Gas Station Location

Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study Final Report Prepared for: Bucks County Planning Commission 1260 Almshouse Road Doylestown, PA Prepared by: 4351 Garden City Drive, Suite 600 Landover, MD March 2006 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Table of Content Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 1 Analysis................................................................................................................................... 1 NGV Program Plan ................................................................................................................. 3 Background and Introduction ..................................................................................................... 6 CNG Station Location Project .................................................................................................... 8 Current Vehicle Fleets ............................................................................................................ 8 Current Refueling Locations................................................................................................... 9 Potential CNG Fleets ............................................................................................................ 12 Determination of Optimal Refueling Locations ................................................................... 14 Potential Fleets.................................................................................................................. 14 Roadways.......................................................................................................................... 14 Population ......................................................................................................................... 15 Candidate Station Site Selection....................................................................................... 18 Initial CNG Station Capacity and Fleet Service ............................................................... 22 Funding Opportunities for CNG Refueling Stations ............................................................ 24 NGV Program Plan for Bucks County...................................................................................... 26 Station Installation Plan ........................................................................................................ 26 Identification of Station Sites and Partners....................................................................... 26 Installation of Initial Stations............................................................................................ 27 Future CNG Needs............................................................................................................ 27 Outreach and Education Program ......................................................................................... 28 Target fleets ...................................................................................................................... 29 Outreach Opportunities..................................................................................................... 30 CNG Program Cost and Benefits.......................................................................................... 31 Operating Costs................................................................................................................. 32 Potential Funding Sources ................................................................................................ 33 Economic Impacts............................................................................................................. 34 Recommended Next Steps ........................................................................................................ 34 Appendix................................................................................................................................... 36 Available MY 2006 Vehicles................................................................................................ 37 Performance and Safety ........................................................................................................ 39 References................................................................................................................................. 44 I Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Table of Figures Figure 1. Existing and Potential CNG Vehicle Fleets in Bucks County ........................................ 1 Figure 2. Optimal Locations for CNG Refueling Stations ............................................................. 2 Figure 3. Northeast Areas of Poor Air Quality ............................................................................... 6 Figure 4. Existing CNG Vehicle Fleets in Greater Philadelphia Area ........................................... 9 Figure 5. CNG Refueling Infrastructure Locations in Greater Philadelphia Area ....................... 11 Figure 6. CNG Vehicle Fleets and Refueling Station Locations in Greater Philadelphia............ 11 Figure 7. Existing and Potential CNG Vehicle Fleets in Bucks County ...................................... 13 Figure 8. Bucks County Roadways............................................................................................... 15 Figure 9. Bucks County Townships.............................................................................................. 16 Figure 10. Bucks County Population ............................................................................................ 16 Figure 11. Optimal Locations for CNG Refueling Stations ......................................................... 17 Figure 12. Diesel Refueling Infrastructure in Bucks County ....................................................... 18 Figure 13. Gasoline Refueling Infrastructure in Bucks County ................................................... 19 Figure 14. Potential Partner Sites in Bucks County for CNG Station .......................................... 19 Figure 15. Potential Host Sites within a 4-Mile Radius of Optimal Locations ............................ 20 Figure 16. Natural Gas Availability at Potential CNG Station Host Sites.................................... 21 Figure 17. Vehicle Refueling Schedule for Conventional Gasoline Refueling Station................ 23 Figure 18. Bucks County School District Map............................................................................. 29 Figure 19. Left to Right: LE Refuse Truck, All American RE School Bus and Orion VII CNG Bus ........................................................................................................................................ 39 List of Tables Table 1. Potential Sites for Natural Gas Refueling Stations........................................................... 3 Table 2. Greater Philadelphia NGV Fleets ..................................................................................... 8 Table 3. Greater Philadelphia CNG Stations ................................................................................ 10 Table 4. Potential Bucks County CNG Vehicle Fleets ................................................................. 12 Table 5. Potential Sites for Natural Gas Refueling Stations......................................................... 22 Table 6. Funding Opportunities for Compressed Natural Gas Infrastructure............................... 24 Table 7. Operational Savings for Natural Gas Vehicles ............................................................... 32 Table 8. Funding Opportunities for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles ...................................... 33 Table 9. Emission Reductions of NGVs vs. Conventional Vehicles............................................ 34 Table 10. Modified and Certified Model Availability from Baytech Corporation....................... 38 Table 11. Contact List................................................................................................................... 40 Table 12. Information on Greater Philadelphia CNG Vehicle Fleets........................................... 41 Table 13. Vehicle Fleet Characteristics of Bucks County Fleets Interested in NGVs ................. 42 Table 14. Greater Philadelphia CNG Refueling Stations Information ......................................... 43 II Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Executive Summary Having established some initial success with the small pilot compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle demonstration projects in the County, the Transportation Management Association (TMA) has begun the more ambitious task of convincing fleets to switch their medium-duty and heavy-duty vehicles to natural gas on a larger scale. In support of this initiative, the Bucks County Planning Commission contracted with New West Technologies, LLC (New West) to develop a comprehensive strategic plan for locating public CNG refueling infrastructure in Bucks County to serve existing and planned natural gas vehicles. Through the development of this plan, the Commission hopes to coordinate CNG vehicle initiatives including those of the TMA for the purpose of establishing a formal natural gas vehicle (NGV) Program for the County. The report summarizes the analysis conducted for assessing CNG station locations as well as a forward looking plan for instituting the NGV Program. Analysis This document presents the results of analysis conducted for instituting a CNG refueling station network. Information was first gathered on NGVs and CNG refueling stations existing in the county, as well as potential NGV fleets. Information was also collected on roadway systems and populations. This information was then analyzed using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) such as that presented in Figure 1. Figure 1. Existing and Potential CNG Vehicle Fleets in Bucks County 1 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Based on a thorough analysis of existing natural gas vehicle and station locations, potential NGV fleets, roadways, and population concentrations using GIS techniques, Bristol (location #1), Doylestown (location #2), and Newtown (location #3) were selected as potential locations for installation of CNG refueling infrastructure (see Figure 2). The analysis also identified Quakertown as a future potential station site for servicing upper Bucks County, but this location will require more interest in NGVs than currently determined through this study. The anchor fleet for the Bristol station location is Bucks County Transport because it has indicated that it plans to purchase 12 new dedicated natural gas shuttle buses. The initial station capacity will be based primarily on fuel needs of these 12 vehicles and 10 light duty vehicles that are likely to be purchased by the nearby fleets. PECO Energy has offered to provide refueling equipment for this location. Bucks County DPW fleet will act as an anchor for the Doylestown station location with several nearby townships likely to purchase a few CNG vehicles once the station is in place. PECO will also consider supplying refueling equipment for this location. Newtown is the third location since the Township has expressed interest in natural gas vehicles and decided to procure a few Honda GX vehicles in the next year. Due to a limited number of other fleets in the surrounding area that have expressed interest in NGVs, this location would be best served with a smaller CNG refueling appliance, such as a FuelMaker. Figure 2. Optimal Locations for CNG Refueling Stations For each of the three optimal locations potential host sites for a CNG station were identified and evaluated. Candidate sites included existing gasoline or diesel service stations and various other potential properties. Adding CNG refueling to an existing gasoline or diesel service station is the most direct path to the creation of a CNG refueling station. These stations were also investigated due to their strategic location in highly populated areas and near major roadways. The top 2 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report candidate sites and rankings for each of the three optimal locations are presented in Table 1. Rankings were based on location, natural gas availability, and fleet proximity. Note that the following sites were ranked highest: Wawa for Bristol, Neshaminy Manor for Doylestown, and Newtown Township for Newtown. Table 1. Potential Sites for Natural Gas Refueling Stations Name Wawa Getty Hess Mobil Texaco Neshaminy Manor Brinkers Fuels Gulf Shell Newtown Township Citgo Gulf Candidate Site Bristol Location Address Total Points 15 13 13 13 13 15 13 13 13 15 13 13 Store & Gasoline Station 3620 Bath Road Diesel & Gasoline Station 