2nd International Conference on Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency
Nicosia Cyprus 23 – 24 October 2009
Organised by:
Co-organisers:
ABSTRACT BOOK
3 Sina str., Office 204, 1095 Nicosia, P.O. Box
24612, 1301, Nicosia, Cyprus
Tel. +357 22 466 400, Fax + 357 22 76 76 80 Email:
mse@mse.com.cy, Web page: www.mse.com.cy
Nicosia 23 – 24 October 2009
2nd International Conference on Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency
Nicosia Cyprus 23 – 24 October 2009
Abstract Book of the
nd
2 International Conference on Renewable Energy Sources
and Energy Efficiency
23 – 24 October 2009
Hilton Hotel Nicosia
Cyprus
Edited by
Ioannis Michaelides
Ektoras Charalambides
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Table of contents
Conference Sessions …………………………..…………………..…………………....... 4
Invited Keynote Lectures …………………………..…………………………………....... 4
ABSTRACTS
Renewable Energy Sources ………………………………………………………… 6 - 12
RES: Photovoltaic Technologies …………………………………………...………13 - 18
RES: Solar Thermal Technologies – Solar Thermal Power ……………………. 19 - 27
RES: Wind Power and Biomass …………………………………………….…….. 28 - 33
Energy Production and Energy Management ……………………………………. 34 - 41
Energy Efficiency ……………………………………………………………...……. 42 - 47
Energy Efficiency in Buildings ……………………………………………..………. 48 - 52
Energy and Build Environment ……………………………………………..……… 53 - 59
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CONFERENCE SESSIONS
1. Renewable Energy Sources
2. RES: Photovoltaic Technologies
3. RES: Solar Thermal Technologies - Solar Thermal Power
4. RES: Wind Power and Biomass
5. Energy Production and Energy Management
6. Energy Efficiency
7. Energy Efficiency in Buildings
8. Energy and Built Environment
INVITED KEYNOTE LECTURES
− “The potential of concentrated solar radiation for combined electricity and fresh water
production” by Hans Müller-Steinhagen, Director, Institute of Technical
Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Centre, Institute of Thermodynamics and
Thermal Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
− “The New Renewable Energy Directive and the National Renewable Energy Action
Plans - the commitment of the EU and Cyprus” by Andrea Hercsuth, Policy Officer,
D.1 Regulatory policy and promotion of Renewable Energy, DG Energy and
Transport, European Commission.
− “Green Island Studies at MIT focused on the Azores and on the new work on Solar at
the Cyprus Institute” by David Hunter Marks, Marks Morton and Claire Goulder
Family, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Systems,
MIT Coordinator, Alliance for Global Sustainability, Sustainable Energy Systems
Focus Area, MIT Portugal Program Masdar Initiative, Abu Dhabi, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, USA.
− “Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Efficiency - The Case of Cyprus” by Solon
Kassinis, Director, Energy Service. Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Tourism,
Cyprus.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
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The implementation of renewable energy projects in Greece over the last decade
Agis M. Papadopoulos
Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering,
Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
E-mail: agis@eng.auth.gr, Tel +30 2310 996015, Fax: +302310996012
In 1999 a new legislative framework was introduced in Greece, in the form of Law 2773/99,
aiming at the liberalisation of the electricity market and at the propagation of renewable
energy sources. In this decade technological developments, emerging problems and the
expectations placed upon renewable energy sources have been both rapid and broad. They
often outpaced the rate at which the Greek state, and sometimes the Greek society as such,
coped with the challenges, pressures and eventually deadlocks. This paper focuses on the
discussion of the current state of affairs, based on data recorded in research projects carried
out over the last decade by utilities, public authorities and universities and research institutes.
Emphasis is placed on the investigation of wind power and photovoltaics; the former
technology has attracted almost all the investors in the field between 2000 and 2006, the latter
is considered to be the most important for private investments in the years to come.
Specific factors have been determined to lie in the roots of the problems monitored, these are
mentioned in the paper leading to observations, comments and conclusions that may be of
help in order to shape policies and make decisions, which will eventually lead to a wider and
faster implementation of RES projects in the foreseeable future.
Renewable Electricity Production in the Archipelago of Açores
José Manuel Rosa Nunes
Department Economics and Management
Azores University
Campus of Ponta Delgada – 9500-000 S. Miguel, Açores (Portugal)
Phone/Fax number: +00315 296650084/+00315 296650083, e-mail: rnunes@uac.pt
Localized on the Central Atlantic the archipelago of Açores, an ultra-peripheric European
region constituted by nine islands, presents an enormous renewable energy potential, mainly
due to geothermal production together with small hydro and wind systems.
The primary objective of the renewable energy program, as part of the regional governmental
policy, is to reduce the use of oil products in the production of electricity simultaneously with
the minimization of the expense associated with the importation of fossil energy as well as its
environmental impact in the archipelago.
Extremely important in small spaces - which presents specific characteristics due to its
location, system of transports, climate, limited natural resources, economy and industry
development and limited population - the use of renewable electricity permits to reduce
energy dependence permitting an high equilibrium on the regional commerce balance and also
maintain, on this tourism oriented region, an environmental quality. These endeavors and
economic considerations represent the main support for its sustainable development.
