NAME___________________________________________________________________________#_______
BIOLOGY: Unit 2
2.1 Nature of Matter (Use pgs. 34-38 in textbook)
Atoms
I. Atom- __________________________________________________________________________
a. Greek atomos, meaning: ________________________________________________________
b. Greek Philosopher: ____________________________________________________________
c. Describe the size
i. 1cm = ______________________________________atoms
d. Contains 3 “subatomic” particles (with their CHARGE):
i. _______________________________ SUBATOMIC Word meaning:
ii. _______________________________ Sub = _____________
iii. _______________________________ Atom = _________________________
II. Protons and Neutrons
a. Nucleus- ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
III. Electrons
a. Electron- ____________________________________________________________________
i. Explain what causes them to be “attracted” to the nucleus of the atom: ______________
______________________________________________________________________
ii. Why is the overall charge of an atom considered neutral? ________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
THINK VISUALLY
The diagram shows a model of a carbon atom, with an atomic number of 6.
Complete the diagram by drawing in the rest of the atomic particles, including
their charges. Label all particles and the nucleus.
Elements and Isotopes
I. Element- ____________________________________________
____________________________________________________
a. Living organisms contain around ____________ elements
b. The atomic # given to a specific element is equal to the number of ______________________
II. Isotope- ________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
a. Mass Number = _______________________________________________________________
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THINK VISUALLY
The diagrams show models of carbon isotopes. Complete the diagrams by drawing in the rest of the atomic
particles, including their charges.
Nonradioactive Radioactive
carbon-13 carbon-14
Chemical Compounds
I. Compound- ________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
a. Describe how compounds differ from the individual elements they are made of: _____________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Chemical Bonds
I. Ionic Bond- ________________________________________________________________________
a. Ion- ________________________________________________________________________
II. Covalent Bond- _____________________________________________________________________
a. Molecule- ____________________________________________________________________
b. Describe how a molecule differs from an atom: ______________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
c. Describe the relationship between a molecule and an atom: ___________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Activity
Sea salt contains calcium chloride (CaCl2), an ionic compound similar to table salt. One atom of calcium
(atomic number 20) bonds to two atoms of chlorine (atomic number 17). Fill in the number of protons and
electrons in each ion.
Chloride ion Calcium ion Chloride ion
Protons______ Protons ________ Protons _________
Electrons _______ Electrons________ Electrons _________
2
The Water Molecule
I. Polarity
a. Explain why a water molecule is considered “polar”:___________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b. Illustrate your explanation in the box
c. Describe then how water molecules become
attracted to one another: ____________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
II. Hydrogen Bonding- ______________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
a. What atoms does hydrogen typically form bonds with?_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
b. What characteristic of a water molecule allows it to form multiple hydrogen bonds: ___________
c. Special properties of water:
i. ____________________________: attraction between molecules of the same
substance
1. What is often a result of this property: _______________ _________________
2. WORD CLUE Cohesive- well integrated or unified, come together
ii. ____________________________: attraction between molecules of a different
substance
1. WORD CLUE What does the word “adhesive” mean, give an example?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
iii. ____________________________: It requires a large amount of heat energy to water
molecules to move faster, causing water temperature to increase
1. How does this relate to large bodies of water? ___________________________
________________________________________________________________
3
Solutions and Suspensions
I. Complete the following table:
Physical combination of two or more substances Cinnamon sugar
Solute Salt in saltwater
Mixture of water and nondissolved substance Blood
Solution
Acids, Bases and pH
I. What sometimes happens to a water molecule: ____________________________________________
a. Which two ions are formed: ________________________ ____________________________
b. Why is water considered “neutral on the pH scale: ____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
II. The pH Scale- ______________________________________________________________________
a. Illustrate the pH scale below (MUST BE DONE NEAT AND LEGIBLE!!!!!)
