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Learning Theory
Applied by MJu from training of
instructors/teachers in more than
40 countries between 1965-2007
Fire Awareness Rising and
training in skilled use of fire
95 % of all global fires are caused by human
activities
Therefore 95% of all global fire activities
should centre on the change of unskilled use
of fire by people
But: National fire budgets in 2007 still
allocate 95 % for wildland fire suppression
e.g. 95% in Croatia, but 0% (no allocation)
in the Philippines
Human behaviour; Far East Wood
FAO/TNC CBFiM Workshop Consultants (FEW) 2
USAID Botswana,
cost increase by
time and activity
Human behaviour; Far East Wood
FAO/TNC CBFiM Workshop Consultants (FEW) 3
What triggers motivation?
• Motivation and its physiological basis such
as: the ability to closely relate suggested
improved activities to the socio-economical
and cultural conditions of the target audience
such as to their: (see TNC Living with fire...)
1. Existence needs (physiological and safety needs)
2. Relatedness needs (social relationships)
3. Growth needs (development of human potential)
Human behaviour; Far East Wood
FAO/TNC CBFiM Workshop Consultants (FEW) 4
Value of fire damage to rural livelihoods
in the CBFiM programme (Namibia)
(JVi/MJu)
• Loss of fuel wood and building posts for housing and burned houses 125,00 US$
• Loss of thatch, reeds (for fencing) and other materials for handicraft making 137,50
• Loss of herbs, medicinal plants, berries, fruits, dying materials, mushrooms 87,50
• Loss of livestock; (weight, health) (survey of 18,000 animals sold to MEATCO
• for further processing and export to RSA) 99,50
• Loss of milk production, calving interval, stocking 112,50
• Loss of birds and other small wildlife (no estimate is made on the value to local
• communities in case large wild life (game e.g. Kudu, Impala) leaves their area) 62,50
• Reduced production of (maize, millet, sorghum etc. ) due to burned fields 50,50
• ________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Total amount gained in US$ / household / year 675,00 US$
• 25,000 households each gaining 675 $ from fire control amounts to = 1,687.000 US$
• 1,687.000 $ : (divided by the area of Caprivi) 1,000.000 ha = a gain of 1,68 US$/ha
• The total cost of fire prevention/control in Caprivi was 121.250 $ in 1999 or = 0,7 US$/ha
Human behaviour; Far East Wood
FAO/TNC CBFiM Workshop Consultants (FEW) 5
CBFiM results... Namibia
NFFP-results after 500.000 ha of wild fire were
converted to (planned) prescribed fire
• When the CBFiM component started in 1996
the pilot region (1 Mha) carried 30,000 heads of
cattle; by the year 2006, the same area had a
carrying capacity of 130,000 heads of cattle.
Human behaviour; Far East Wood
FAO/TNC CBFiM Workshop Consultants (FEW) 6
Theory of reasoned action (Fishbein 1967) applied to fire awareness programmes
MJU 2004
Beliefs on Leads to
Awareness rising changes in
Forest Fire ...
attitudes
Leads to new ...
Leads to ...
Intentions ...
Change in Determination
Behaviour I should ...
Human behaviour; Far East Wood
FAO/TNC CBFiM Workshop Consultants (FEW) 7
Applied
Fire management training programme from F..
Spooncer by
MJU, in
2005
Emotion Cognitive response
Verbal statements of feelings Verbal statements of
(Affective domain) ATTITUDE beliefs and knowledge
Behaviour
Assessment Overall actions
of learning Verbal statements about intended
(by using behaviour...
Taxonomy) Human behaviour; Far East Wood
FAO/TNC CBFiM Workshop Consultants (FEW) 8
Taxonomies of learning objectives
• Taxonomies are used to “measure” the training
progress of intended behavior of trainees – they
ways in which they act, think or feel as a result
of participating in training
• In what ways should the participants have changed
as a result of my teaching and what evidence can
I accept as a proof of that change?
• Can I measure if there is a change in behavior?
Human behaviour; Far East Wood
FAO/TNC CBFiM Workshop Consultants (FEW) 9
JURVÉLIUS´ TAXONOMY OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Level 4; may be considered
minimum learning requirement for a CBFiM Foreman/Supervisor
DOMAIN COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE PSYCHOMOTOR
(Knowledge (Feelings,
LEVELS (Motor skills, doing something with
or attitudes,
hands, feet, body)
information) values)
Level 1. KNOWLEDGE RECEIVING IDENTIFYING
Level 2. COMPREHENSION RESPONDING NAMING
Level 3. APPLICATION VALUING DESCRIBING
ORGANIZING
Level 4. ANALYSIS CONSTRUCTING
CONCEPTUALIZING
Level 5. SYNTHESIS CHARACTERIZING DESIGNING
INTEGRATION; LEADING MODIFICATION &
Level 6. EVALUATION TO CHANGES IN ADAPTION
BEHAVIOUR DEMONSTRATING
Human behaviour; Far East Wood
FAO/TNC CBFiM Workshop Consultants (FEW) 10
How to create ownership?
• When local people's perceived benefits exceed their perceived
costs; then only will local communities engage themselves in
forest management activities (JFM-Tanzania 2001).
• It is not surprising that socio-economic and cultural surveys on
fire-causes often reveal, that most important reason for failure of
prevention of fires; is that communities do not realize the
economic and ecological losses due to forest fires (JFM-statement
from India, IFFN 24)
Social acceptability Leeds to
controlled
use of fire
Human behaviour; Far East Wood
FAO/TNC CBFiM Workshop Consultants (FEW) 11
