân
tshi nata u nân
tshi nata u nâu
nata u uat
n: takushinu – s/he arrives (by foot) I arrived: Imperative - pimishinu arrive, come (by foot)
n-stem uses stem vowel î 2s: pimishinî (lie down!)
ni takushin - nitakushinî(tî) 21p: pimishinitâu (let’s …) 1s: takushiniân
u
tshi takushin - 2p: pimishinik (lie down!)
takushin u 3s: takushinit
takushin nua More n-stems:
ni takushin nân minupanu (is well, lucky)
tshi takushin nân minu (is drinking)
tshi takushin nâu shîuenu (is hungry)
takushin uat 3p: takushinîht
î stem More î-stems: is strong
mashkûshiu (is hard, difficult)
uenûtishîu (is rich) 1s: shûtshishîân
matshikâushiu (is bad, mean) 3s: shûtshishît
Inanimate Intransitive (II)
II - Independent - Present Independent - Past Imperative / More Stems Conjunct
â stem: uâpâu – it is white More â -stems uâpâu – it is white
uîshâuâu (yellow)
3s uâp â u uâp â pan mashkuâu (hard) 3s: uâpât
3p uâp â ua uâp â panî kashkatshâu (square) 3p: uâpâti / uâpâkâu
kashteuâu (black)
3’s uâp â nu uâp â nîpan mîkuâu (red) 3’s uâpânit
3’p uâp â nua uâp â nîpanî uâsheshkunâu (blue) 3’p uâpânitî / uâpânikâu
e: tshîtâpûteu – it floats away More e –stems e-stem endings:
3s tshîtâpût e u ishkuâteu (burning) 3s -t
3p tshîtâpût e ua pâshteu (dry) 3p - tî / - kâu
e.g.: tshîtâpûtetî
3’s tshîtâpût e nu
3’p tshîtâpût e nua 3’s - nit
3’p - nitî / - nikâu
e.g.: tshîtâpûtenitî
n: âpatan - it is useful n-stems use an extra “û” More n-stems: uetin – it is cheap, easy
uapan (it is dawn, daybreak)
3s âpat ân âpatanûpan tshimuan (it is raining) 3s: uetîk
3p âpat ân a akûtin (it floats) 3p: uetîkî
kushikuan (heavy)
3’s âpat ân nu âniman (difficult) 3’s uetinnit
3’p âpat ân nua uepâshtan (blown away) 3’p uetinnitî / uetinnikâu
nîtâutshin (grow)
Transitive Inanimate (TI)
VTI - Independent - Present Independent - Past Imperative Conjunct
u
uâpâtam – s/he sees it
n uâpât en uâpât amân
tsh uâpât en uâpât amin
u
uâpât am uâpât âk
uâpât aminua uâpât aminitî
n uâpât enân uâpât amât
u
tsh uâpât enân uâpât amâk
u
tsh uâpât enâu uâpât amek
uâpât amuat uâpât âhk
u u
shashkaim – s/he lights it pishtaim – strike it by accident
ni shashk ain pisht aimân
tshi shashk ain pisht aimin ?
u
shashk aim pisht aik
shashk aiminua pisht aiminitî ?
ni shashk ainân pisht aimât ?
u
tshi shashk ainân pisht aimâk ?
u
tshi shashk ainâu pisht aimek ?
shashk aimuat pisht aihk ?
u
tutam – did it Imperative
ni tut e(tî) 2s: tûta (sg: do it!)
tshi tut e(tî) 21p: tûtetâu (let’s do it)
u
tut amûpan 2p: tûtamuk (pl: do it!)
tut aminîpan(î)
ni tut etân
tshi tut etân
tshi tut etâu
tut amûpanat
Imperative with object:
u
2s: pikunam (break it)
21p: pikunamuâtâu
u
2p: pikunamuek
Transitive Animate (TA)
VTA - Independent - Present Independent - Past Imperative Conjunct
uâpameu – s/he sees him/her Imperative – 1st person obj / xxx = ending for plural object
+at where noted for plural objects
2s: uapami: see me uâpâm ak / akâu
u
n uâpam au +at n uâpam â (tî) 21p: uapamiek : let’s see me uâpam at / atâu
u
tsh uâpam au +at tshi uâpam â (tî) 2p: uapamik : see me uâpam ât
uâpam eu uâpam epan uâpam ânitî
uâpam enua uâpam enîpan(î) plural object: uâpam atshît / atshîht
u
n uâpam ânân +at ni uâpam âtân 2s&p: uapaminan: see us uâpam âk / âkut
u
tsh uâpam ânân +at tshi uâpam âtân uâpam ek / ekut
tsh uâpam âuâu +at tshi uâpam atâu uâpam ât / âht
uâpam euat uâpam epanat
Imperative – 3’ obj
tshîtapâmeu: look at him/her
2s: tshîtâpamima
21p: tshitâpamimâtâu
2p: tshîtâpamimiku(i)
Imperative – 3d person obj
tshîtapâmeu: look at him/her
2s: tshîtâpam
21p: tshitâpamâtâu
u
2p: tshîtâpamik
plural object (look at them):
2s: tshîtâpamit
21p: tshitâpamâtâuat
2p: tshîtâpamikut
3’ obj
(look at him/her obv.)
2s: tshîtâpamima
21p: tshitâpamimâtâu
2p: tshîtâpamimiku(i)