From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mobile virtual network operator
Mobile virtual network operator
MVNO)
A mobile virtual network operator (MVNO is a company existed for early entrant MNO’s in those countries. The
that provides mobile phone services but does not have regulatory perception was that the MVNO model would
its own licensed frequency allocation of radio spectrum, be a time efficient and cost effective route for telecoms
nor does it necessarily have all of the infrastructure re- companies to enter the market and therefore bring in-
quired to provide mobile telephone service.[1] Converse- creased competition for the benefit of the consumer. The
ly, a company that does have frequency allocation(s) and MVNOs in Scandinavia ended up having a marketshare
all the required infrastructure to run an independent above 10%.
mobile network is known simply as a mobile network The efficiency is obtained by the nature of the MVNO
operator (MNO). MVNOs are roughly equivalent to the business model, in that an MVNO doesn’t incur the sig-
"switchless resellers" of the traditional landline tele- nificant capital expenditure on spectrum and infrastruc-
phone market. An MNO that does not have a frequency ture that an MNO does, nor does it have the time con-
spectrum allocation in a particular geographical region suming task of rolling out extensive radio infrastructure.
may operate as an MVNO in that region. In many of the early markets the regulator forced Host
An MVNO’s roles and relationship to the MNO vary Network Operators (HNO’s) to open their network to a
by market, country, and the individual situations of the potential competitor. The situation created was one of a
MNO and MVNO. In general, an MVNO is an entity or reluctant HNO which felt that it was being forced into
company that works independently of the mobile net- a commercial relationship that would eventually have a
work operator and can set its own pricing structures that negative impact on its revenues. This resistance present-
are subject to the rates agreed with the MNO. Usually, ed a challenging operating environment for the MVNO,
the MVNO does not own any GSM, CDMA, or other core most notably with regard to negotiating the best whole-
mobile network related infrastructure, such as mobile sale deal possible.
switching centers (MSCs) or a radio access network. Conversely and more recently many mobile network
Some may own their own home location register, or HLR, operators believe that there is merit in operating a
which allows more flexibility and ownership of the sub- wholesale MVNO business unit to complement their re-
scriber’s mobile phone number (MSISDN); in this case, tail model. And have therefore either openly embraced
the MVNO appears as a roaming partner to other net- potential MVNO partner or endeavored to launch their
works abroad, and as a network within its own region. own branded MVNOs, which presented a more favorable
Some MVNOs run their own billing and customer care so- environment for a potential MVNO.
lutions known as business support systems (BSS). Many The first commercially successful MVNO in the Unit-
use a Mobile Virtual Network Enabler. ed Kingdom was Virgin Mobile UK,[3] launched in 1999
There is a distinction between MVNOs and service and currently has over 4 million customers in the UK[ci-
providers, who purchase wholesale mobile minutes and tation needed]. Virgin replicated its UK success through its
resell to end-users. Service providers generally do not US operation Virgin Mobile USA, which was acquired by
have their own SIM cards, and the services they provide Sprint Nextel for a total equity value of approximately
depend on the services of the hosting MNOs or MVNOs.[2] USD$483 million.[4] However ventures in Australia have
not been so successful, and failed in Singapore, albeit
Background and history with a different strategy.
Initially, Virgin ran using a service provider mod-
The emergence of the MVNO model in a market is often a el—essentially reselling capacity on T-Mobile.
result of one of two factors. Regulatory intervention de- The first MVNO was created by Tele2 in Denmark,
signed to lower the barriers for market entry and ulti- and subsequently rolled out in several European markets.
mately increase competition or a strategic decision by an This model formed the basis between the co-operation
MNO looking to extend its existing operations and target between Tele2 in Sweden and Telia, created when Telia
niche or underserved segments through a second or per- failed to obtain a 3G license in their home market.
haps multiple brands.
