Defining Moments in the Christian History Brandon Bayne

							Defining Moments in the
   Christian History
    Brandon Bayne
Ignatius Loyola, the Jesuits, and
      Christian Expansion
  Handouts and Power Points


www.fisherkids.net/psc.htm
Ignatius Loyola and the Founding of
            the Jesuits
             1491 - 1556
The Founding of the Jesuits: Spiritual Exercises
Second Contemplation
In the morning. From the last supper through the agony in the garden.

First Prelude. This is the history of the mystery. Her it will be as follows.
   Jesus our Lord came down with the disciples from the supper which had
   taken place on Mt. Zion. After crossing the city of Jerusalem and the
   valley outside its walls, they came to the garden of Gethsemane, near the
   foot of the Mt. of Olives. Taking three of the disciples with him, then
   going a little further by himself, Jesus began to pray, a prayer so intense
   that he began to sweat drops of blood. Three times he prayed and three
   times went to rouse the disciples from sleep. When Judas arrived with the
   soldiers, betraying the Lord with a kiss, and Peter cut off the ear of
   Malchus, a servant of the high priest, Jesus was seized like a common
   criminal and led through the valley up to the house of Annas.
                  Spiritual Exercises
Second Prelude. This is to see the place. Here it will
be to consider the way from Mt. Zion to the Garden,
and also the breadth, length and appearance of the
garden.


Third Prelude. This is to ask fro what I desire. In
the passion it is appropriate to ask for sorrow with
Christ in sorrow, to be broken with Christ broken, and
for tears and interior suffering because of Christ’s
great suffering for me.


                      Loyola, Spiritual Exercises
             The Advance of Islam
   The Prophet:
    Mohammed and his
    Encounter with
    Monotheism

   Probably encountered
    Nestorians in Arabia
The Advance of Islam
The Advance of Islam
The Advance of Islam
The Advance of Islam
         The Advance of Islam:
              The Spread
 Damascus   (635)
 Jerusalem (638)
 Alexandria (643)
 North Africa (711)
 Iberia (711)
 Asia Minor/Turkey (718)
The Advance of Islam
       The Advance of Islam


Why did “Christian” countries fall
 so quickly and completely?
   Advance of Islam: The Response

        Martel defeats Moors at the Battle of
 Charles
 Tours/Portiers (732)



 Reconquista   of Spain (711 – 1492)
La Reconquista de Espana
Advance of Islam: Response
  Advance of Islam: Response
•Santiago
Matamoros
• St. James the
Moor Killer
•Most Popular
Shrine in Middle
Ages (Campostela)
The Dawn of the Crusades
     Dawn of the Crusades
1.    Penitential
      Pilgrimage
        Charlegmagne gets
         keys to Jerusalem
         from Caliph

        1010 Hakim Ends
         Special
         Arrangement
Dawn of the Crusades
        2. Knights and the Courtly Romance
             Attitudes Toward War
 No   War (Justin Martyr, Origen, Sermon on the Mt.)



 Just   War (Augustine, Luther, Mk. 12:17)



 Holy    War (OT, Jn. 2:15, Mt. 10:34, Lk. 22)
               Dawn of the Crusades
Bernard of Clairvaux:
Apostle of Love or Hate?

   Famous Cistercian Ascetic

   Calls for fighting for the
    land of “King Jesus” and
    defense of the cross
    against heretics of Islam
Dawn of the Crusades
Fourth Crusade: Constantinople
               Dawn of the Crusades

  Urban       II and Franks respond to requests from
                     Byzantine Empire

4th   Crusade = Latin Constantinople/pillaging/schism


5th   – 8th Crusades are failures, last one ends 1270
                Changing Tides
   1453 Orthodox Constantinople falls to the Turks

   1492 Muslim Granada falls to Spain
           Monastic Movement
 Paths of Radical Discipleship
     1. Martyrdom

     2. Asceticism

     3. Monasticism
         Development of Monasticism

   Call of the Desert
        Develop Spirituality
        Obedience
        Flee World

   Anthony and Desert Fathers

       Hermetic Anchorites
          Development of Monasticism
 Basilthe Great founds
  Monastic Communities in
  Asia Minor and Judea –
  Cenobite

 Benedict   of Nursia and
  his Rule
       Medieval Monastic Movements
   Cluniacs: Wealthy and Educated Benedictines (910)

   Cistercians: Reformed Cluniacs, strict Ascetics, challenge to
    rigorous heretics, Bernard of Clairvaux is Abbot (1098)
     Medieval Monastic Movements
Knights Templar (1118)
 1st Military Order
 Crusaders
 Defenders of Pilgrims to
  the Holy Land
 Oath to Patriarch of
  Jerusalem
   Medieval Monastic Movements

