Number Word Hupa Hupa # Hupa notes
0 20 0 Compiled and annotated by A. Kassian. {Sources: Golla 1996; Golla 1970; Hoijer 19
1 all ʔah-tʼiŋ 1 Golla 1996: 3; Golla 1970: 240. Polysemy: 'all (omnis) / all (totus) / completely'. Mor
2 ashes xoŋʼ-tin 1 Golla 1996: 6. Substantive xoŋʼ 'fire' q.v. + locative suffix -tin/-tiŋ 'at the place' [Gol
3 bark possr=sicʼ 1 Golla 1996: 29 sub 'dye'; Golla 1964: 112; Golla 1970: 219. Polysemy: 'bark / human
4 belly possr=mitʼ 1 Golla 1996: 10; Golla 1964: 110. Glossed as 'belly, stomach'. The same root with the
5 big =kʰʸah 1 Golla 1996: 11; Golla 1970: 137. Cf. the regular root variant =kʰʸaːw ( k (for this consonant symbolism see [Golla 1970: 263]). Cf. the following examples for the abovemen
t' + 'comes along', teːti-qaːl , literally 'here' + 'it comes along' [Golla 1996: 92]. For a similar specialized expression for 'moon' see under the latter.
We
~ hay=yeːw ~ hay=yeːw-i 'that (far off, invisible)' [Golla 1996: 95], [Golla 1970: 299]. § treat yoːw and yeːw as synonyms.
With
mperfective/perfective, whereas =ya / =ya-ʔ is defined as nondirectional imperfective/perfective. § pl. subj. the root =tiɬ [imperf.] / =teːƛʼ [perf.]
also such contexts with tʰaʔnaːn as 'I pour it again into the water' [Golla 1970: 249]. The old root tʰo means 'body of water, ocean' [Golla 1996: 105], bu
esembles') [Golla 1996: 14] and cʰeːl-nehwaːn 'red' (literally 'blood' + 'it resembles') q.v. By contrast, 'yellow' is quoted as =cʰow in [Hoijer 1956: 223], c
our, salty' [Golla 1996: 81]).
0: 275]). The root čeʔ is also retained in expressions for 'breastbone' [Golla 1996: 14] and 'to be tired' [Golla 1996: 97].
ubj. the root =tiɬ [imperf.] / =teːƛʼ [perf.] is used instead [Golla 1996: 19, 40], [Golla 1970: 162].
cf. such examples with =yah / =yaw as: "That night he said, 'I've got a headache!' Before dawn, in the first light, he died" [Golla 1984: 53, 55], "They th
, but browsing through Hupa texts in [Goddard 1904] and [Golla 1984] clearly suggests that ɬiŋʼ is the default designation for 'dog'. Examples for ɬiŋʼ 'do
96: 99]. The meaning 'leg' is expressed with the word for 'bone' q.v.
ontains an old N- suffix with the synchronic izafet exponent -iʔ .
. a separate term for 'forearm': possr=cʼeːlʼ [Golla 1996: 5].
e usual and most frequent meaning is simply 'hearing'. Examples for -cʼeh / -cʼiw 'it is heard' or 'subj hears it' are numerous, e.g.: "I hear (cʼeh ) that bird c
wn (of humans and animals)' [Golla 1996: 56; Golla 1970: 162], which is used with pl. subj.
Browsing through [Gol
lthough for 'lips' per se there is an alternative specialized expression: possr=taː-sicʼ , literally 'mouth + skin' [Golla 1996: 57]. §
t =ta 'to stay; to live' for sg. subj. and on the root =tiɬ [imperf.] / =teːƛʼ [perf.] 'to move somewhere [intrans.]' for pl. subj. [Golla 1996: 85-86].
). Cf. the following examples for the abovementioned compound: "it was as if little (=keʔ-kicʰ ) leaching pits [in the sand] were being made" [Golla 1984
pression for 'moon' see under the latter.
nd yeːw as synonyms.
pl. subj. the root =tiɬ [imperf.] / =teːƛʼ [perf.] is used instead [Golla 1996: 19, 40], [Golla 1970: 162].
ns 'body of water, ocean' [Golla 1996: 105], but seems to be used mostly in compounds or bound forms, cf. tʰoː-xʷ 'at the river' (literally 'water-at') [Golla
ow' is quoted as =cʰow in [Hoijer 1956: 223], coinciding with the term for 'green' q.v.
st light, he died" [Golla 1984: 53, 55], "They thought he had been dead for some time" [Golla 1984: 46, 49], "If I should talk the Indians would be no mo
ault designation for 'dog'. Examples for ɬiŋʼ 'dog' are numerous in [Goddard 1904] (e.g., "I wish I had a dog to go along with me" [Goddard 1904: 114, 13
it' are numerous, e.g.: "I hear (cʼeh ) that bird crying; I feel (cʼeh ) the salmon have come; I hear (cʼeh ) Salmon's Grandmother crying" [Golla 1984: 15, 1
Browsing through [Golla 1970], [Golla 1996] and other sources does not permit to make a definite choice; therefore, we treat =sah
n' [Golla 1996: 57]. §
ns.]' for pl. subj. [Golla 1996: 85-86].