For some of the earlier markets that embraced the
MVNO model, such as in the Scandinavia region, the reg-
MVNOs worldwide
ulatory authority sought to introduce the MVNO/whole- As of May 2011 there are 645 active MVNO operations in
sale model to drive competition into a market that was the world, which in turn are operated by 515 companies
considered to involve significant market power which
1
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mobile virtual network operator
(some companies operate multiple MVNOs in the same the MVNO. The new breed high-end, strong brand MVNO
country).[5] is transforming the dynamics of the MVNE market. Be-
MVNOs target both the consumer and enterprise sides leveraging their own existing assets, they choose to
markets. Examples of a non-consumer MVNO being wire- own more of their platforms, particularly their logistics,
less maingate and white Machine-to-Machine (M2M) distribution and customer care systems. They still work
data-based MVNOs. However the majority of MVNOs are with MVNEs, but they tend to opt for specialised ones
consumer-focused and most have a focus on price as with best-of-breed solutions and a strong reputation.
their unique selling point. Exploiting the wireless IP networks competing infra-
120 MVNOs now offer mobile broadband services.[6] structure bandwidth with low traffic due to the lack of
Mobile Driven Content, such as GPRS, EVDO, along with
Terminology specific domain knowledge software applications with
specific content, other Global Service or specialized ap-
The industry is going through stages characterized by plication based MVNO are also growing.
alphabet soup nomenclature, including MVNO, roaming These companies are pushing their own business
mobile virtual networks operators (rMVNO), and mobile model as content driven MVNO. They usually host their
virtual network enabler (MVNE). Most industry ob- services in one location, and provide access to their con-
servers believe that over time, consolidation will take tent in different countries via specialized Mobiles and ex-
place on the market, while others will go out of business isting IP coverage.
(examples are Disney Mobile and Helio in the USA and
easyMobile in Europe). MVNO classification
One specific sector of MVNO operations focuses on Business MVNOs
international, rMVNOs. These are distinct from domestic like BeyondMobile and Abica provide bespoke
MVNO agreements and are intended to provide trans- services to businesses.
parency of international tariffs.
According to Bearfly, there are three main categories Discount MVNOs
of MVNEs, according to their MVNO solutions: provide cut-price call rates to market segments.
Aggregator MVNEs
these offer consulting and integration services and Lifestyle MVNOs
have bundled all of the back-office network like Helio focus on specific niche market
components through alliances. These promote demographics.
their ability to quickly provide order-to-cash
solutions to MVNOs. Companies include Ztar and Advertising-funded MVNOs
TMNG. like Blyk or MOSH Mobile build revenues from
advertising to give a set amount of free voice, text,
Aggregator MVNEs with their own platforms and content to their subscribers.
this includes aggregators which have developed
one or more back-office solutions internally, and Ethnic MVNOs
have complemented them with partnerships to like Lycamobile, Lebara, iCard Mobile, Globalcell
provide end-to-end enablement services. Mobile and Dialog Vizz who target ethnic
Companies include Cognatel, aql, Martin Dawes communities by providing inexpensive calls to
Systems,Telogic Teleena, Transatel, ASPIDER their home country.
Solutions, Plintron, Effortel, Qualution, 6GMOBILE,
Elephant Talk, and Baraka Telecom in Asia. Mobile operators and MVNOs
Specialised enablers There are three primary motivations for mobile opera-
these offer only parts of the back-office network tors to allow MVNOs on their networks. These are gener-
such as messaging platforms, data platforms and ally:
billing solutions. They are not solely focused on the Segmentation-driven strategies
MVNO market. Companies include Teleena, mobile operators often find it difficult to succeed
Cognatel, Transatel, ASPIDER Solutions, Elephant in all customer segments. MVNOs are a way to
Talk, txtNation, Tyntec, 6GMOBILE, LogicStar, implement a more specific marketing mix,
Convergys, and Baraka Telecom in Asia. whether alone or with partners and they can help
attack targeted segments.
The voice-centric, operationally light MVNOs of today
have generally worked with an aggregator MVNE that Network utilisation-driven strategies
managed the limited back-end operations on behalf of Many mobile operators have capacity, product, and
segment needs–especially in new areas like 3G. An
2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mobile virtual network operator
MVNO strategy can generate economies of scale assistance for mobile providers without their own
for better network utilisation. network.
Product-driven strategies Mobile virtual network enabler (MVNE)
MVNOs can help mobile operators target MVNEs are characterised by neither having a
customers with specialised service requirements mobile licence nor mobile infrastructure or any
and get to customer niches that mobile operators direct customer relationship with the end-users.