3024 New Rodgers Road Diesel & Gasoline Station 2919 New Rodgers Road Gasoline Station 4362 New Falls Road Diesel & Gasoline Station 7011 New Falls Road Doylestown Location Bucks County DPW 1265 Almshouse Road Diesel & Gasoline Station 445 North West Street Diesel & Gasoline Station 216 South Main Street Gasoline Station 425 South Main Street Newtown Location Gasoline Station Diesel & Gasoline Station Diesel & Gasoline Station 100 Municipal Drive 496 South State Street 695 Newton Yardley Sites were assigned a score of 1 (worst) through 5 (best) for each of three different criteria, including location, natural gas availability, and fleet proximity. NGV Program Plan Having identified optimal locations and candidate sites for CNG refueling stations, a detailed plan for establishing a significant NGV Program for the County was developed. The first step under this Plan is to more fully assess the list of candidate sites for each optimal location based on property layout, natural gas service and property owner interest in hosting CNG refueling. Property layout considers the available space for CNG refueling equipment and the accessibility of the site (ingress/egress) for passenger cars as well as heavy-duty trucks or buses. PECO Energy can provide information on natural gas service at the sites and the additional infrastructure cost in case it is not currently available. The site owner’s interest in hosting a CNG refueling station is a key requirement since they will most likely be responsible for managing the refueling operation and equipment. The addition of CNG refueling to an existing 3 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report station will bring in new customers, therefore adding to the fuel sale profits as well as increasing the profits from the sale of convenience items. There are many sources of funding available for establishment of CNG refueling infrastructure. A database of the funding opportunities was developed as part of this study and is presented in terms of eligibility requirements, proposal requirements and due dates, cost share requirements, and any other key considerations related to these opportunities. Further, as part of the project, a proposal was prepared and submitted to the Pennsylvania DEP AFIG Program on behalf of Bucks County TMA for the establishment of two public access CNG refueling stations in the County, one in Doylestown and one in Bristol. In addition, the DOE State Energy Projects (SEP) grant program was identified as the next best funding opportunity for applying for station funding. The request for proposals for the SEP program is expected sometime in April and proposals will be due in May or June. Due to serious mobile source air pollution problems, there is a potential for increased use of CNG vehicles in Bucks County and Greater Philadelphia. Additional fleets are expected to convert to CNG in the future due to more stringent regulations, increased infrastructure, financial incentives and continued public education about natural gas as a fuel. To accommodate the potential increased demand for CNG, the initial CNG stations in the County should be designed with the potential for increased throughput and capacity. Depending on the success of initial stations in Doylestown and Bristol area, additional stations might also be added to establish a County-wide CNG refueling network. A successful NGV Program requires education of the public, diligent marketing to fleets, and promotion of the CNG stations. There are two primary areas connected with the educational aspect of an NGV Program. The first is creating CNG awareness and emphasizing the benefits of its use to the general population. This creates a higher level of comfort with potential users. A long-term goal is to get alternative fuels into the daily language of the motoring public. The second educational aspect connected with the CNG station is directly aimed at fleet managers and fleet drivers. Again, fleet managers and drivers should be aware of the fact that CNG is available and will soon become part of their everyday lives. This is accomplished through dedicated, strategic marketing to fleets with high potential for CNG use in the future, i.e., target fleets. Candidate fleets include: School Buses (Central Bucks, Bensalem Township and Bristol Township) Transit Buses (SEPTA) Refuse Haulers (Waste Management) Private Businesses and General Public The development of a marketing plan should include identifying actual fleets in the immediate area to contact. CNG as a transportation fuel can be marketed through educational materials, fleet meetings, workshops, and coordination with local Clean Cities Programs. 4 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Based on the abovementioned necessary elements of establishing a NGV Program for the County, the following next steps are recommended: Obtain funding for initial CNG stations in Bristol and Doylestown (AFIG and DOE SEP); Continue to investigate funding opportunities and organize “group buys”; Install Bristol and Doylestown stations after further evaluation of candidate sites; Secure key County and regional partners including PECO, BCT, Honda, FuelMaker, Greater Philadelphia Clean Cities Program, DOE Clean Cities, etc. Develop marketing/education plan for NGV Program; Establish fleet workshops, special events, and meetings; Continue to evaluate Newtown and Quakertown locations for possible CNG stations. 5 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Background and Introduction The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), as designated by the Clean Air Act, for pollutants which are considered harmful to people and the environment. Based on these standards, EPA has designated several areas of the United States as “nonattainment,” where air pollution levels persistently exceed the national ambient air quality standards. As of September 2005 there were 208 counties (88 million population) in particular matter (PM2.5) nonattainment and 255 counties (115 million population) in Ozone nonattainment1. Bucks County is among those counties that are in both PM2.5 and Ozone nonattainment. The other four Greater Philadelphia counties, Chester, Delaware, Montgomery and Philadelphia, are also on that list. Figure 3. Northeast Areas of Poor Air Quality __ A __ B __ C __ D __ F A = Best/Cleanest in the U.S. F = Worst/Dirtiest in the U.S. Figure 3. Northeast Areas of Poor Air Quality (Source: US Air Quality Gradebook) Recently, EPA conducted a study called “Philadelphia Particulate Matter Analysis” where health impacts of diesel PM were investigated for the five Greater Philadelphia counties. The study found that in 1999 diesel PM caused2: 260 deaths at a cost of $1.4 billion. 450 Non-fatal heart attacks at a cost of $37 million. 32,000 missed days of work at a cost of $4.4 million in wages. 3,700 Asthma attacks at a cost of $160,000. 300 Respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions at a cost of $4.7 million According to a different EPA study, vehicle emissions are responsible for 28 percent of the total PM2.5 emissions and 54 percent of nitrogen oxides emissions that form ground-level ozone3. Emissions from cars, trucks and buses are one of our most serious sources of pollution, contributing to urban smog, visibility problems and greenhouse gas emissions. One solution to vehicle pollution is the use of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). There are a number of alternative fuels available, including electricity, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, ethanol, methanol and biodiesel. Vehicles running on electricity or hydrogen produce no harmful emissions, but there are currently no commercial models available. Ethanol, natural gas and biodiesel are most widely used alternative fuels. There are over five million flexible-fuel vehicles (capable of operating on any mixture of ethanol and gasoline) on the road. Biodiesel can be used in any diesel vehicle with minor or no modifications when blended with petroleum diesel. Although hybrid electric vehicles are not considered AFVs according to the Energy and 6 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Policy Act, hybrids have significantly lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles because they use less fuel. In addition to fuel cell and electric vehicles, which emit no harmful emissions, natural gas vehicles are among the “cleanest” AFVs. Using natural gas rather than gasoline can produce major reductions in a number of vehicular emissions (i.e., up to 90 percent particulate matter and 60 percent nitrogen oxides emissions reductions)4. In addition to being cleaner than conventional vehicles, NGVs reduce the nation's extreme dependence on imported oil, and the fuel cost is generally less than the cost of gasoline or diesel fuel. Due to air quality benefit of NGVs, TMA has orchestrated various demonstrations of CNG vehicles in municipal fleets in the County through a program offered by Honda/FuelMaker. In fact, Bensalem became the first township in Bucks County and in the entire state to participate in this demonstration. As a result, Bensalem has purchased three Honda Civic GXs and a FuelMaker refueling appliance as an initial step toward broader adoption of CNG for its fleet vehicles. The Bensalem school district is also investigating the feasibility of converting its existing bus fleet to CNG. Having established some initial success with the small pilot CNG vehicle demonstration projects in the County, the TMA has begun the more ambitious task of convincing fleets to switch their medium-duty and heavy-duty vehicles to natural gas on a larger scale. In concert with this initiative, the Bucks County Planning Commission contracted with New West Technologies, LLC (New West), an engineering consulting firm with extensive experience in alternative fuel vehicle planning and assessment, to develop a comprehensive strategic plan for locating public CNG refueling infrastructure in Bucks County to serve existing and planned natural gas vehicles. In addition, the Commission has secured the support of PECO Energy, the local gas utility, to provide CNG fueling equipment and installation assistance for the establishment of two or three fast-fill public refueling sites in the County. Through the development of this plan, the Commission hopes to coordinate all CNG initiatives in the County, including those of the TMA. This document presents the detailed plan for instituting a CNG refueling station network and developing a significant CNG fleet population in Bucks County. This report summarizes the information gathered on the natural gas vehicles and refueling stations existing in the county, the potential for additional NGVs and refueling stations, the most appropriate locations for such additional stations, and the funding sources identified to implement the CNG projects. The report includes the detailed Geographical Information System (GIS) maps developed under this project, as well as any other supplemental information discovered during the project term. A general plan for developing a natural gas vehicle program in Bucks County as a result of the project findings is presented, including identification of the needs of local fleets (including Bucks County Transport) and a cost-benefit analysis of a natural gas program in the County. 