ts [in the sand] were being made" [Golla 1984: 36, 37], "Across the ocean toward the west lives the small ({mis-kai-gits }) fork-tailed fish" [Goddard 190
. tʰoː-xʷ 'at the river' (literally 'water-at') [Golla 1996: 6], tʰoː-tiŋ 'beach, shore' (literally 'water-place') [Golla 1996: 9], tʰo-sqʼucʼ 'spring (of cold water),
], "If I should talk the Indians would be no more. They would die" [Goddard 1904: 217, 219], "When they came to the village they were told that a man h
g to go along with me" [Goddard 1904: 114, 131], "A dog skin blanket was hanging there over the door" [Goddard 1904: 170, 173]), Golla's examples ar
mon's Grandmother crying" [Golla 1984: 15, 16], "And a kissing noise she heard (cʼeh )" [Goddard 1904: 111], "I hear (cʼeh ) two (people)" [Goddard 19
make a definite choice; therefore, we treat =sah and =ta as synonyms.
({mis-kai-gits }) fork-tailed fish" [Goddard 1904: 364, 368]. Cf.
§ also the widely applicable diminutive suffix -či [Golla 1970: 261]. The
§ word ya
la 1996: 9], tʰo-sqʼucʼ 'spring (of cold water), cold water' < tʰoː-siqʼucʼ 'water + cold' [Golla 1996: 19], etc. Cf. also various verbal directional tʰ- prefixes
It
came to the village they were told that a man had died" [Goddard 1904: 175, 178]. § is interesting that, according to [Goddard 1904], the root tʼen 'to
Goddard 1904: 170, 173]), Golla's examples are: "Don't even let a dog look from there!" [Golla 1984: 32, 34], "dogs never come here" [Golla 1970: 301].
111], "I hear (cʼeh ) two (people)" [Goddard 1904: 170], "I heard (cʼiw ) them get up" [Golla 1984: 13, 14], "Let me see what it was that I heard (cʼiw ) do
e suffix -či [Golla 1970: 261]. The
§ word yaːʍ (quoted in [Hoijer 1956: 223] as 'small') means '(animal's) young' according to [Golla 1996: 81 sub 'sap
c. Cf. also various verbal directional tʰ- prefixes such as tʰa- 'into the water (and out again), moving through the water' etc. [Golla 1970: 126-127]. For oth
, according to [Goddard 1904], the root tʼen 'to do; to happen' [Golla 1996: 26, 43] (which is closely synonymous to =nah / =yah ) can also be used in th
4], "dogs never come here" [Golla 1970: 301]. By contrast, no textual examples for noː=kʼʸi=neː=yoːtʰ have been found.
, "Let me see what it was that I heard (cʼiw ) doing something" [Golla 1984: 19, 22], "in that direction inside it someone was singing there she heard (cʼiw
s) young' according to [Golla 1996: 81 sub 'sapling', 100 sub 'trout', 110], not 'small (adj.)' in general.
h the water' etc. [Golla 1970: 126-127]. For other terms with the semantics of 'water', see [Golla 1996: 105].
nymous to =nah / =yah ) can also be used in this expression 'to do it in some way' = 'to die', cf. the following examples: "People would never have died bu
de it someone was singing there she heard (cʼiw )" [Golla 1984: 28], "he sang along there she heard (cʼiw )" [Golla 1984: 29], "And he walking along a cr
ng examples: "People would never have died but for that" [Goddard 1904: 221, 224], "He took care of the people who died" [Goddard 1904: 346, 349], "b
[Golla 1984: 29], "And he walking along a creek heard (cʼiw )" [Goddard 1904: 111], "he heard croak (cʼiw )" [Goddard 1904: 112], "it sounded he hear
people who died" [Goddard 1904: 346, 349], "but if she does eat them, these eels of mine won't die" [Goddard 1904: 253, 261], "It (= the eels) won't die"
2)
iw )" [Goddard 1904: 112], "it sounded he heard (cʼiw )" [Goddard 1904: 144], etc. § the adverb ʔun-kʸaʔ or ʔan-kʸaʔ (also plain kʸaʔ ), glossed as 'une
ard 1904: 253, 261], "It (= the eels) won't die" [Goddard 1904: 256, 262]; it should be noted that, according to the two latter examples, the expression 'to
ʔ or ʔan-kʸaʔ (also plain kʸaʔ ), glossed as 'unexpectedly, surprisingly, seeing something suddenly, lo and behold!' [Golla 1996: 57, 93], which is applied
g to the two latter examples, the expression 'to do it in some way' is applied to animals as well. Modern sources, however, do not confirm such usage of t
behold!' [Golla 1996: 57, 93], which is applied to the act of perception (seeing, hearing, etc.). Normally ʔun-kʸaʔ ~ ʔan-kʸaʔ is used together with the wor
A
urces, however, do not confirm such usage of tʼen ; therefore, we regard it as archaic and exclude tʼen from the list. § second candidate is the verb =č
n-kʸaʔ ~ ʔan-kʸaʔ is used together with the word that denotes perception. Examples for ʔun-kʸaʔ ~ ʔan-kʸaʔ with -cʼeh / -cʼiw in the meaning 'subj hears
m the list. A
§ second candidate is the verb =čʼitʰ 'to die; to be tired out, weak from exhaustion' [Golla 1996: 25, 97], which, in the meaning 'to die', is no
ʔ with -cʼeh / -cʼiw in the meaning 'subj hears (it)' are numerous. E.g.: "Then I heard (ʔan-kʸaʔ ... cʼeh ) something making a cracking noise going" [Golla
96: 25, 97], which, in the meaning 'to die', is noted by Golla as "direct term; very impolite". In known examples =čʼitʰ is applied preferably to animals, my
mething making a cracking noise going" [Golla 1984: 11], "Then in the middle of the night she heard (ʔan-kʸaʔ ... cʼeh ) something uncertain making a no
ples =čʼitʰ is applied preferably to animals, mythological monsters or the waning moon: "It (= the salmon) died at once" [Goddard 1904: 266, 268], "He (
kʸaʔ ... cʼeh ) something uncertain making a noise" [Golla 1984: 18, 22], "As she was coming down the ridge towards Xonsahding, she heard (ʔan-kʸaʔ ...