cannot get to. The MVNE is capable of handling Network Routing
and the MVNE has typically entered into roaming
MVNO models mean lower operational costs for mobile deals with foreign MNOs. The MVNE is not capable
operators (billing, sales, customer service, marketing), of producing and distributing for example voice
help fight churn, grow average revenue per user by pro- minutes and data traffic, but the MVNE will
viding new applications and tariff plans and also can help typically be able to handle producing SMS and
with difficult issues like how to deal with fixed-mobile MMS messages. A typical MVNE will handle
convergence by allowing MVNOs to try out more exper- customer service, customer billing, collection of
imental projects and applications. The opportunity for consumption data and mobile handset
mobile operators to take advantage of MVNOs generally management. Additionally the MVNE will not
outweighs the competitive threat. handle marketing and sales to end-users, this is a
task for the MVNE’s wholesale customers. The
Understanding the MVNO val- MVNE functions as a middleman between the MNO
and the mobile providers without their own
ue chain networks. The MVNE handles the technical side
Mobile network operator (MNO) and often also tasks like customer service and legal
The traditional MNO is characterised by having assistance for mobile providers without their own
their own mobile license, their own mobile network.
infrastructure and direct customer relationship to
Mobile virtual network operator (MVNO)
the end user. The MNO can handle Network
An MVNO is characterised by neither having their
Routing and will usually have roaming deals with
own mobile licence nor own mobile infrastructure,
foreign MNOs. The MNO can produce and
but the MVNO has the direct customer relationship
distribute for example voice-minutes, SMS and
with the end user. The MVNO is able to handle
MMS messaging and data traffic themselves. The
Network Routing themselves and will typically
MNO can typically handle customer service,
have entered into roaming deals with foreign
invoicing and collect consumption data and handle
MNOs. The MVNO is often able to produce and
handset management themselves. Additionally the
distribute for example voice minutes and data
MNO will usually handle marketing and sales to
traffic, typically by tagging onto their existing
end users themselves.
fixed line operation, and the MVNO will typically
Mobile network enabler (MNE) be able to handle producing SMS and MMS
An MNE is characterised by having their own messages. A typical MVNO will be able to handle
mobile licence and own mobile infrastructure, but customer service, customer billing and collection
the MNE has - unlike the MNO - no direct customer of consumption data and handset management.
relationship with the end user. It is therefore only Furthermore the MVNO will usually handle
an MNO that can establish themselves as an MNE. marketing and sales to end-users them self.
The MNE is capable of handling Network Routing
Private virtual network operator (PVNO)
themselves and the MNE will typically have
A PVNO is a concept that describes a full MVNO
roaming deals with foreign MNOs. The MNE is able
(own SIM/IMSI range) that does not offer services
to produce and distribute for example voice
to the public. The PVNO has come about due to the
minutes, SMS and MMS messages and data traffic.
particular challenges faced by businesses such as
The MNE will typically be able to handle customer
utilities that require a large number of machine to
relationship, customer billing and collection of
machine connections but where using the
consumption data and mobile handset
operators SIM’s is likely to create undue
management. The MNE will not handle marketing
commercial risk or "Lock-in". For example in the
and sales to end-users, this is a task for the MNE’s
case of a utility with millions of electricity meters
wholesale customers. The MNE handles the
on end points the costs of a SIM swap in each of
technical side of the business and often also
these devices creates a big barrier to entry for a
handles areas like customer service and legal
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mobile virtual network operator
competing operator and in so doing creates a and handset management themselves. The BR will
commercial risk that the incumbent operator is in primarily concentrate their activities around
a very strong position to negotiate subsequent marketing and sales to end-users. The BRs’ positive
price increases. There are advantages to the PVNO contribution to the value chain is (naturally) their
model for operators and regulatory bodies too. For "brand", but their distribution power will also be a
example just as a Utility can suffer "Lock-in" the central asset for many Branded Resellers.
loosing operator can be “Locked-out”. As the
network is private, a private numbering range
could be used, thus avoiding the use of valuable
MVNO models and value chain
national resources. The PVNO concept was 1st As such, there are several models of MVNO, and the vo-
presented at the Telecoms for Smart Grids cabulary must be technical in order to split the different
conference in London in September 2011. models.
Mobile shared spectrum enabler (MSSE) Full MVNO On-Brand
The MSSE has no mobile infrastructure of its own,
• The MVNO has all the full-scale operator technology
but is a technology provider that uses innovative
of a mobile operator (including own SIM Card, own
hardware and software to enable MVNOs to create
subscriber provisioning, own billing, and own
their own actual mini-networks, while preserving
roaming agreement).
and enhancing the relationship between MVNO
• IMSIs are from MVNO for national call (with its
and MNO. Using its agreement with the MNO, and
Mobile Network Code in the country) and roaming
operating within the MNO’s spectrum license, the
agreement is negotiated with a roaming partner.