7 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report CNG Station Location Project Current Vehicle Fleets Development of a successful alternative fuel vehicle program in an area hinges upon a good understanding of the local vehicle and refueling situation. New West began the study with a thorough collection of information on the alternative fuel vehicle market in the Bucks County region. This included current alternative fuel vehicle populations, current refueling station locations and capacities, and potential additional fleets interested in alternative fuels. A variety of sources were used to gain an understanding of the current alternative fuel vehicle population (determining vehicle locations geographically) and their fuel use. Key organizations such as the Greater Philadelphia Clean Cities Program (GPCCP) were contacted to determine alternative fuel vehicle users, and discuss fleet sizes and locations with these users to the extent possible. This information was combined with data from other sources (such as the individual fleets) to gain a clear understanding of NGV fleets in the Bucks County region. Currently, the Greater Philadelphia area is home to more than 520 CNG vehicles (Table 2). This fleet is comprised of both light- and heavy-duty vehicles serving primarily in administrative, maintenance, and law enforcement applications. Figure 4 illustrates the CNG fleet locations. There are about 20 light-duty CNG vehicles currently being operated in Bucks County by PECO Energy and Bensalem Township. These vehicles refuel at their own private stations in Warminster and Bensalem, respectively. Neighboring Montgomery County has close to 300 light- and heavy-duty natural gas vehicles. A large concentration of these vehicles is in the lower half of the County where Lower Merion School District and Willow Grove Naval Air Station operate over 100 medium- and heavy-duty NGVs. These vehicles could all potentially utilize the CNG stations established in Bucks County. Table 2. Greater Philadelphia NGV Fleets Fleet Philadelphia Gas Works Lower Merion School District United States Postal Service Willow Grove Naval Air Station PECO Energy West Chester University General Services Administration Philadelphia Department of Environmental Protection Bensalem Township Valley Forge National Park PA Turnpike Commission County Philadelphia Chester, Montgomery Delaware, Philadelphia Montgomery, Philadelphia Bucks, Chester Chester Philadelphia Philadelphia Bucks Montgomery Philadelphia Number of NGVs 304 72 71 23 22 22 10 9 3 2 2 8 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Figure 4. Existing CNG Vehicle Fleets in Greater Philadelphia Area Current Refueling Locations Information was also collected on existing refueling station locations and capacities and location of fuel supplies (including routes of major natural gas supply lines). Information about these refueling stations was obtained from the GPCCP, county officials, and the DOE Alternative Fuels Data Center. There are a total of 21 natural gas refueling stations in Greater Philadelphia area out of which only 5 are accessible to general public (Table 3). Figure 5 shows geographic location of CNG stations in Greater Philadelphia. In Bucks County there are two existing CNG stations, one in Warminster, operated by PECO Energy, and one in Bensalem on the Township facility grounds. Warminster station has been around since the late 1990s but does not have public access due to its location in the center of a secured PECO property. This station has a slow- and fast-fill option and a relatively large capacity with a compressor rated at 125 standard cubic feet per minute (scfm). The Bensalem Township station consists of a FuelMaker fast-fill unit that houses a compressor capable of delivering 76 scfm. 9 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study Table 3. Greater Philadelphia CNG Stations Station Name PECO Energy - Warminster Station Bensalem Township PECO Energy - Plymouth Station PECO Energy - West Conshohocken PECO Energy - Berwyn Station PECO Energy - Eddystone/Chester/Baldwin PECO Energy - Phoenixville Station PECO - Abington Art Center PECO - Bryn Mawr Harriton High School Lower Merion High School Philadelphia Gas Works Philadelphia Gas Works Coatsville Station Philadelphia Gas Works Philadelphia International Airport PSE&G Audubon Gas Shop PSE&G Burlington Gas Shop PSE&G - Moorestown Electric Division NJDOT Fernwood Facility Temple University County Bucks Bucks Montgomery Montgomery Chester Delaware Chester Montgomery Montgomery/Delaware Montgomery/Delaware Montgomery/Delaware Philadelphia Philadelphia Chester Chester Philadelphia Camden Burlington Burlington Mercer Philadelphia March 2006 Final Report Type of Access Private Private Public Private Public Public Public Private Private Private Private Private Private Public Private Private Private Private Private Private Private 10 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Figure 5. CNG Refueling Infrastructure Locations in Greater Philadelphia Area Figure 6. CNG Vehicle Fleets and Refueling Station Locations in Greater Philadelphia 11 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Potential CNG Fleets The Future alternative fuel vehicle needs were discussed with several key local vehicle fleets and their potential interest in alternative fuel vehicle projects. Based on these discussions, the potential market size and locations for alternative fuel vehicles in Bucks County were estimated in order to guide decisions about where to locate new CNG refueling infrastructure. Table 4 lists the potential CNG fleets, locations, interest timeframes and approximate size. Table 4. Potential Bucks County CNG Vehicle Fleets Organization Bensalem Township Bensalem Township School District Bristol Township Bristol Township School District Bucks County Bucks County Transport Centennial School District Central Bucks School District Doylestown Township East Rockhill Township Lower BC Joint Municipal Authority Lower Bucks County YMCA Lower Makefield Township New Britain Township Newtown Township Warminster Township Waste Automation WM Delaware Valley North WM of South East Pennsylvania Location Bensalem Bensalem Bristol Bristol Doylestown Bristol, Holicong, Quakertown Warminster Doylestown Doylestown Perkasie Levittown Fairless Hills Yardley Chalfont Newtown Warminster Bristol Bristol Telford Current Fleet Size ~20 144 ~20 ~120 ~30 120 73 ~100 10 to 20 ~10 19 14 45 22 10 to 20 10 to 20 40 30 25 NGV Interest Near term purchase Potential interest Potential interest Potential interest Near term purchase Near term purchase Potential interest Potential interest Interested Interested Interested Interested Interested Potential interest Near term purchase Potential interest Target fleet Target fleet Target fleet While Bucks County does not currently operate many alternative fuel vehicles, the County plans to develop a natural gas program to convert a significant portion of large county and private fleets to natural gas. One of these fleets is Bucks County Transport, Inc. (BCT), a private, nonprofit corporation organized to provide shared ride transportation services to County residents. BCT operates about 120 shuttle buses and has expressed considerable interest in using CNG vehicles in its future bus fleet. In fact, BCT will be petitioning the Federal Transit Administration for annual funding to cover future CNG bus procurements. Specifically, Bucks County TMA is assisting BCT to procure 12 natural gas buses for FY2007. These vehicles will form part of the fleet base supporting the proposed new public CNG stations established under this project. An average BCT shuttle bus accumulates 18,000 miles and uses more than 2,500 gallons of fuel annually. Replacing 12 conventional shuttle buses with CNG dedicated buses would result in displacement of 30,000 gallons of petroleum fuel with 4.4 million cubic feet of domestic natural gas each year. Based on this annual natural gas use, the BCT fleet of 12 CNG buses would be a solid anchor for a county-wide natural gas refueling station network. 12 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Two school districts, Bensalem Township and Central Bucks, have expressed interest in natural gas buses. Each of these two school districts operates more than 100 school buses and even a small percentage of these fleets converted to CNG would result in significant petroleum displacement and cleaner environment for the children riding these buses on a daily basis. Each bus transports about 70 students daily and consumes around 1,700 gallons of diesel fuel annually. While Bensalem Township School District could potentially utilize the same CNG station as BCT in the Bensalem/Bristol area, Central Bucks School District could be a potential anchor fleet for a second proposed natural gas station. In addition to the aforementioned fleets, several townships in Bucks County are potential future users of natural gas vehicles. These townships are all participating in a TMA project where they receive free use of one Honda Civic GX, and one FuelMaker timed-fill fueling appliance for a minimum of 30 days. Newtown, Bristol, Doylestown, and Warminster Townships, and Lower Bucks County Municipal Authority are all participating in this pilot demonstration project and might be procuring natural gas vehicles as a result of this demonstration. Bensalem Township purchased three CNG vehicles after a positive experience during participation in this demonstration project. Bensalem Township School District and Bucks County Transport are also participating in the pilot demonstration. Each of these fleets offers significant potential for use of the proposed CNG refueling stations in the future. Figure 7 summarizes the locations of current and potential CNG fleets in the County as of the writing of this document. Figure 7. Existing and Potential CNG Vehicle Fleets in Bucks County 13 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Determination of Optimal Refueling Locations The collected information was examined and combined with in-house expertise to identify the most appropriate locations for alternative fuel infrastructure within Bucks County. The main goal was to determine the optimal placement for two or three natural gas refueling stations for serving the initial CNG vehicle needs of the County. This analysis was undertaken to avoid haphazard placement of CNG refueling stations which would likely result in minimal natural gas utilization and therefore no economic or environmental benefits to the County. Insufficient planning has proven detrimental to several CNG refueling station installations throughout Pennsylvania and nationwide in general. Information related to existing refueling, locations of existing and planned alternative fuel vehicles and fleets, locations of fuel supplies, locations of promising potential alternative fuel users, and locations available for use as refueling sites was plotted on a map of the county using ArcView, a commercially-available GIS mapping software package. Based on the analysis of this information, the most likely sites for alternative fuel refueling infrastructure were identified to maximize accessibility for potential fleet users while still meeting real estate and fuel supply constraints. Three main criteria were used to select several potential locations for CNG refueling stations including potential NGV fleets, roadways and population. Potential Fleets The low density of potential customers throughout the Bucks County makes it critical to locate the CNG refueling stations near the highest possible customer concentration, if the operation were to be profitable. Therefore, current and potential CNG vehicle fleet information is the most important criterion in determining the CNG refueling station locations. This information was presented in Figure 7. Locating stations in a manner to provide refueling to as many existing and potential fleets will provide best environmental and economic results for the stations in particular and for the County’s CNG Program as a whole. Roadways As will be seen in a later section of this report in Figure 12, diesel truck stops are located along interstate highways and major local roads, since these stations mainly serve over-the-road diesel trucks moving interstate freight. Gasoline stations tend to have a slightly different layout than diesel stations (Figure 13); they are not only located along major roadways but also along local roads in residential areas since they serve a larger population of vehicles for the general public. These two examples show the importance of placing CNG stations near interstate highways and major local roads which provides optimal access for a variety of CNG vehicle types and users. The Bucks County roadway map is presented in Figure 8. As shown, a major interstate highway (limited access) network exists in the southeastern part of the County, between Philadelphia and Trenton. This highway network is comprised of Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-276), Interstate 95 and Route 1. In addition to the highways, there are numerous local roads that form a tight knit mesh over this part of the County. The second location that stands out in this map is Doylestown in the center of the County, where two major state highways (611 and 202) intersect. Other locations worth noting are Newtown, northwest of the interstate highways in the southeast and Quakertown in the northwest corner of the County. Quakertown has two major highways passing through it (I-476 and Route 309), while Newtown 14 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report has a mesh of local roads that ties into the larger road network of the southeastern part of the County. Figure 8. Bucks County Roadways Population Bucks County is comprised of 31 townships, shown in Figure 9. Township population data was used from Bureau of Census data for year 2000 to construct the County population map presented in Figure 10. As one might expect, the majority of population resides in the lower part of the County due to its proximity to Philadelphia, a large metropolitan city. Middletown, Bensalem and Bristol Townships have the largest populations, followed by Falls, Lower Makefield and Northampton Townships which are adjacent to the aforementioned three. In the center of the County, Doylestown and Buckingham Townships are the next largest in population size. Townships with lowest populations are in the northwest area of the County. Since this data is from Census 2000, it does not take into account the recent population growth around Quakertown in East and West Rockhill Townships. Thus, future consideration needs to be given to this area in potentially hosting a CNG station. 