died at once" [Goddard 1904: 266, 268], "He (= the monster Two-Neck) did not die ... And then he died" [Goddard 1904: 164, 167], "He (= the monster)
ge towards Xonsahding, she heard (ʔan-kʸaʔ ... cʼeh ) people crying downstream from Xonsahding. She thought, 'I hear (cʼeh ) something there; let me go
[Goddard 1904: 164, 167], "He (= the monster) thought, 'For nothing I will die' ... At that resting place he died" [Goddard 1904: 346, 347, 349], "the wan
ought, 'I hear (cʼeh ) something there; let me go down there'" [Golla 1984: 21, 23], "Inside it she heard (ʔan=kʸaʔ ... cʼeh ) someone was singing" [Golla 1
ied" [Goddard 1904: 346, 347, 349], "the waning moon (when its going from full to new)" [Golla 1996: 104]. A clear example for =čʼitʰ applied to a hum
=kʸaʔ ... cʼeh ) someone was singing" [Golla 1984: 28], "He was surprised to hear (ʔun-kʸaʔ ... cʼeh ) someone splitting logs" [Goddard 1904: 108], "As h
04]. A clear example for =čʼitʰ applied to a human being is "His brother almost died (of fright)" [Goddard 1904: 328, 330]. Cf. also two examples withou
one splitting logs" [Goddard 1904: 108], "As he walked along he heard (ʔun-kʸaʔ ... cʼiw ) laughing" [Goddard 1904: 109], "In a hollow tree she heard (ʔu
1904: 328, 330]. Cf. also two examples without contexts (the subjects is unknown): "I am going to die' [Golla 1970: 261], "it's impossible for us to die" [
dard 1904: 109], "In a hollow tree she heard (ʔun-kʸaʔ ... cʼeh ) a baby rolling around" [Goddard 1904: 157], "when they came they heard (ʔun=kʸaʔ ... cʼe
A
olla 1970: 261], "it's impossible for us to die" [Golla 1996: 16, 49]. § third candidate for 'to die' is the verb =čeh (/ =čeːw < =čeh-i ) 'to crowd, flock;
], "when they came they heard (ʔun=kʸaʔ ... cʼeh ) talking" [Goddard 1904: 170], etc. Sometimes the second element of the collocation ʔun-kʸaʔ ... -cʼeh /
The
verb =čeh (/ =čeːw < =čeh-i ) 'to crowd, flock; to pile up', noted in [Golla 1996: 25] as "polite term". § default Hupa expression for 'to die (of huma
d element of the collocation ʔun-kʸaʔ ... -cʼeh / -cʼiw can be omitted; two examples are found with the semantics of hearing: "Then she heard (ʔun-kʸaʔ ) a
he default Hupa expression for 'to die (of human)' is apparently the one with =yah ('to do it in some way').
antics of hearing: "Then she heard (ʔun-kʸaʔ ) a baby crying" [Goddard 1904: 135], "he heard (ʔun-kʸaʔ ) here he came running" [Goddard 1904: 360]. §
3)
ere he came running" [Goddard 1904: 360]. § Finally, there is a predicative way to express the semantics of hearing with the verbs =ya 'to move' or =ʔ
s of hearing with the verbs =ya 'to move' or =ʔa 'to extend': the descriptive collocations possr=eːtaʔay =ya 'smb.'s head moves to' [Golla 1996: 45] and p
a 'smb.'s head moves to' [Golla 1996: 45] and possr=eːtaʔay =ʔa 'smb.'s head extends to'. Four examples have been found: "it was midnight and he heard