MSSE helps the MVNO to deploy its own network
This partner allocate a specific IMSI range, and
of low-power base-stations into areas the MNO
manage the IMSI translation between national and
could not justify, using Pico- and Femto-cell
roaming cases.
technologies. There is no impact on the MNO’s
• Interconnect, IMSI, AuC, MNP, MSISDN, @IP
mainstream network and it can, if it chooses,
allocation and APN numbers are arranged by MVNO
extend the reach of the its network at no cost,
• The MVNO own in the country national Point Code,
while the MVNO can improve its profitability by
and have an independent SCCP layer compared to
offering specialist and niche mobile solutions.
external mobile network (MNOs or roaming)
Service provider (SP) • The MVNO can arrange interconnection agreement
An SP has neither a mobile licence nor own mobile with one or several MVNO(s) on a "traffic wholesale"
infrastructure, but the SP has the direct customer model (this traffic can be qualified by the MVNO for
relationship with the end user. An SP is not able to voice/data/SMS/MMS)
handle Network Routing themselves and a SP will • The MVNO can negotiate specific and direct
not enter into roaming deals with foreign MNOs. interconnection agreement with any carrier, or
The SP is not able to produce and distribute for other mobile/fixed operator based on "traffic
example voice minutes and data traffic and cannot wholesale" model.
produce SMS or MMS messages themselves. The SP • The MVNO is able to route and bill "on-net" call. The
will typically handle customer relationship, Host-MNO is seen as a utility in order to initiate a
customer billing consumption data and handset national mobile originating call without host-MNO
management themselves. Additionally, the SP will Intelligent Network triggering
typically handle their own marketing and sales to • The MVNO numbering plan is completely
end-users. independent from the MNO numbering plan.
• The MVNO can be extended in future as MNO, or
Branded reseller (BR) mobile shared spectrum enabler (MSSE)
A BR has neither a mobile licence nor own mobile This model is the most independent full MVNO model,
infrastructure, but has the direct customer the MVNO own its SIM card, and core network elements
relationship to end-users. The BR cannot handle (MSC, HLR, GGSN). The MVNO is as such as possible in-
Network Routing themselves and the BR will not dependent from the host-MNO, in order to control traffic
enter into roaming deals with foreign MNOs. The and subscriber services.
BR cannot produce and distribute for example Example : 6GMOBILE (The Netherlands) aql (UK)
voice minutes and data traffic themselves and are
not able to produce SMS or MMS messages. A Full MVNO Basic
typical BR will not handle customer service, • The MVNO has all the full-scale operator technology
customer billing or collection of consumption data of a mobile operator (including own SIM Card, own
4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mobile virtual network operator
subscriber provisioning, own billing, and own • The MVNO is able to route and bill "on-net" call. The
roaming agreement). Host-MNO is yet controlling a national mobile
• IMSIs are from MVNO for national call (with its originating call via Intelligent Network triggering.
Mobile Network Code in the Country)and Roaming • The MVNO numbering plan is completely
agreement is negotiated with a roaming partner. independent from the MNO numbering plan.
This partner allocate a specific IMSI range, and • The MVNO can be extended in future as MNO, or
manage the IMSI translation between national and Mobile shared spectrum enabler (MSSE)
roaming cases.
• Interconnect, IMSI, AuC, MNP, MSISDN, @IP Complete or extended MVNO
allocation and APN numbers are arranged by MVNO • The MVNO has all the full-scale operator technology
• The MVNO own in the country National Point Code, of a mobile operator (including own SIM Card, own
and have an independent SCCP layer compared to subscriber provisioning, own billing), but its own
external mobile network (MNOs or roaming) roaming agreement.
• The MVNO can arrange interconnection agreement • IMSIs are from one and only one host operator MNO
with one or several MVNO(s) on a "traffic wholesale" and thus roaming service.
model (this traffic can not be qualified by the MVNO • Roaming agreement is negotiated by Host-MNO.