15 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Figure 9. Bucks County Townships Figure 10. Bucks County Population 16 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Also considered in the analysis were the locations of existing CNG refueling stations in the County. The Warminster station is a private PECO station that can not be utilized by other CNG users because it is located in a secure area. The Bensalem Township facility houses a smaller CNG refueling station that could potentially be utilized by small nearby fleets. Based on existing and potential NGV fleet data, roadways and population, three potential locations were chosen for installation of CNG refueling infrastructure. The first location is in Bristol/Bensalem area due to the large population, several interstate highways and NGV interest of several local fleets. A second location is around Doylestown where the majority of County owned vehicles are stationed. This heavily populated area is a crossing of two major regional highways and home to a number of fleets that have expressed interest in NGVs. The third potential location is around Newtown where the Township has expressed interest in NGVs. Newtown also lies in a highly populated area with a network of local roads that connect to the larger network of local roads and highways in the southeast part of the County. All three of these locations are shown in Figure 11, as well as the criteria upon which they were selected. A fourth potential location could be around Quakertown in the northeast corner of the County and would tie the northern part of the County into the planned CNG refueling infrastructure. While this area is growing in population, it has not shown a significant NGV interest at this time. In addition, the area around Quakertown has much smaller population compared to Newtown, which was the reason why it is not depicted in Figure 11. The rings around each of the three locations represent four mile radii. A distance of five miles is generally considered the longest distance fleets are willing to travel to refuel. Thus, stations located within these 4 mile rings could generally serve the fleets located in these locations. Figure 11. Optimal Locations for CNG Refueling Stations 17 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Candidate Station Site Selection After the potential locations were established, a search for actual sites for hosting CNG refueling stations within these locations was conducted. The most direct path to the creation of a CNG refueling station is to add CNG refueling to an existing gasoline or diesel service station. In addition to existing stations, various potential partners were considered. Gasoline and diesel stations were investigated due to their strategic locations in highly populated areas (primarily gasoline stations) and near major roadways (primarily diesel stations). The majority of these stations provide convenient access for larger vehicles such as trucks and buses, which are likely vehicle types that will comprise the future NGV fleet in the County. Figure 12 and Figure 13 show the locations of the County’s diesel and gasoline refueling stations, respectively, in relation to the three optimal locations for CNG refueling stations. A number of potential partner organizations that could also host a CNG refueling station were identified throughout this project, including Wawa, Bucks County Department of Public Works, Brinkers Fuels and Newtown Township. Wawa owns and operates convenience stores in the lower part of the County and several of their stores also have gasoline refueling islands on site. The Bucks County fleet, comprised of several hundred vehicles, is primarily located at The Neshaminy Manor. This location has therefore been identified as a potential host for a CNG station. Brinkers Fuels is a commercial gasoline and diesel refueling site where BCT refuels its Doylestown fleet of 20 shuttle buses. Newtown Township has expressed some interest to potentially host a CNG station on their site since they are considering a purchase of a few Honda GX vehicles. The locations of these sites are shown in Figure 14. Figure 15 shows the locations all of potential host sites. Figure 12. Diesel Refueling Infrastructure in Bucks County 18 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Figure 13. Gasoline Refueling Infrastructure in Bucks County Figure 14. Potential Partner Sites in Bucks County for CNG Station 19 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Figure 15. Potential Host Sites within a 4-Mile Radius of Optimal Locations For an existing station, a very important component of selling transportation fuels is the on-site convenience store. These retail outlets for food, beverages, convenience items, and quite often car washes, provide the bulk of the gross profit for a typical station. Because gasoline is purchased as a necessity, customers are frequently subjected to the more profitable impulse purchases inside of the store. Philadelphia is centrally located between New York City and Baltimore/Washington metropolitan area. Interstates 95 and 276 pass through the lower part of Bucks County and many out of state fleets operating natural gas vehicles frequently travel on them. Because these out of town fleets may refuel in Bucks County, it is logical to establish CNG fueling stations near major roadways. All potential host sites were investigated to determine which ones lie within optimal locations for CNG infrastructure. The result was a list of candidate sites for each of the three locations. This list was further reduced based on natural gas availability, and proximity to potential CNG fleets and major roadways. The local gas utility (PECO Energy) assisted in determining natural gas supply line availability to ensure that new natural gas refueling stations will be located close to the main supply lines to minimize infrastructure construction costs. After examining the list of potential host sites, PECO provided information regarding proximity to the main natural gas lines (Figure 16). Out of 80 potential host sites, only 5 were not located near natural gas supply lines. In addition, PECO 20 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report identified several areas in the County that are capacity limited. Sites located in these areas are less favorable for a CNG station. Figure 16. Natural Gas Availability at Potential CNG Station Host Sites Based on current natural gas availability and proximity to potential fleet user locations and major roadways, all of the potential sites within 4 miles of the three previously identified optimal locations were further evaluated. Each potential site was ranked on a scale of 1 through 5 for each of the three criteria (1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest). Under the location type criterion, the highest ranking was given to existing diesel truck stops or stations because they are likely more accommodating for larger vehicles. Stations with gasoline only were ranked higher than locations with no existing refueling. Candidates with natural gas pipelines on or near the site and not in a capacity constrained region were given the highest score, followed by capacity constrained sites, and finally sites without natural gas availability. The fleet proximity ranking was based on the distance from current or potential CNG vehicle fleets. The top few site candidates for each of the three optimal locations were ranked and are presented in Table 5. Based on the aforementioned criteria and scale, the highest possible score for each site is 15. 21 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study Table 5. Potential Sites for Natural Gas Refueling Stations Name Candidate Site Location Type Bristol Location Natural Gas Availability 5 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 March 2006 Final Report Fleet Proximity 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 Total Points 15 13 13 13 13 15 13 13 13 15 13 13 Wawa Getty Hess Mobil Texaco Neshaminy Manor Brinkers Fuels Gulf Shell Newtown Township Citgo Gulf Store & Gasoline Station 5 Diesel & Gasoline Station 5 Diesel & Gasoline Station 5 Gasoline Station 3 Diesel & Gasoline Station 5 Doylestown Location Bucks County DPW 5 Diesel & Gasoline Station 5 Diesel & Gasoline Station 5 Gasoline Station 3 Newtown Location Gasoline Station Diesel & Gasoline Station Diesel & Gasoline Station 5 5 5 Initial CNG Station Capacity and Fleet Service Location #1 – Bristol The anchor fleet for the Bristol station location would be Bucks County Transport. They operate around 120 shuttle buses throughout Bucks County, 80 of which operate out of the Bristol Depot. The current BCT fleet is comprised of vehicle model years 1996 through 2006. These shuttle buses have a typical replacement cycle of 5 years. BCT has indicated it will purchase 12 new dedicated natural gas shuttle buses to add to their Bristol fleet. BCT’s shuttle buses travel between 15,000 and 20,000 miles per year with average fuel economies of 8 to10 mpg (diesel fuel). Based on these operating characteristics, 12 natural gas shuttle buses would displace approximately 30,000 gallons of petroleum fuel with 4.4 million cubic feet of domestic natural gas annually. The Bristol Township fleet is only 1.5 miles away from BCT and could also utilize the same station. The Township has had a positive experience with NGVs through the Honda/FuelMaker program and would consider purchasing a few NGVs if a refueling station was available nearby. Other fleets that have expressed interest in natural gas vehicles and are within a 3 mile radius of BCT include Bensalem Township, Lower Bucks County Municipal Authority, and Lower Bucks YMCA. Bristol Township School District is also a candidate since it is within 2 miles from BCT. Bensalem School District is somewhat further away (3.5 miles) but could potentially also use a Bristol-located station. A commercial refuse collection company, Waste Management of Delaware Valley, and a residential refuse collection company, Waste Automation, both serve lower Bucks County and are located close to BCT. Waste Automation operates 40 heavy-duty collection vehicles, while 22 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Waste Management of Delaware Valley has around 35. Both of these fleets are heavy fuel users and could significantly increase CNG throughput if a Bristol-located station was accessible. For this location, the initial station capacity will be based primarily on the fuel needs of 12 dedicated CNG shuttle buses of BCT and 10 light duty vehicles that are likely to be purchased by the various aforementioned fleets. A conventional gasoline station provides refueling at a rate of about 10 gallons per minute. For the CNG station to match this refueling rate, a fast-fill system will be required. If the whole initial fleet were to refuel on the same day, the station would have to provide about 440 GGE of CNG. Based on fleet operational characteristics, passenger cars only need to refuel once per week and shuttle buses two to three times per week. Therefore, the initial daily peak demand would be more likely between 100 and 200 GGE of CNG. Figure 17 presents a typical refueling schedule for a conventional retail gasoline refueling station5. This schedule shows that there are typically two demand peaks in a daily schedule. The first one occurs between 7AM and 9AM during the morning commute to work and the other one is between 5PM and 7 PM as people return from work. A successful public-access refueling station design must accommodate peak fuel demands; i.e. fast fill equipment must be sized according to potential peak demands. 