ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS AND PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
By: EKO EFENDI
INTRODUCTION
Essential elements that elements are recognized as essential components of plants and animals. depend on the source of element and as which form can taken by organisms: Essential elements
mineral elements
non-mineral elements
essential mineral elements
beneficial mineral elements
periodic table marked with essential and beneficial elements
based on the relative concentrations in the plant tissue:
Essential elements
Macro-nutrients
Micro-nutrients
* This does not mean that one nutrient element is more important than another
Availability and natural cycle of essential elements Availability refer to the source and amount of element .
natural cycle is the natural circulation pathways through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geo-sphere, and bio-sphere.
the general components of the natural cycle of the essential elements
NITROGEN (N)
79% of the atmosphere.
required for amino-groups found in proteins or nucleic acids. in marine ecosystem found as N2(gas), NO3-N, NO2-N, NH3-N, NH4-N, and N-organic and particulate. inter to the marine from ;
diffusion fixation degradation runoff
Tube feet
anus
Speciation of nitrogen (N) in the sea water determined by existence of dissolved oxygen.
Nitrification
nitrobacter
NH3-N
NO2
NO3
Nitrocystis oceanus
aerobic case Denitrification
NH3-N
Pseudomonas sp. anaerobic case
NO3
NO3-N + CO2 NH4-N + CO2
respiration
chlorophyll light chlorophyll light
(CH2O)n + O2 (CH2O)n + O2
photosynthesis
The Nitrogen cycle ,units = megatons (106 tons) Lightning + N2 + O2 NO + O2 Nitrate (NO3)
Pathways of nitrogen in marine surface sediments
PHOSPHORUS (P)
In the earth's biosphere exist no gaseous and also no reducing phosphor compounds. in aquatic ecosystems exist as dissolved and particles of inorganic and organic forms. main source in the sea;
Runoff (detergents) degradation organic materials
*In aquatic ecosystems, phosphate produce orto-P as result of hydrlization
H3PO4
H+ + H2Po4_
H+ + HPo42H+ + Po43(orto-P)
This reaction can produce; 1% = H2PO487% = HPO4212% = PO43at salinity 35 ‰, pH 8.0, and temperature 20 Cº
The Phosphorous Cycle
runoff PLAND soil fertilizer pollution
upper ocean uptake by upwelling P sediments
phytoplankton
zooplankton
fly over land feces birds fish
Pathways of phosphorus in marine ecosystem
sulfur (S)
In the earth's biosphere exist no gaseous and also no reducing sulphate compounds Gaseous sulfur compounds (SO2 ) and (H2S) are rare important climatic feedbacks and socioeconomic problems (sulfur cycle in general, acid rain and smog)
anthropogenic emissions = 75% of the total sulfur emissions
90% occurring in the northern hemisphere
The major sulfur gases include sulfur dioxide (SO2), dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3 or DMS), carbonyl sulfide (OCS), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Natural sulfur sources
volcanoes Thermal vents
Known Black Smoker locations
The Sulfur cycle ,units = megatons (106 tons)
SILICON (Si)
Earth (35%) a large iron component and the composition of the crust is 28% silicon to become available for biological activity, the silicate rocks must be broken down (weathering) The dominant form of Si weathering
2NaAlSi3 O8 + 2H2CO3 + 9H2O
2Na+ + 2HCO3- + Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 4H4SiO4
olivine (FeMgSiO4) dissolution in the water to release Fe, Mg and Si
Silicon in the aquatic ecosystem, is a result of:
land derived material
hydrothermal activities
biogeochemical equilibrium of dissolved silicon in the sea water:
Input (x 1014 g SiO2/ year)
Process
Input from rivers Decay (autoton) Hydrothermal activities
Output (x 1014 g SiO2/ year)
Process
Minerals sedimentation and residue organisms in the sediment Adsorption by river particulate matter
Value
4.3 0.9 5.7
Value
10.4
0.4
Total
10.9
Total
10.8
Compounds or species represented SiO2 In the sea water are; Dissolved H4SiO4 or orto-silicate as ± 20% from total silicate. Amorphous SiO2nH2O. Complex as clay mineral (± 70%); Montmorillonite : NaAl8Si12O20 (OH)6 Illite : KAl5Si7O(OH)4 Kaolinit : Al2 Si2O5(OH)4 Chlorite : Mg5Al2Si3O10(OH)8 Sepiolite : Mg2Si3O6(OH)4 Sodium feldspar : NaAlSi3O8 Potassium feldspar : KAlSi3O8
(A)
(B)
The silicon pathways; (A) in general, (B) in the ocean
Iron(Fe)
Iron (Fe) limits primary productivity in oceanic regions characterized by high-nitrate and low-chlorophyll (HNLC). Fe may also affect many oceanic biological processes, including nitrogen fixation. The major source of Fe in the open ocean is soil dust transported from the atmosphere. other processes, such as upwelling of deep water, also contribute.