Dominicans (1203)
 OP – Order of Preachers
 Imitate Apostolic Evangelists
 Counter Heretics (Cathars)
 Education
 Inquisition
 Missionaries
 Mendicants
Medieval Monastic Movements

              Franciscans (1209)
               OFM – Brothers Minor
               Francis of Assisi – urbane
                 soldier and merchant
               Apostolic Poverty
               Mendicants
               Radical Obedience
               Preaching Missions to Egypt,
                 Europe, and “all creation”
 Canticle of Brother Sun, Sister Moon
Most High, Omnipotent, Good Lord,
Thine be the praises, the glory, and the honor and every
blessing (cf. Apoc. 4:9.11).

To Thee alone, Most High, do they belong
and no man is worthy to mention Thee.

May Thou be praised, my Lord, with all Thy creatures (cf.
Tob. 8:7),

especially mister brother sun,
of whom is the day, and Thou enlightens us through him.
 Medieval Missions and Evangelism
 Arian Conversions
     1. Goths – Urfilas (Baltics)
     2. Burgundians – (Rhone Valley)
     3. Visigoths – (Spain/Southern France)
     4. Vandals – (North Africa)
     5. Lombards – (Northern Italy)
  Medieval Missions and Evangelism
CatholicConversion
1. Franks – Clovis, 496
   (France)
 1st Major Germanic
   Conversion to
   Catholicism
 Ancestor of
   Charlemagne
Medieval Missions and Evangelism
            Catholic Conversion Continued…

            2. England - Ethelbert of Kent, 597
             Gregory the Great sees English in Rome
             Says the Angles have “faces of Angels”
             Sends Augustine and 40 Companions on
               Mission
             Augustine welcomed by Bertha,
               Christian Wife of Ethelbert
             Founds monastery and Bishopric at
               Canterbury
Medieval Missions and Evangelism
Catholic Conversions Continued
 St. Patrick Brings Gospel to Ireland
 British Captive, escapee
 Returns as Catholic Missionary
 Sets up monasteries with powerful
  abbots
    Medieval Missions and Evangelism
 Irish Monks Go to
  Scotland and Northern
  England on Mission
 Columba => Iona, 563
 Aidan => Lindinsfarn, 635
 Medieval Missions and Evangelism
 Missionary  Apostolates: 10 – 12 Monks who
 settle, build center, evangelize, educate, train, and
 move on to unreached area
     1. Belgium/Holland – Willibroard of Ireland
     2. Germany – Boniface of Briton
     3. Scandanavia – Hamburgians
              Spread of Christianity
 NestorianChurch spreads to Arabia, Persia,
 Central Asia, and China by 7th Century


                       Nestorian Chinese
                       Priest writes
                       commemoration of
                       the coming of
                       “luminous religion”
                       to China, 781 AD
             Spread of Christianity
 Orthodoxy   Brought to Eastern Europe by Cyril and
 Methodius

 Mar   Toma/Syriac Church in India

 Coptic   Church grows in Ethiopia
Spread of Christianity
               Heresy: Division
Albigensians (Cathars)     Waldensians
 12th Century Explosion    “Peter” Valdez
 Dualistic Theology        12th Century
 “Medieval Manicheans”     Vita apostolica
 Separate Hierarchy and    Anticlerical
  Institutions              Advocate Vernacular
 Ascetic “Perfecti”         translation and preaching
                            Refuse to obey
                     Inquisition
 Established by Gregory IX
  in 13th Century
 Deals with Cathars
 Dominicans challenge
  with preaching,
  inquisition, and asceticism
 Goal: Repentance
                 Inquisition
 Spanish Inquisition
  Founded in Castile in
  1478
 Royal Institution
 Deals with Jewish
  Converts who Judaize
 Extended to Moors,
  Protestants, and New
  World in 1520’s
           New Religious Orders
 Theatines (1524) – Cajetan, Counterreformation
 Barnabites (1530) – Pauline, Foreign Missions
 Capuchins (1528)
    a. Rigorist Franciscan Reform
    b. Care for Victims of Plague
    c. Famous leader Ochino converts to Calvinism
    d. Franciscan reform movement
    e. Long black hoods = “cappucio”
           New Religious Orders
 Discalced   Carmelites (1528)
  No Shoes
  Mystical
  Spanish
  Teresa of Avila
  St. John of the Cross
  Rouse Suspicion of Inquisition
          New Religious Orders
 Recollects   (1570’s)
     French
     Huge Missionary Force in North America
     Another Franciscan Missionary Group
     More Franciscan Missionaries than Protestants
     until the 20th Century
                   Papal Reform
   Paul III
    appoints commission to review
    state of church
    Consilium de emendadas ecclesia
    recommends curbing secular
    powers of papacy in 1537