98 Vehicles Peak 98 Vehicles Peak 5 Vehicles 6 AM 7 AM 5 Vehicles per hour 9AM 5PM 5 Vehicles per hour 7PM 10 PM Figure 17. Vehicle Refueling Schedule for Conventional Gasoline Refueling Station Location #2 – Doylestown The second location for a CNG station in the County was determined to be in Doylestown. The anchor fleet for this location would be Bucks County Department of Public Works (DPW). The DPW fleet consists of a significant portion of the County’s overall 300 vehicle fleet. Bucks County government is looking to support the County’s natural gas vehicle initiative by procuring several CNG vehicles over the next couple of years. New Britain Township is also interested in natural gas vehicles and could potentially utilize this CNG refueling station. Doylestown Township is on the list for participating in the Honda/FuelMaker program. Based on their experience with this program, Doylestown Township might follow in the footsteps of Bensalem Township in purchasing several Honda GX natural gas vehicles. Holicong, east of Doylestown, is BCT’s Central Bucks location where 20 of their shuttle buses are stationed. Although BCT’s initial CNG shuttle buses will operate in Bristol, initial success with these buses could result in additional purchases for the Holicong location. Central Bucks School District operates a fleet of more than 100 school buses around Doylestown. CNG school buses deployed by Central Bucks School District could also utilize the CNG refueling station that is planned for Doylestown. The Bucks County DPW fleet will act as an anchor for the Doylestown location along with several nearby Townships likely to purchase a few CNG vehicles once the station is in place. DPW’s detailed CNG vehicle purchase plans have not been revealed at the time of this writing. Therefore, it is premature to make any throughput or peak demand estimates for the Doylestown 23 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report CNG station. However, this station will also have to be a fast-fill station to provide adequate access and reasonable refueling times for the aforementioned fleets. Location #3- Newtown The third optimal location for a CNG refueling station in the County is Newtown. Newtown Township has expressed considerable interest in natural gas vehicles and has decided to procure a few Honda GX vehicles in the next year after a successful trial of the Honda/FuelMaker demonstration. There are a limited number of other fleets in the surrounding area that have expressed interest in NGVs. Lower Makefield Township, located in Yardley over 4 miles from Newtown, is the closest fleet with NGV interest. Therefore, due to the projected lower CNG fleet needs, the Newtown location would be best served with a small FuelMaker CNG refueling appliance that is sized according to the number of NGVs that Newtown Township places in their fleet service. As additional CNG fleets come on line in the area, additional FuelMaker refueling appliances can be added in parallel to the Newtown location. Eventually, if fleet demand continues to increase, the FuelMaker appliances can be replaced with a larger compressor system. Funding Opportunities for CNG Refueling Stations Funding will become a key element for implementing the CNG vehicle program and refueling station network in Bucks County. As part of this project, several sources of funding were examined, including Department of Energy (DOE) State Energy Program funds, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania funds, and Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (DOT) Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funding. Table 6 presents funding opportunities in terms of eligibility requirements, proposal requirements and due dates, cost share requirements, and other key considerations. Table 6. Funding Opportunities for Compressed Natural Gas Infrastructure Funding Group U.S. Department of Transportation -Federal Highway Administration (FHwA) U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) Funding Category Name Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) State Energy Program Clean Cities Special Projects - Refueling Infrastructure Development State Energy Program Clean Cities Special Projects - School Bus Program Alternative Fuels Incentive Grant (AFIG) Program Proposal Due Date State Dependent Technology Areas CNG refueling infrastructure May 2006 CNG refueling infrastructure CNG refueling infrastructure for school buses CNG refueling infrastructure U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PA DEP) May 2006 October 2006 24 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report As part of this project, a proposal was developed and submitted on behalf of TMA to the PA DEP in October of 2005 through the Alternative Fuels Incentive Grant (AFIG) program for the establishment of two public access CNG refueling stations in Bucks County. The stations represent those identified for Doylestown and Bristol, as determined through the analysis presented in this document. For purposes of the proposal submission, site preparation and equipment installation costs were estimated. The DOE State Energy Program was identified as the next best funding opportunity according to application deadlines and funding potential. Request for proposals for the SEP program is expected sometime in April and proposals will be due in May or June. 25 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report NGV Program Plan for Bucks County This section of the document presents a detailed business plan for establishing a natural gas vehicle program in Bucks County. The program would consist of establishing the initial CNG stations in Doylestown and Bristol, and expansion and/or addition of new stations as a result of larger population of NGVs in the future, marketing and education of target fleets and general public for opting to use CNG fuel. Station Installation Plan Identification of Station Sites and Partners CNG station site location is a complex issue. There are numerous types of CNG vehicles, from sedans to heavy-duty trucks and buses. Station designs must accommodate this mix of potential CNG customers. To make the situation more complex, the appropriate station layout differs depending on the types of vehicles used and type of drivers using it. Sedan drivers may want convenience store amenities where they can purchase coffee, etc; however, fleet managers may want their truck drivers to fuel at a location where there are fewer distractions, thus reducing time spent fueling. The list of candidate sites identified for each optimal location for CNG station should be more fully assessed to select the best site. The criteria for doing this should include property layout, natural gas service and property owner’s interest in CNG refueling. Property layout will determine if there is adequate space available for CNG refueling equipment (compressors, dryers, cascade storage tank system, fuel dispenser, etc) on-site. Also considered in this criterion should be the accessibility of the site (ingress/egress) since the station might need to be easily accessible to passenger cars as well as heavy-duty trucks or buses depending on vehicle types of fleet users. PECO Energy has already provided information regarding proximity of candidate sites to natural gas pipelines. A further assessment is necessary to determine whether natural gas service is available on-site. If service is not available, PECO will need to determine the additional infrastructure cost of providing natural gas on-site (i.e., pipeline access to the site). A candidate property owner’s interest is a key requirement since they will most likely be responsible for management of CNG refueling operation and equipment. For an existing public station, the public's attraction is based on the fuel brand, the fuel price, and the store's location. The necessity for fuel, a low margin item, brings in the customers for high margin convenience items. The addition of CNG refueling to an existing station would bring in new customers, therefore adding to the fuel sale profits as well as increasing the profits from the sale of convenience items. Contrary to the general public, the attraction of fleet managers to retail refueling stations is based more upon fuel price, availability, and other working arrangements. In some cases, fleet managers view the convenience store at a fueling facility as a negative. The fleet managers generally prefer, if possible, that the fueling system be located at their own facilities to ensure better control over fueling records and to relieve the drivers of the additional burden of fueling their own vehicles. In these cases, a station layout on the fleet premise that serves both the fleetowned vehicles and other fleet or general public vehicles could be established. One side of the station could be dedicated to host fleet use only, and the other side, separated by fencing or other 26 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report barriers if security is a problem, could be set up for other fleets and general public use. Under this layout, the refueling station would have to be located on the edge of the host property and all of the CNG refueling equipment would be located inside of the fence with exception of the public refueling dispenser. Many military bases across the country have adopted this “split access” approach in order to maintain high levels of CNG throughput for the station and thereby pay back invested capital sooner. Based on the candidate CNG station sites identified above in this report, sites should be more fully evaluated and talks should be initiated with the site owners to discuss station design options and develop working arrangements. Installation of Initial Stations After an appropriate station site has been found and all business arrangements have been completed with the owner, work can begin on the actual station design and modifications. For additions of CNG refueling equipment to existing gasoline or diesel service stations, a common design includes a separate refueling island with one or two CNG dispensers. The CNG compressors and storage cascade system are isolated in a remote part of the site or otherwise protected from traffic and plumbed underground to the dispenser island. Construction of a new facility or the addition of CNG to an existing gasoline or diesel station usually requires permits from the local authorities. A list of potential permitting authorities includes: Planning department Building department Electrical department Fire department Water district Environmental agency Air pollution control Hazardous materials In general, the best place to start the permitting process is the building or planning department. Either of these departments may be responsible for zoning ordinances and for determining if the proposed building and site meet the local building codes. By presenting a well-documented and professional plan based on the close review of the applicable regulations, the chance of producing mutually beneficial agreements with the regulatory authorities is greatly increased. Future CNG Needs As explained above in this report, there is significant potential for increased use of CNG vehicles in Bucks County and Greater Philadelphia area. This region is faced with serious air pollution problems and NGVs present a potential solution. Additional fleets are expected to convert to CNG in the future due to regulations, increased infrastructure, financial incentives and continued public education about the natural gas as a fuel. A major benefit of NGVs is that they can be used to meet any of the local or national alternative fuel/reduced emission regulations including Energy Policy Act (EPACT) and the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). To accommodate the 27 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report potential increased demand for CNG in the future, the initial stations established in the County should be designed to accommodate increased compressor capacity and/or storage cascade cylinders to increase station throughput. Depending on the success of the initial stations in Doylestown and Bristol area, additional stations might also be added to establish a County-wide CNG refueling network. When connected with the Greater Philadelphia CNG stations, the overall regional network would resemble New York’s CNG refueling station network which is the largest and most successful in the U.S. with exception of California. According to the analysis presented in this document, the next two locations for CNG stations would be Newtown and Quakertown. Both of these locations show promise based on their geographic location; however, additional CNG fleets need to be solicited in these locations for supporting new CNG stations. In addition to the use of public CNG stations, general public will have an option of residential refueling in the near future. FuelMaker has developed the world’s first home refueling appliance, Phill, which allows indoor or outdoor refueling of NGVs from household natural gas line. Phill has the potential to open up the CNG market to private consumers. Phill is currently available in California, Arizona, Dallas (TX), Denver (CO), Illinois (IL), Milwaukee (WI), New Jersey (NJ), New York (NY), and Utah (UT)). FuelMaker is planning to expand Phill’s availability in 2006 to cover more areas of the United