b. _____________________________ any compound that forms _________ ions in a solution
i. pH values are ___________________________
c. _____________________________ a compound that forms __________ions in a solution
i. pH values are ___________________________
d. Buffers- _____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
i. Why is this important in living organisms? _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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2.3 Carbon Compounds (Use pgs. 45-49 in your textbook)
Macromolecules
I. Explain macromolecule- ______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
a. Describe how they are formed: ___________________________________________________
b. Polymerization- _______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
c. Monomer ____________________________Polymer ____________________________
WORD MEANING:
Mono = ___________________________ Poly = ________________________________
Mer = ____________________________ Mer = ________________________________
d. Illustrate the process used
to form the construction of
a macromolecule
II. Classify the four MACROMOLECULES in the table below:
Macromolecule Description/Functions Examples
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III. Carbohydrates
a. Monosaccharide- ______________________________________________________________
i. Examples: _____________________________________________________________
b. Disaccharides- ________________________________________________________________
i. Example: ______________________________________________________________
c. Polysaccharides- ______________________________________________________________
i. Examples
1. Animal ________________________________________________________
2. Plant _________________________________________________________
IV. Lipids
a. Differentiate between Saturated and (Poly)Unsaturated fats , include their “state of matter” at
room temperature: _____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b. Illustrate a lipid below
(COPY FROM THE BOARD w/
MRS. JASPER)
V. Nucleic Acids
a. Made up of _________________________
b. Label the three components of a NUCLEOTIDE:
c. ________________ bonds join together nucleotides
(forming a nucleic acid)
VI. Proteins
a. The monomers that make up a protein are:
_________________ ___________________
b. How many amino acids are there? _______________
c. How do they differ from one another _____________
d. Proteins are classified by _______ structures
Check your understanding: Compare amino acids and protiens with the alphabet and words
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Chemical Reactions
I. Chemical Reactions- _________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
a. What is conserved: _________________ and ______________________
b. Reactants- ___________________________________________________________________
c. Products- ____________________________________________________________________
Energy in Reactions
I. Energy Changes
a. Describe what happens to energy during a chemical reaction: ___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
b. Label the below graphs
II. Energy Sources
a. Where does the energy come that living organisms need to carry out chemical reactions
i. Plants ______________________________________________________________
ii. Animals _____________________________________________________________
III. Activation Energy- ___________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Enzymes
I. Catalyst- __________________________________________
______________________________________________ Quick Facts for ENZYMES
II. Enzyme- __________________________________________
______________________________________________ - are a _______________________
______________________________________________ (type of macromolecule)
a. What is unique about each enzyme: ______________
- Typically end in ________________
( -three letters)
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III. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
a. Substrate- ___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b. Active Site- __________________________________________________________________
c. What concept does the book compare this to? _______________________________________
IV. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
a. List some influences that affect an enzyme’s ability to work:
i. __________________________________________________________
ii. __________________________________________________________
iii. __________________________________________________________
b. How do enzymes know when their job is needed? ____________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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Name Class Date
Chapter Vocabulary Review
For Questions 1–8, complete each statement by writing the correct word.
1. The act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way is called
.
2. The information gathered during an experiment is called .
3. A(n) is a logical interpretation based on what scientists already know.
4. A(n) is a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be
tested in ways that support or reject it.
5. A(n) is a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of
observations and hypotheses.
6. In reproduction, the new organism has a single parent.
7. A(n) is a signal to which an organism responds.
8. is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the
natural world.
For Questions 9–17, write the letter of the definition that best matches each term on the
line provided.
Term Definition
9. biology A. in an experiment, the group exposed to the
10. bias same conditions as the experimental group
except for one independent variable
11. homeostasis
B. the study of life
12. metabolism
C. living things maintaining a relatively stable
13. DNA internal environment
14. control group D. a molecule containing the universal genetic
15. independent variable code
16. dependent variable E. a point of view that is personal rather than
scientific
17. biosphere
F. a living planet
G. the combination of chemical reactions
through which an organism builds up or
breaks down materials
H. in an experiment, the variable that is
manipulated
I. in an experiment, the responding variable
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12
Name Class Date
1 The Science of Biology
Big Science as a Way of Knowing
idea Q: What role does science play in the study of life?
WHAT I KNOW WHAT I LEARNED
1.1 How do
we find
explanations for
events in the
natural world?
1.2 How do the
scientific
community and
society influence
the process of
science?
1.3 What is
biology?
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