Linux简介
Contents
• Unix
• GNU/Linux, Distributions
• Basic usage
• Applications
• Compiling, compilers
• Clustering
Unix
• Most important operating system, developed in
the 60s and 70s at Bell Lab, prototype of most
modern OS’s. C language, TCP/IP, …
• Widely used in servers and workstations.
Dominant in key-task servers or mainframes.
• Lots of variations: Solaris, Irix, AIX, HP-UX, BSD,
SCO unix, Xinix, Mac OS X, Linux, …
GNU/Linux
• GNU's Not Unix, Unix-like software, but
free and not containing any Unix code,
1984
• GPL (General Public License )
• Linux, 1991, kernel
• Linux distributions (boot loader, kernel,
boot scripts, gcc, bash, KDE, Gnome,
applications, package management
Linux distributions
• Redhat Linux
• SuSE
• Debian
• Ubuntu
• Gentoo
• …
Common Unix commands
• Directory and file creation and navigation: ls cd pwd
mkdir rm rmdir cp find touch
• File viewing and editing: more less vi emacs head tail
• Text processing: echo cat grep sort awk cut tr split printf
• File comparison: comm cmp diff patch
• Miscellaneous shell tools: yes test
• System administration: chmod chown ps su w who
• Communication: mail ftp finger ssh
• Authentication: su passwd
• Helping: help man
Windows clients
• Shell: Telnet (X), ssh (putty,
secureCRT, …),
http://162.105.161.119/c/scrt622.rar
• X-window (Xwin32, Hummingbird,
Exceed, …)
• ftp (?), sftp, pscp (in putty package)
VNC
• vncserver
– vncserver –kill :n
• vncviewer
• tightvnc
Visualization
• Gnuplot
• IDL
Online docs
• http://www.tldp.org/, Guides
• Distribution sites
Applications
• http://directory.fsf.org/
• sourceforge.net, freshmeat.net, …
• database (mysql, postgresql, …)
• office (openoffice, tex, …)
• development (gcc, perl, python, …)
• X-Windows apps, web browser, …
compiling
• gcc, pgcc, g77, pgCC, g++
• pgf90, pgf95, pg77
• optimizing –On, -fastsse
• linking
• PATH, LD_LIBRARY_PATH,
• include path, library path
• running (path)
debugging, profiling
• gdb, pgdb
• gprof, pgprof
Clustering
• rsh node
• topall
• top
• mpif90, mpicc
• mpirun –n 4 a.out