States. California and several other states offer tax incentives to help offset the cost of Phill which is currently about $3,5006. The County is planning to first establish the public stations to gain the foothold, and then Phill and other products will support broader use of CNG and other fuels by the general public. Outreach and Education Program A successful NGV program requires education of the public, diligent marketing to fleets, and promotion of the CNG stations. There are two primary areas connected with the educational aspect of an NGV Program. The first is creating CNG awareness and emphasizing the benefits of its use to the general population. This creates a higher level of comfort with potential users. A long-term goal is to get alternative fuels into the daily language of the motoring public. The second educational aspect connected with the CNG station is aimed at fleet managers and fleet drivers. Again, fleet managers and drivers should be aware of the fact that CNG is available and will soon become part of their everyday lives. This is accomplished through dedicated, strategic marketing to fleets with high potential for CNG use in the future, i.e., target fleets. Traditional refueling stations focus the majority of marketing efforts on their fuel brand and price. To the average driver, the primary differentiation between one refueling station and the next is the fuel price, brand name and location (most sales to the public are on the commuter's way home). This type of marketing approach is not sufficient for CNG. NGV users are not attracted to stations based primarily on price, convenience or brand, but on the knowledge that a station provides their required fuel. Therefore, marketing efforts should focus on raising NGV drivers' awareness that the station is in the area and can supply the required fuel type. 28 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Target fleets To maximize CNG fuel sales, the marketing effort should target fleets that are heavy fuel users and operate primarily in urban areas. All of the fleets with more than 10 or 20 vehicles located within a 5 mile radius of planned locations should be made aware of CNG availability as a transportation fuel. Bucks County is home to several target fleet candidates including: School Bus Fleets – The initial two station locations in Bristol and Doylestown could serve the following school districts: Central Bucks, Bensalem Township and Bristol Township. Figure 18 shows a map of all school districts in Bucks County. Each of these three school districts has over 100 school buses that transport local area children to school on a daily basis. Children are most susceptible to asthma and other respiratory diseases caused by particulate matter from diesels. There is funding being provided on a national as well as a Pennsylvania state level for reducing particulate matter emission from school buses (see Table 4 of this report). In some cases funding is also available for installation of CNG refueling to support school bus fleets. The initial stations in Bristol and Doylestown could provide stepping stones for the aforementioned school districts to gain some experience with CNG as a transportation fuel before installing their own refueling on-site once a larger fleet of CNG school buses is established. In Montgomery County, Merion School District started using CNG in their fleet in 1995 and has since used more than 6 million GGE of CNG in their seventy-plus NGVs. They have installed two CNG refueling stations on their site. Figure 18. Bucks County School District Map 29 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Transit Bus Fleets – SEPTA operates several routes in the lower part of Bucks County. Buses are heavy fuel users and their routes are strategically placed in heavily populated urban areas. Natural gas has been used as a fuel in the transit sector for over a decade, with a number of fleets converting a significant portion of their fleet to natural gas primarily due to emission benefits. Several Pennsylvania transit authorities have installed CNG refueling stations and purchased CNG buses including Centre Area Transportation Authority (50 buses and public station), Port Authority of Allegheny County (5 buses and 2 stations), Erie Metropolitan Transportation Authority (12 buses and station), Area Transportation Authority of North Central Pennsylvania (16 buses and station), and Indiana County Transit Authority (5 buses and station). Some of the funding for refueling stations and CNG bus purchases was obtained from PA DEP. Additional discussions should be held with these entities to learn more about their experience with CNG and how their funding was obtained. These organizations should also be tapped for educating prospective transit fleets in Bucks County on the benefits of CNG. Refuse Hauler Fleets - Waste Management operates a fleet out of Telford for residential refuse collection in upper Bucks County. It also has residential and commercial refuse collection fleets in Bristol. According to a recent report, refuse collection trucks in the U.S. on average consume 8,600 gallons of diesel fuel annually7. According to this same report, natural gas trucks have 67 to 94 percent lower emissions of particulate matter and 32 to 73 percent lower NOx. Refuse fleets such as Waste Management could be significant contributors to an overall NGV Program for the County because of their annual fuel use. Additional research should be conducted to determine other private and commercial refuse fleets operating in the County. Private Business Fleets and General Public – Package and mail delivery fleets as well as taxi fleets are usually concentrated in metropolitan areas such as Greater Philadelphia. These fleets are also a heavy fuel user and operate in residential as well as in business districts. Raising awareness for CNG as a transportation fuel among these fleets and the general public is key to assuring significant growth of the Bucks County NGV Program in the future. Outreach Opportunities Outreach to fleets and the general public is a key element to development of a successful NGV Program. The outreach effort should have a long-term timeframe, with intermediate goals for identifying and securing as many new NGV users and stakeholders as possible. A variety of promotional, marketing, and educational activities can be utilized to further public knowledge and acceptance of NGVs in the County. This campaign must be undertaken by a team that has a good understanding of the technical issues associated with NGVs and ability to translate this knowledge into informational materials for a wide range of audiences. General marketing services for support of the Bucks County NGV Program include the development of promotional materials such as marketing brochures and mailers. Marketing and educational materials related to the incentives and benefits of NGVs should also be developed. These materials must be market focused, that is, tailored to the audience whether it be commercial light duty fleets, school bus operators, over-the-road haulers, or private vehicles. 30 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report This market approach will produce the best results in that the materials will answer the questions these vehicle owners have about NGV technology. The materials will highlight available funding programs and discuss the environmental and energy security benefits of natural gas as a transportation fuel. However, bottom-line costs are most important to fleet operators, so example economic analyses are necessary to illustrate capital payback periods, lifecycle costs, and other key financial indicators for fleets. Effective communications with fleets in working meetings, workshops, and through promotional and marketing materials should be conducted to improve NGV information in relation to what is important to fleets. Additional CNG marketing activities may include: Coordination with Greater Philadelphia and New Jersey Clean Cities Programs, American Lung Association, and National Association of Fleet Administrators and other stakeholder organizations. Coordination with Pennsylvania state government and other county governments Local and regional media advertisement With a plan for establishing public CNG stations and a comprehensive NGV Program, a clear and concise message should be brought to potential fleets. These discussions can be facilitated with educational and marketing materials. These materials will describe the benefits, issues, and costs in non-technical and easily understood terms for a wide range of audiences. Presentation materials and meetings with targeted fleet representatives should be used to solicit interest and recruit potential CNG vehicle users. CNG Program Cost and Benefits According to the Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition (NGVC), there are 130,000 light- and heavyduty compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) vehicles in the United States and 5 million worldwide as of the end of year 2005. Dedicated natural gas vehicles are designed to run only on natural gas; bi-fuel NGVs have two separate fueling systems that enable the vehicle to use either natural gas or a conventional fuel (gasoline or diesel). In general, dedicated NGVs demonstrate better performance and have lower emissions than bi-fuel vehicles because their engines are optimized to run on natural gas. In addition, the vehicle does not have to carry two types of fuel, thereby increasing cargo capacity and reducing weight. This model year, auto manufacturers are producing fewer models than in years past. There are a few light-duty NGVs still available, but if a specific vehicle type is desired, retrofitting a vehicle to natural gas by using an aftermarket conversion system may be considered. Vehicle conversions offer NGV options to fleet managers and consumers alike, beyond the supply of original equipment manufacturer (OEM) alternative fuel vehicles. All vehicle conversions must be certified according to Mobile Source Enforcement Memorandum 1A issued by EPA. Heavyduty NGVs are also available as trucks, buses, and shuttles. Approximately one of every five new transit buses in the United States is powered by natural gas. 31 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Operating Costs The operating costs of natural gas vehicles are generally lower that those of gasoline or diesel vehicles and the fuel costs are more stable. Natural gas prices are not only consistently lower than gasoline prices, but CNG prices have been relatively stable over the past 10 years, while gasoline prices have fluctuated significantly. Fleet managers wishing to forecast fuel expenditures prefer the consistency of the natural gas prices. The cost of CNG can be favorable compared to that of gasoline on a GGE basis, but varies depending on local natural gas prices. According to PECO energy projections, natural gas prices should remain around $1.66 per GGE for the next few years based on natural gas futures8. Current gasoline fuel prices in Philadelphia for December of 2005 were around $2.30 per gallon, while diesel sold for $2.75 per gallon9. In addition to favorable retail prices, natural gas is mostly domestically produced. In 2004, net imports of natural gas to the U.S. were approximately 15% of the total used, with almost all the imports coming from Canada10. In addition to fuel price differential, economic benefits also result from extended oil change intervals of natural gas vehicles. Some natural gas vehicle owners have experienced service lives 2 to 3 years longer than gasoline or diesel vehicles and extended maintenance intervals. Several natural gas vehicle manufacturers recommend oil changes at intervals twice as long as similar gasoline or diesel models (10,000-12,000 miles). For illustrative purposes only, the economic benefits of natural gas vehicles were assessed and the results are presented in Table 7. The following assumptions were made in the assessment: Doubled oil change intervals; Fuel prices: gasoline $2.30, diesel $2.75, and natural gas $1.66 per GGE; Typical annual mileage for various vehicle types as presented in the Table; Combined (city and highway) fuel economy for various vehicle types as presented in the Table 7. Car and truck fuel economy numbers are based on Honda Civic and Chevrolet Silverado. For heavy-duty vehicles CNG fuel economy is typically 25 percent lower than for comparable diesel engines; Oil changes every 3,000 miles for conventional vehicles; Maintenance staff hourly rate of $60 per hour and oil costs of $12 per gallon. Table 7. Operational Savings for Natural Gas Vehicles Vehicle Type Passenger Car (gasoline) Pickup Truck/Van (gasoline) Shuttle Bus (diesel) School Bus (diesel) Transit Bus (diesel) Refuse Truck (diesel) Conventional vs. NGV Fuel Economy (MPGGE) 34/32 12/10 9/6.8 7/5.3 5/3.8 3/2.3 Annual Mileage 12,000 12,000 18,000 8,500 25,000 15,000 Annual Fuel Savings $189 $308 $1,106 $677 $2,829 $2,924 Annual Maintenance Savings $92 $124 $276 $142 $417 $250 Total Annual Savings $281 $432 $1,382 $819 $3,246 $3,174 32 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Potential Funding Sources Just as there are a number of funding opportunities available for covering the cost for natural gas refueling infrastructure, there are also several Federal, State and local programs that offer financial incentives to help offset the incremental cost of natural gas vehicles. Table 8 lists potential funding opportunities along with their due dates and application requirements. Proposals involving multi-agency or multi-fleet vehicle purchases are more likely to receive funding. The same is true for proposals involving refueling natural gas vehicles and stations. In addition to the aforementioned funding opportunities, regional group purchases can be utilized to get better manufacturer pricing. For these reasons, organizations and entities wishing to install CNG stations or purchase CNG vehicles should coordinate their efforts when bidding on funding opportunities or negotiating with manufacturers. Table 8. Funding Opportunities for Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles Funding Group U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) - National Association of State Energy Offices (NASEO) United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PA DEP) Funding Category Name Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) State Energy Program Clean Cities Special Projects - School Bus Program State Energy Program Clean Cities Special Projects - AFV Incremental Cost National Clean Diesel Campaign Clean School Bus USA Program Voluntary Diesel Retrofit Program State Technologies Advancement Collaborative (STAC) - Energy Efficiency Research, Development, Demonstration, and Deployment National Clean Diesel Demonstration Assistance - Offroad Alternative Fuels Incentive Grant (AFIG) Program Proposal Due Date State Dependent May 2006 Technology Areas Replacement or repowerment of heavyduty diesels with CNG (school buses also eligible) CNG school buses May 2006 CNG vehicles and conversions June 2006 CNG school buses Replacement or repowerment of heavyduty diesels with CNG vehicles or engines Heavy-duty diesel replacement or repowerment with CNG Replacement or repowerment of off-road diesels with CNG vehicles or engines CNG vehicles and conversions, CNG vehicle RD&D June 2006 July 2006 July 2006 October 2006 Intangible Benefits Compared with vehicles fueled by petroleum fuels (gasoline and diesel), NGVs can produce significantly lower amounts of exhaust emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and toxic and carcinogenic pollutants compared to gasoline vehicles. NGVs can also reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary greenhouse gas. Table 9 shows representative emission reductions for various pollutants resulting from replacement of conventional (gasoline or diesel) with natural gas vehicles. As the table shows, NGVs substantially reduce all emissions across all vehicle types and are therefore a viable means for reducing air pollution. 33 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study Table 9. Emission Reductions of NGVs vs. Conventional Vehicles Vehicle/Engine Type Passenger Cars (gasoline) Trucks/Vans (gasoline) Heavy-Duty Engines (diesel) CO 75% 60% 49% Emission Reductions for CNG Vehicles NMHC NOx PM 97% 90% N/A 86% 13% N/A N/A 39% 81% March 2006 Final Report CO2 25 25 25 Emission reductions are based on EPA MY 2005 Certification Data with exception of carbon dioxide (CO2) which is an EPA estimate based on CNG fuel properties. Economic Impacts Using natural gas as a transportation fuel has positive and negative economic impacts. First, as explained above there is a price premium for natural gas vehicles ranging from $1,500 to $6,000 for light-duty and $30,000 to $50,000 for heavy-duty vehicles. Second, refueling infrastructure costs can be quite significant, over a million dollars, if establishing a refueling station for a large fleet (several hundred vehicles) of transit buses. In the case of a passenger car fleet of only a few vehicles, the refueling facility costs range between $5,000 and $30,000 depending on required refueling time (fast fill vs. slow fill). The incremental vehicle cost and refueling station costs can be covered to some extent by funding from several federal and state programs, as noted above in Table 8 . The third cost element, facility modification costs for improving fire-safety readiness with natural gas, must often be absorbed directly by the vehicle owner. Economic benefits of NGVs are realized through lower maintenance costs (less frequent maintenance intervals), and lower and more stable fuel prices than gasoline or diesel. These benefits can generally “payback” the incremental vehicle costs for higher mileage vehicles. An indirect economic benefit of natural gas vehicles is their contribution to regional air quality improvement. That is, when applying the use of natural gas to a regional fleet such as likely to be operating in Bucks County in the future, significant improvements in regional air quality can be achieved. Improvements in air quality lead to lower incidence of asthma and other respiratory illnesses annually, thereby improving business employee attendance and increasing business productivity. Recommended Next Steps Based on the abovementioned necessary elements of establishing a NGV Program for the County, the following next steps are recommended: Obtain the necessary funding for initial CNG stations in Bristol and Doylestown (AFIG and DOE SEP). Continually investigate other sources of funding for stations and vehicles. Organize “group buys” among organizations to strengthen proposal bids to funding programs and obtain lower purchase prices. Install stations at both Bristol and Doylestown locations after further evaluation of candidate sites in these jurisdictions. 34 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Secure key County and regional partners including PECO, BCT, Honda, General Motors, FuelMaker, Greater Philadelphia Clean Cities Program, DOE Clean Cities, etc. Develop overall marketing/education plan for spreading word about NGV Program and enlisting additional fleets. Identify and solicit target fleets for school districts, refuse fleets, delivery fleets and taxis, and general public vehicles. Establish fleet workshops, special events, and meetings for directly promoting CNG vehicles. Continue to evaluate Newtown and Quakertown locations for possible CNG stations. 35 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Appendix 36 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Available MY 2006 Vehicles Honda GX is a 4-door dedicated compact sedan for fleets with a 1.7-liter, 4-cylinder natural gas engine. Under the California emissions standards it is certified as Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) and under U.S. EPA standards as a Tier-II Bin-2, second only to zero-emission vehicles in Bin-1 (allelectric or hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles). Fuel capacity for this vehicle is 8 gasoline gallon equivalents (gge) when compressed to 3,600 psi. The GX EPA fuel economy rating is 30 miles per gallon (mpg) in city and 34 mpg in highway driving and it provides an average driving range of about 250 miles. A comparable gasoline model has a rating of 29/38 mpg11. The Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) is $21,760, $4,500 higher than a comparable gasoline version. However, due to its extremely low emissions, this vehicle qualifies for a $3,600 Federal tax credit. Honda GX also qualifies for a PA DEP AFIG grant equivalent to 20 percent of the incremental vehicle price ($900). Together federal and Pennsylvania state credits can cover the incremental cost of a CNG model for private consumers. Chevrolet offers its popular light-duty pickup, Silverado, as a dedicated CNG vehicle and as a bi-fuel vehicle. GMC offers the same product under a different name, Sierra. Both bi-fuel and dedicated versions of pickups come in 2WD with regular or extended cab long box and 4WD with regular cab, extended cab or crew cab long box. They are all powered by a 6.0 liter V8 engine. The fueling capacities of the bi-fuel truck are 20 gge of CNG and 34 gallons of gasoline, respectively12. The Silverado and Sierra dedicated pickups have fuel economy ratings of 9 mpg in city and 12 mpg in highway driving. A comparable gasoline version has fuel economy ratings of 11/13. Dedicated Silverado and Sierra pickups are certified as ultra low emission vehicles (ULEV) according to the California emission standards. Bi-fuel versions are certified as low emission vehicles (LEV). The incremental costs are $8,000 to $10,000 when compared to a gasoline version and $2,500 to $4,000 when compared to a diesel. Although General Motors does not produce natural gas vans anymore, it continues to provide a gaseous fuel-ready 6.0L Vortec engine on its Chevy Express and GMC Savana vans for aftermarket conversions. Baytech Corporation, headquartered in California, is on the EPA and California Air Resources Board (CARB) list of certified companies that offer CNG retrofit packages on new OEM vehicles with CNG-ready engines. 37 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study Both the Savana and Express are available from General Motors as bi-fuel and dedicated cutaway vans as well as 2500 and 3500 series vans. The cutaway vans have a gross vehicle weight (GVW) of 12,000 lb and are certified as ULEVs. Baytech equips bi-fuel vans with a 21 gge CNG capacity and 35 gallon gasoline tank, while dedicated vans come with a 30 gge CNG capacity tank for a driving range of 320 to 410 miles. The 2500/3500 series Chevrolet Express and GMC Savana vans are available from General Motors as passenger or cargo vans. They are also powered by a Vortec 6.0-liter engine and are available with 135- and 155-inch wheelbases. Their GVW range is 8,600-9,500 lb. Baytech makes bi-fuel versions with a fuel capacity of 11.2 gge CNG and 31gallons gasoline which are certified to ULEV standard. Dedicated vans have a 20-gge fuel capacity for a driving range of 220-280 miles and have SULEV certification. Table 10. Modified and Certified Model Availability from Baytech Corporation Vehicle Type Light Duty Truck/Van Medium Duty Van Medium Duty Specialty Vehicle Engine Size 6.0L Fuel Type Dual-fuel or Dedicated Dual-fuel or Dedicated Dual-fuel or Dedicated Available Models Sierra, Silverado, 1500/2500/3500 Express & Savana Cut-a-Way Shuttle Bus C2500/3500HD, Utility Body, Isuzu NPR Flatbed, Van cutaway Flatbed and Workhorse Walk-in van March 2006 Final Report Emission Certification Dedicated - ULEV Dualfuel - LEV Dedicated - ULEV Dualfuel - LEV Dedicated - ULEV Dualfuel - LEV 5.7L 6.0L Mack Trucks Inc. makes a low entry (LE) Refuse truck. Powered by a Mack Eco-Tech E7G engine with 325 horsepower, this low cab-over-engine (COE) dual steer refuse chassis is available for front-, side- and rear-load refuse bodies. This refuse truck chassis is certified to the LEV standard. Blue Bird Corporation manufactures the All American RE School Bus available in 66 or 85 passenger configurations. It is powered by the John Deere 8.1 liter, 250hp CNG engine. Orion Bus Industries makes the Orion VII CNG-powered transit bus. This is a low-floor bus with Detroit Diesel Series 50G or Cummins Westport C8.3G engine. It comes in lengths of 30, 35 and 40 feet. 38 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report Figure 19. Left to Right: LE Refuse Truck, All American RE School Bus and Orion VII CNG Bus In general, a CNG vehicle can be less expensive to operate than a comparable conventionally fueled vehicle depending on natural gas prices. Natural gas can cost less than gasoline and diesel (per energy equivalent gallon); however, local utility gas rates can vary. Purchase prices for natural gas vehicles are somewhat higher than for similar conventional vehicles. The auto manufacturers' typical price premium for a light-duty CNG vehicle is in the range of $1,500 to $6,000, and for heavy-duty trucks and buses, $30,000 to $50,000. Federal and other incentives can help defray some of this increase in vehicle acquisition costs. In addition, fleets may need to modify maintenance facilities to account for the fire-safety difference with natural gas compared with gasoline or diesel fuel and purchase service and diagnostic equipment if access to commercial CNG vehicle maintenance facilities is not available. Performance and Safety CNG vehicles generally have shorter driving