   Regensburg Colloquium with
    Protestants
                Council of Trent
Counter – Reform               Catholic Reform
 Denies Passive Justification  Creed of Pius IV
 Affirms Tradition             Education of Priests
 Mandates 7 Sacraments         Visitation by Bishops
 Mass Propitiatory             Systematized Doctrine
 Affirms Latin                 Renewed Worship
  Mass/Scripture                 Catechism, Breviary,
 Supremacy of Papacy            Missal, and Hymns
                  Council of Trent
Tridentine Catholicism

   Centralized Church

   Supremacy of Rome

   Veneration of Saints

   Uniformity of Practice
                  Vatican II
 Vernacular  Translations
 New Catechism
 Protestants change from anathema to “separated
  brethren”
 Joint Statement on Justification, 1997
 Spread of Catholicism

 In 1500, 95% of
  world’s Christians
  lived in Europe
 By 1750 there were
  thriving and
  growing Catholic
  Churches on every
  Continent
 This was the major
  period of the Jesuits
                      Dominicans
Bartolome de las Casas
(1474 –1566)

   Spanish Encomendero
   Goes with Columbus to New
    World
   Converted after Massacre
   Defends Indians
   Writes Destruction of the
    Indies
   Bishop of Chiapas, Mexico &
    Guatemala
                   Dominicans
Francisco de Vitoria
(1492 – 1546)
 Chair of Philosophy at
  University of Salamanca
 Develops Just War Theory
  to defend Spanish
  Conquest
                      Franciscans
12 Apostles of Mexico
 Arrive (Olmedo) with Cortez in 1519
 Learn Nahuatl (Aztec) and other Indigenous languages
 Work to Baptize, Convert, and Catechize Indians
 Sahagun writes The History of the Things of New Spain
                     Fransicans
   New Mexico                    California: Begun in 1769
            (1598 – Present)       by Junipero Serra
                               Jesuits
   Most Prolific Missionaries because they are not attached to
    Monasteries and serve papacy directly

   Known for great education and the firmness of will

   Steeled by Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises

   First to adopt native practices

   Spread to India, Japan, China, Africa, Eastern and Western Europe
    (esp. Poland and England), North, and South America
Jesuits
  Francis Xavier (1506 –1552)
   Original Loyola Companion
   First Missionary
   Goes to Goa, India and works
    first with Portuguese, then
    lower castes (1541)
   Moves to Japan (1549)
   1552 dies while trying to
    reach China
                       Jesuits
Matteo Ricci (1552 – 1610)
 Follows after Xavier
 Studies Math and
  Astronomy
 Adopts Confucian dress
  and Mandarin language
 Welcomed at Imperial
  Court
 Divine Name (Tien-Chu)
       Chinese Rites Controversy
 Provoked   by Ricci’s Incarnational Method
 Question about how to respond to Chinese
  Ancestor Rituals (Incorporate, Reject, Change?)
 Franciscans and Dominicans see worst in folk
  religious practice
 Ongoing debate for a century
 Pope Clement XI finally condemns rituals in 1715
         Chinese Rites Controversy
“Do not try to persuade the Chinese to change their rites,
  their customs, their ways, as long as these are not openly
  opposed to religion and good morals. What would be
  sillier than to import France, Spain, Italy, or any other
  country of Europe to China. Don’t import these, but
  Faith. The faith does not reject or crush the rites and
  customs of any race, as long as these are not evil. Rather
  it wants to preserve them.”

- Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, 1659
Jesuits in North America
Jean de Brebeuf (1593 – 1649)



   1625 Missionary to Quebec
   Works with Hurons
   Learns Huron, translates some
    scripture and liturgy to their idiom
   Conversion, warfare, and disease
   Martyred in 1649 in Huronia
          Jesuits in South America
Jose de Acosta (1539 – 1600)
 Spanish Jesuit Missionary to
  Peru and Mexico
 Writes on native practice and
  missionary methodology
 The Natural and Moral History
  of the Indies
 Jesuits in the Southwest
Eusebio Kino (1645 – 1711)

 Italian Missionary for
  Spain
 Founds Missions
  throughout Sonora
 Explores Southern
  Arizona extensively
 Founds Tumacacori and
  San Xavier del Bac
Jesuits in the
  Southwest