for Voice/Data/SMS/MMS) • Interconnect, IMSI, MNP, are arranged by host
• The MVNO can negotiate specific and direct operator MNO
interconnection agreement with any carrier, or • AuC, @IP allocation and APN numbers are arranged
other mobile/fixe operator based on "traffic by MVNO
wholesale" model. • MSISDN can be arranged by MVNO or host operator
• The MVNO is able to route and bill "on-net" call. The MNO
Host-MNO is yet controlling a national mobile • The MVNO have an independent SCCP layer
originating call via Intelligent Network triggering. compared to external mobile network (MNOs or
• The MVNO numbering plan is completely roaming), and can be seen as an extension of the
independent from the MNO numbering plan. host-MNO
• The MVNO can be extended in future as MNO, or • The MVNO can arrange interconnection agreement
Mobile shared spectrum enabler (MSSE) with one or several MVNO(s) on a "traffic wholesale"
Example : KPN Spain, Telecable (Spain) model (this traffic can not be qualified by the MVNO
for Voice/Data/SMS/MMS)
Full MVNO Mono-IMSI • The MVNO can negotiate specific and direct
• The MVNO has all the full-scale operator technology interconnection agreement with any carrier, or
of a mobile operator (including own SIM Card, own other mobile/fixe operator based on "traffic
subscriber provisioning, own billing), but its own wholesale" model.
roaming agreement. • The MVNO is able to route and bill "on-net" call. The
• IMSIs are from one and only one host operator MNO Host-MNO is yet controlling a national mobile
and thus roaming service. originating call via Intelligent Network triggering.
• Interconnect, IMSI are arranged by host operator • The MVNO numbering plan is completely
MNO independent from the MNO numbering plan.
• MNP, AuC, @IP allocation and APN numbers are • The MVNO can be extended in future as MNO, or
arranged by MVNO Mobile shared spectrum enabler (MSSE)
• MSISDN can be arranged by MVNO or host operator
MNO Medium MVNO
• The MVNO own in the country National Point Code, • The MVNO has all the full-scale operator technology
and have an independent SCCP layer compared to • IMSIs are from one and only one host operator MNO
external mobile network (MNOs or roaming) and thus roaming service.
• The MVNO can arrange interconnection agreement • Interconnect, IMSI, MNP are arranged by host
with one or several MVNO(s) on a "traffic wholesale" operator MNO
model (this traffic can not be qualified by the MVNO • AuC, @IP allocation and APN numbers are arranged
for Voice/Data/SMS/MMS) by MVNO
• The MVNO can negotiate specific and direct • MSISDN can be arranged by MVNO or host operator
interconnection agreement with any carrier, or MNO
other mobile/fixe operator based on "traffic • The MVNO have an independent SCCP layer
wholesale" model. compared to external mobile network (MNOs or
5
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mobile virtual network operator
roaming), and can be seen as an extension of the Diameter MVNO
host-MNO
• The MVNO has all the full-scale operator technology
• The MVNO can arrange interconnection agreement
• IMSIs are from one and only one host operator MNO
with one or several MVNO(s) on a "traffic wholesale"
and thus roaming service.
model (this traffic can not be qualified by the MVNO
• Interconnect, IMSI, MNP, Auc, @IP allocation and
for Voice/Data/SMS/MMS)
APN numbers are arranged by host operator MNO
• The MVNO can negotiate specific and direct
• MSISDN can be arranged by MVNO or host operator
interconnection agreement with any carrier, or
MNO
other mobile/fixe operator based on "traffic
• The MVNO have an independent SCCP layer
wholesale" model.
compared to external mobile network (MNOs or
• The MVNO is able to route and bill "on-net" call. The
roaming), and can be seen as an extension of the
Host-MNO is completely controlling mobile calls via
host-MNO
Intelligent Network triggering.
• The MVNO can arrange interconnection agreement
• The MVNO numbering plan is completely
with one or several MVNO(s) on a "traffic wholesale"
independent from the MNO numbering plan.
model (this traffic can not be qualified by the MVNO
• The MVNO can be extended in future as MNO, or
for Voice/Data/SMS/MMS)
Mobile shared spectrum enabler (MSSE)
• The MVNO can negotiate specific and direct
This is Complete MVNO without any routing capabilities
interconnection agreement with any carrier, or
(no MSC in the MVNO network). The MVNO owns HLR
other mobile/fixe operator based on "traffic
and IN, and partially the subscriber provisioning.
wholesale" model.
• The MVNO is able to route and bill "on-net" call. The
IN MVNO Host-MNO is completely controlling all mobile calls
• The MVNO has all the full-scale operator technology and Intelligent Network triggering.
• IMSIs are from one and only one host operator MNO • The MVNO numbering plan is completely
and thus roaming service. independent from the MNO numbering plan.