ranges than comparable gasoline- and diesel-fueled vehicles because of the lower energy content of natural gas compared with an equivalent volume of gasoline. Additional storage tanks can increase the driving range, but their additional weight may displace some payload capacity. Depending on the number of fuel storage cylinders and their locations, some payload capacity may be compromised with NGVs. Bi-fuel NGVs offer similar driving ranges to gasoline vehicles. Natural gas vehicles are just as safe as today's conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles. They use pressurized tanks, which have been designed to withstand severe impact, high external temperatures, and environmental exposure. However, personnel should receive training to operate and maintain natural gas vehicles because of the differences in fuel properties and engine operation compared with gasoline or diesel vehicles. Training and certification of service technicians is also required, although most manufacturers offer certified technicians for maintaining these vehicles. Natural gas is, in many respects, safer than gasoline. In the event of a spill, natural gas will disperse into the air rather than remain on the ground and create the possibility of soaking into the ground. However, a natural gas spill in an enclosed area may represent a potential fire hazard because it is lighter than air and it will rise to the ceiling near electric devices and remain there if not ventilated properly. This is potentially problematic since most maintenance garages are designed for conventional fuels like gasoline and diesel whose vapors are heavier than air and therefore, the ventilation is near the ground. Natural gas also has a higher flash point and a wider range of flammability than gasoline or diesel, thus fleets that maintain their own vehicles may have to consider safety-related changes to maintenance facilities. The leading source of safety information about natural gas can be found in the National Fire Protection Association codebooks. 39 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study Table 11. Contact List Entity BCT Bensalem Township Bensalem Township School District Bristol Township Bristol Township School District Bucks County Centennial School District Central Bucks School District Delaware Valley North Commercial Collection Doylestown Township City Bristol Bensalem Bensalem Bristol Bristol Contact Vincent Volpe Ed Hackett Jim Ryan N/A Glen Kutcher N/A Position Executive Director Maintenance Supervisor Dept. of Public Works Transportation Dept. Dept. of Public Works Transportation Dept. March 2006 Final Report Phone # 215-794-5554 215-946-9357 215-633-0668 215-750-2800 215-785-0500 215-788-7841 215-348-6372 215-340-8843 215-345-3950 215-441-6000 x1806 267-893-4000 215-788-3358 x3019 215-348-9915 215-257-9156 215-945-7400 215-949-3400 x13 215-493-4142 215-882-1391 215-968-2800 x250 x248 215-443-5414 Maureen McIlvaine Purchasing Director Doylestown Larry Churilla Contract Coordinator Joe Bush Dept. of Public Works Warminster Wayne Robinson Doylestown N/A Bristol Ken Anderson Transportation Director Transportation Dept. Maintenance Dept. Township Manager Manager Board Director CEO Dept. of Public Works Township Manager Dept. of Public Works Township Manager Doylestown Stephanie Mason John Cornell Edmund Armstrong Eric Stark Paul Leva John Cornelious Robert Pellegrino Garry Crossland East Rockhill Township Perkasie Lower BC Joint Municipal Authority Lower Bucks County YMCA Lower Makefield Township New Britain Township Newtown Township Warminster Township Waste Automation Residential Collection Waste Management of South East PA Residential Collection Wawa Levittown Fairless Hills Yardley Chalfont Newtown Warminster Judy Smith Bristol Telford Bristol Bill Boradhurst N/A Gregory Rees Maintenance Supervisor 800-328-1717 x10 Maintenance Dept. Real Estate Manager 215-257-1142 610-630-2181 40 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study Table 12. Information on Greater Philadelphia CNG Vehicle Fleets Entity Bensalem Township PECO PECO USPS USPS USPS Lower Merion School West Chester University Bryn Mawr College Temple University Philly Suburban Water Co. GSA PA DEP DOI - Valley Forge National Park PHL International Airport Navy -Willow Grove NAS Navy Army - Recruiting PECO - Abington Art Center Defense Agencies PGW PGW PGW Pensylvania Turnpike Commission LDV…light duty vehicle MDV…medium duty vehicle HDV…heavy duty vehicle March 2006 Final Report Zip Code 19020 18974 19312 19013 19070 19104 19003 19383 19010 19122 19010 19106 19401 19406 19153 19090 19111 18960 19046 19111 19102 19122 19139 N/A Address 2400 Byberry Road N/A 1050 W. Swedesford Rd N/A N/A 2955 Market Street 301 East Montgomery Ave 100 W Rosedale Avenue 101 North Merion Avenue 1801 North Broad Street 762 West Lancaster Ave 600 Arch Street 2 East Main Street 1400 North Outerline Drive 8000 Essington Ave 1174 Tinker Street 700 Robbins Ave 94 N Main St 515 Meetinghouse Road N/A N/A 1800 North 9th Street 5230 Chestnut Street N/A Vehicles 3 12 10 21 5 46 90 22 1 4 4 10 9 2 10 13 10 1 1 1 100 100 107 2 County Bucks Bucks Chester Delaware Delaware Philadelphia Montgomery/Delaware Chester Montgomery/Delaware Philadelphia Montgomery/Delaware Philadelphia Montgomery Montgomery Philadelphia Montgomery Philadelphia Bucks Montgomery Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia N/A City Bensalem Warminster Berwyn Chester Morton Philadelphia Ardmore West Chester Bryn Mawr Philadelphia Bryn Mawr Philadelphia Norristown King of Prussia Philadelphia Willow Grove Philadelphia Sellersville Jenkintown Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia N/A Honda GX 4 HDV, 7 LDV 5 HDV, 7 LDV LD Pickup 4x2 LD Pickup 4x2 LD Pickup 4x2 Comment 84 buses, 6 vans 6 HDV, 16 LDV (F250, F350, 4- E350) Bus 9 buses, 9 trucks, 5 CNG vans, 1 CNG pickup LDV HDV HD 4x4 pickups small fleet of LDVs 1 bus, 1 HDV, 1 MDV, 10 4x2 pickups LDVs - sedans MD passenger van MD bi-fuel van MD passenger van 173 dedicated, 93 bi-fuel vans, 41 LDVs 41 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study Table 13. Vehicle Fleet Characteristics of Bucks County Fleets Interested in NGVs Entity Bensalem Township Bensalem Township School District Bristol Township Bristol Township School District Bucks County Bucks County Transport Bucks County Transport Bucks County Transport Centennial School District Central Bucks School District Doylestown Township East Rockhill Township Lower BC Joint Municipal Authority Lower Bucks County YMCA Lower Makefield Township New Britain Township Newtown Township Warminster Township Waste Automation - Residential Collection Waste Management of South East PA - Residential Collection Waste Management Delavare Valley North - Commercial Collection March 2006 Final Report ZIP Code 19020 19020 19007 19007 18901 18928 18951 19007 18974 18901 18901 18944 19058 19030 19067 18914 18940 18974 19007 18969 19007 Address 2400 Byberry Road 3000 Donallen Drive 2501 Bath Road 1200 New Rodgers Road 1265 Almshouse Road 4920 York Rd 515 South West End 2444 Durham Rd 433 Centennial Road 320 West Swamp Road 425 Wells Road 1622 Ridge Road 7811 New Falls Road Fleet Size 20 144 20 >100 300 20 20 80 73 >100 15 10 19 14 45 22 15 10 40 25 25 County Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks Bucks City Bensalem Bensalem Bristol Bristol Doylestown Holicong Quakertown Bristol Warminster Doylestown Doylestown Perkasie Levittown Fairless Hills Yardley Chalfont Newtown Warminster Bristol Telford Bristol Comments Already have 3 Honda GX vehicles Have not had discussions about NGVs yet Have tried NGVs, staying with gasoline due to new on site gasoline station Have not had discussions about NGVs yet 300 vehicles throughout the county 20 E450 and E350 super duty shuttles 21 E450 and E350 super duty shuttles 12 CNG bus purchase 80 E450 & 350 cutaway shuttles diesel fuel tank on site, leasing property 73 school buses. Introduced NGV to the board but no action for near future Have not had discussions about NGVs yet May purchase a few after the Honda/FuelMaker trial. No experience with NGVs yet. 10 vehicles total 3 cars, 2 SUVs, 5 pickups, 3 utility body pickups, 3 dump trucks, 3 F450 trucks Would give serious consideration to NGVs 12 passenger vans, 2 buses Expressed interest in NGVs 21 cars, 24 trucks (pickups to dump trucks 22 vehicles (10 police, 12 DPW) considering 3-4 NGV purchase Sedans + potential for a refueling station (installing a new gasoline station next year) No plans for NGVs at this time. 21 rear, 8 side loaders, 11 recyclers serving Lower Bucks County 25 refuse haulers serving Upper Bucks Serving Lower Bucks County NGV Interest Near term purchase Potential interest Potential interest Potential interest Near term purchase Potential interest Potential interest Near term purchase Potential interest Potential interest Interested Potential interest Interested Interested Potential interest Potential interest Near term purchase Potential interest Target fleet Target fleet Target fleet 601 S. Oxford Valley Road 1100 Edgewood Road 207 Park Avenue 100 Municipal Drive 401 Gibson Avenue 2505 Old Rodgers Road 400 Progress Drive 1224 Hayes Boulevard 42 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study Table 14. Greater Philadelphia CNG Refueling Stations Information Name Bensalem Township Coatsville Station Harriton High School Lower Merion High School NJDOT Fernwood Facility PECO - Abington Art Center PECO - Bryn Mawr PECO Energy - Berwyn Station PECO Energy - Eddystone PECO Energy - Phoenixville Station PECO Energy - Plymouth Station PECO Energy - Warminster Station PECO Energy - West Conshohocken Philadelphia Gas Works Philadelphia Gas Works Philadelphia Gas Works Philadelphia International Airport PSE&G - Moorestown Electric Division PSE&G Audubon Gas Shop PSE&G Burlington Gas Shop Temple University March 2006 Final Report Phone 215-633-3600 N/A 610-645-1940 610-645-1940 609-530-2200 215-887-4882 N/A 215-841-5220 N/A N/A 215-841-5220 215-841-5220 215-841-5220 215-684-6260 215-684-6260 215-684-6260 215-937-6803 N/A N/A 973-430-7664 Address 2400 Byberry Road 175 North Caln Road 600 N Ithan Avenue 301 E Montgomery Avenue 1035 Parkway Avenue 515 Meetinghouse Road 101 North Merion Avenue 1050 Swedesford Road 1510 Chester Pike 1101 Westbridge Street 680 Ridge Pike 388 Park Avenue 300 Front Street 900 W Norris Street 3100 E Venango Street 3100 W Passyunk Avenue 8000 Essington Ave 300 New Albany Road 353 W. Nicholson Road 300 Connecticut Drive 1801 North Broad Street City Bensalem Coatesville Rosemont Ardmore Ewing Township Jenkintown Bryn Mawr Berwyn Eddystone Phoenixville Plymouth Meeting Warminster West Conshohocken Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Moorestown Audubon Burlington Philadelphia State PA PA PA PA NJ PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA PA NJ NJ NJ PA Zip 19020 19320 19010 19003 8618 19046 19010 19312 19022 19460 19462 18974 19428 19122 19134 19145 19153 8057 8106 8016 19122 Access Private Public Private Private Private Private Private Public Public Public Public Private Private Private Private Private Private Private Private Private Private Bucks County Chester Montgomery/Delaware Montgomery/Delaware Mercer Montgomery Montgomery/Delaware Chester Delaware Chester Montgomery Bucks Montgomery Philadelphia Philadelphia Chester Philadelphia Burlington Camden Burlington Philadelphia Station Type Fast-fill N/A Quick fill Quick fill Quick Fill Quick fill N/A Quick fill N/A N/A Both Both Timed fill Quick fill Quick fill Quick fill Quick Fill Quick Fill Both Both N/A Compressor SCFM 76 N/A 110 110 100 N/A N/A 78 78 39 78 125 2 150 280 280 120 84 100 233 N/A 43 Bucks County Compressed Natural Gas Station Location Study March 2006 Final Report References 1 2 Green Book, U.S. EPA (http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/). Philadelphia Particulate Matter Analysis, U.S. EPA Region III. (http://www.cleanair.org/dieseldifference/healthinfo/pmphillyreport.htm). 3 National Emission by Source Study, U.S. EPA, 1999. 4 Compressed Natural Gas Alternative Fuel Fact Sheet, U.S. EPA, March 2002. 5 Assessment of Natural Gas Infrastructure for Transportation Use, EA Mueller Consulting Engineers, March 1991. 6 Honda/FuelMaker presentation by Barry Carr, Bucks County TMA CNG Conference, Bensalem, PA, November 2005. 7 Greening Garbage Trucks Fact Sheet, Inform (http://www.informinc.org/fact_ggt.php), 2005 8 PECO Energy Presentation by Paul Miles, BCTMA CNG Conference, Bensalem, PA, October 2005 9 AAA Daily Fuel Gage Report (http://www.fuelgaugereport.com/PAmetro.asp) 10 Energy Information Association (http://www.eia.doe.gov) 11 Honda GX website (www.civicgx.com) 12 General Motors Alternative Fuel website (http://www.gm.com/automotive/innovations/atfuel/) 44