Global distribution of (a) the annual mean soluble Fe flux (μmol m-2 yr-1) and (b) Fe solubility (%) over the ocean, from H. Yang and Y. Gao (2007)
Aeolian Dust
Carbon(C)
The atmospheric CO2 concentration has significantly increased from about 280 ppm in 1800 (the beginning of the industrial age) to 380 ppm today.
Recent research has tried to estimate the sources and sinks of carbon from data and According to these studies,the ocean acts as a major sink for anthropogenic CO2.
The Carbon Cycle
Ocean Carbon Cycle(C)
Typically broken down into two components: I. solubility pump II. biological pump *The distributions of circulation patterns (e.g. eddies) and biomass are highly correlated utilizing carbon DIC
uptake from atmosphere
surface ocean p CO2
Nickel (Ni)
plays numerous roles in the biology of microorganisms and plants. urease (an enzyme which assists in the hydrolysis of urea) contains nickel. Transport Ni2+ in water column, through: I. Adsorption: small particle size (0.2 – 20 µm) can adsorb and transport ± 80%. II. scavenging bonds with Fe-Mn (oxide and hydroxide). In estuarine water is relative high as a result of waste discarding such as battery and electroplating, from human activities. between 1-3 µg/l in the natural water, while in polluted water founded about 10-15 µg/l.
Zinc (Zn)
estimated that 3,000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase,which is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. required in plants for leaf formation. Transport Zn in aquatic ecosystems, through adsorption by suspended solid materials: I. River 75%. II. estuarine water 36%. In natural brackish water 0.5-15 mg/l, and in the sea water 0.4-5 mg/l, while sediment consist 50 mg/kg.
Copper (Cu)
In the bloodstream as a co-factor in various enzymes. Most molluscs and some arthropods such as the horseshoe crab use the copper-containing pigment hemocyanin for oxygen transport, so their blood is blue when oxygenated rather than red. In the sea water found as particulates, colloids, and dissolved forms, dissolved form can be as free ion Cu2+ and tying as a good complex with organic and inorganic ligands (Cu OH-, Cu2 (OH)22+). Main Cu-complex bond with organic ligands is that bond with humus materials and this complex bond about 90% in brackish water, while in the sea water 10%.
Productivity of water
Photosynthesis results in the production of high-energy organic materials from carbon dioxide and water plus inorganic nutrients. all phytoplankton species require certain inorganic substances to carry out photosynthesis, including sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron (also silica for diatoms) which may be in concentrations that are low enough to be limiting to plant production. phytoplankton standing stock in the surface layers of the sea ranges from less than 1 mg ch. a m-3 -20 mg m-3 Regional primary productivity,600 g C m-2 year-1 Total primary productivity of the world ocean is about 40 x 109 tones year-1
Global ocean productivity (phytoplankton)
Typical CNP Composition of Ocean Water (Redfield Ratio 106 C : 16 N : 1 P) C 42400 mg/m3 / 106 = 400 units C N 480 mg/m3 / 16 = 30 units N P 50 mg/m3 / 1 = 50 units P
There is ample C, but N and P will be quickly exhausted.
Primary production
General producers