• Interconnect, IMSI, MNP, Auc, @IP allocation and • The MVNO can be extended in future as MNO, or
APN numbers are arranged by host operator MNO Mobile shared spectrum enabler (MSSE)
• MSISDN can be arranged by MVNO or host operator This is IN MVNO without any charging capabilities (no
MNO MSC, no HLR in the MVNO network). The MVNO owns
• The MVNO have an independent SCCP layer only Rating capabilities via Host-MNO Diameter oriented
compared to external mobile network (MNOs or interfaces. The MNO owns the MVNO SIM Card.
roaming), and can be seen as an extension of the Example : Sisteer (France)
host-MNO
• The MVNO can arrange interconnection agreement Light MVNO
with one or several MVNO(s) on a "traffic wholesale"
• The MVNO has all the full-scale operator technology
model (this traffic can not be qualified by the MVNO
• IMSIs are from one and only one host operator MNO
for Voice/Data/SMS/MMS)
and thus roaming service.
• The MVNO can negotiate specific and direct
• Interconnect, IMSI, AuC, MNP, @IP allocation and
interconnection agreement with any carrier, or
APN numbers are arranged by host operator MNO
other mobile/fixe operator based on "traffic
• MSISDN can be arranged by MVNO or host operator
wholesale" model.
MNO
• The MVNO is able to route and bill "on-net" call. The
• The MVNO have an independent SCCP layer
Host-MNO is completely controlling mobile calls via
compared to external mobile network (MNOs or
Intelligent Network triggering.
roaming), and can be seen as an extension of the
• The MVNO numbering plan is completely
host-MNO
independent from the MNO numbering plan.
• The MVNO can arrange interconnection agreement
• The MVNO can be extended in future as MNO, or
with one or several MVNO(s) on a "traffic wholesale"
Mobile shared spectrum enabler (MSSE)
model (this traffic can not be qualified by the MVNO
This is Medium MVNO without any routing capabilities
for Voice/Data/SMS/MMS)
(no MSC, no HLR in the MVNO network). The MVNO owns
• The MVNO can negotiate specific and direct
only IN. The MNO owns the MVNO SIM Card.
interconnection agreement with any carrier, or
Example : Fastweb (Italy), R (cable operator) (Spain),
other mobile/fixe operator based on "traffic
KPN France, Transatel (France), Effortel
wholesale" model.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mobile virtual network operator
• The MVNO is able to route and bill "on-net" call. The
Host-MNO is completely controlling all mobile calls
See also
and Intelligent Network triggering. • MVNE
• The MVNO numbering plan is completely • VNO
independent from the MNO numbering plan. • List of United States MVNO
• The MVNO can be extended in future as MNO, or • List of United Kingdom MVNO
Mobile shared spectrum enabler (MSSE) • Competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC)
Known also as reseller or service provider model. The
MVNO owns only marketing, and sometimes billing and
provisioning. The MNO owns the MVNO SIM Card.
References
[1] OFCOM report
[2] Liikenne- ja viestintäministeriö - Etusivu (Swedish)
Legislation [3] About Virgin Mobile, virginmobile.com
Presently many companies and regulatory bodies are [4] Cecilia Kang (28 July 2009). "Sprint Nextel to
strongly in favour of MVNOs. For example, in 2003, the Acquire Virgin Mobile USA". Washington Post.
European Commission issued a recommendation to na- http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/
tional telecom regulators (NRAs) to examine the compet- content/article/2009/07/28/
itiveness of the market for wholesale access and call orig- AR2009072800878.html. Retrieved 21 Mar 2012.
ination on public mobile telephone networks. The study [5] "MVNO Directory". Blycroft. 2011-05-20.
resulted in new legislation from NRAs in countries like http://www.telecomsnetworks.com/home/mvno-
Ireland and France forcing operators to open up their directory. Retrieved 2011-05-20.
network to MVNOs. In the Middle East, Jordan’s TRA has [6] "1 in 4 MVNOs upgraded to offering mobile
issued its first MVNO regulations in 2008 facilitating the broadband". Blycroft. 2011-05-31.
entrance of the first MVNO in the region. In Brazil, the http://www.telecomsnetworks.com/home/mvno-
MVNO was regulated by Anatel, the Brazilian Agency of directory/press-releases. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
Telecommunications in November 2010. • Understanding MVNOs
• ZyAir Wireless
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mobile_virtual_network_operator&oldid=462838052"
Categories:
• Mobile virtual network operators
• Mobile technology
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