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During the last year of 2008, total regional electricity production, which serves about a
quarter of a million habitants all over the islands, was about 821.4 GWh, which represents an
increase of about 2.3% compared to previous year of 2007, with annual increase rate of 5.8%
during the period 1990 to 2008.
Geothermal electricity production together with those derived from small hydro and wind
systems, renewable energy represents about 26.5% of the island’s total production in 2008,
(217.5 GWh). Geothermal production represents 78.3% of total renewable energy on the
archipelago, while hydro and wind production corresponds, respectively, to 11.6% and
10.1%. The level of renewable electricity production in Açores, a value higher than the share
of electricity from renewable sources in the mainland of Portugal, is in accordance with the
target established for the country by the European Community states, which must be 39.0% in
2010.
Besides the energetic independence of the Region, renewable production of electricity permits
an annual savings, in 2008, of about 1.5 million euros, which increases considerably in
periods of energy crises, such as that which has taken place during the last two years,
compounded by the high volatility of fossil fuel prices. Also as a consequence from reduced
utilization of fossil products for electricity production, as a significant source of air pollution
and greenhouse gas emissions, the main economic activity – tourism – can contribute to the
economic sustainable development of the Region.
Following the political objectives defined through the European Community relative to
electricity production, Azores region have been substantially reducing over the last decades,
their economic dependency and the resultant environmental impacts that results from energy
production, principally related to the production of electricity. Açores Islands can be
considered a real case study, on electricity production, because are in fact a very good
example of how to reduce dependency and simultaneously use green energy efficiently in
order to obtain sustainable development.
Major Oil Producers as System Integrators for Renewable Energy Technologies:
A Case Study of Saudi Arabia
Yasser Al-Saleh
Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
E-mail address: AlSaleh.Yasser@Gmail.com
The concept of systems integration originated from military and engineering-based
applications in the 1940s, before then spreading to other capital goods and high-volume
industries. It is mainly concerned with ways of mobilising and bringing together high-
technology components, subsystems and technicians, as well as knowledge and skills in order
to produce a product. This paper argues that system integration could potentially represent a
core capability of the modern high-technology arena, which includes renewable energy
technologies. Given major oil producers’ wealth of knowledge, experience and access to
global energy markets, an attractive option for them could be to “compete for the future” -
that is, to contemplate developing system integration capabilities for future generations of
renewable energy technologies. Hence, bearing in mind the highly competitive and
fragmented nature of the renewables field, becoming systems integrators for future
generations of such technologies would allow such major oil producers to renew their
competitiveness and become successful newcomers in the global renewable energy market.
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An instructive case to consider for investigating the prospects of developing such
indispensable capabilities is that of the principal oil superpower, the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia. In this paper, firstly, a succinct introduction to the energy setting of Saudi Arabia is
provided. Next, the country’s previous attempts to acquire renewables-related capabilities is
examined and evaluated in more detail. A suggestion is then made for such a major oil-
producing nation to consider becoming system integrators for future generations of renewable
energy technologies. This is not to suggest, however, that arguments made here are conclusive
only for the context of Saudi Arabia, in that might be relevant to other oil producing countries
which seek a competitive position in the renewables arena.
Basic Analysis of the Impact of RES in Distribution Networks
Integration of RES in Mediterranean Countries
Andreas Armenakis MSc, Dipl.-Ing.
Electricity Authority Cyprus
Michalis Hadjiefthymiou MSc, B.Eng.
Npro Engineering Ltd.
Traditional power systems are changing nowadays from a vertical to a horizontal structure,
because of the integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) at the distribution level. This
evolution leads the distribution network to a more active system, while the utility company
must maintain the responsibility of managing the grid with minimal impact on customer
operations. With increasing numbers of grid-connected RES, the distribution system operators
have to reconsider the fundamental principles of the network engineering.
RES interconnected with the distribution network always have the potential to affect the
power quality, safety, and reliability of the grid. For power quality (voltage regulation,
harmonic distortion, flicker and voltage imbalance), the paper evaluated the effects on the grid
as a function of RES penetration. The integration case study focused on transient response
and fault behaviours, voltage regulation, anti-islanding, power system dynamics and stability.
While the simulation of the interconnection behaviour of RES improves the network design
and development, real data from the Electricity Authority of Cyprus (EAC) and local Biomass
plants will help to verify the simulation.
RES such as photovoltaic, cogeneration and solar-thermal power supplies can play an
effective role in reducing the peak demand of any energy system if it coincides with the
successful RES integration.
In Cyprus, energy production from biomass remains a relatively new concept, but more
customers currently undertake activities to introduce biomass plants. The Cyprus Utility
Company EAC and the Cyprus government recognise the importance and potential of RES,
and are committed to integrate RES in the network.
This presentation provides insights into the continued evolution of advanced distribution
networks, simulation techniques, existing models, customer applications and details about
why the RES integration is proving to be a critical issue. Applications in Cyprus show that the
integration is technically viable, however, is it worth the investment?
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Table of contents:
1. Definition, principles, techniques, data analysis and network simulations.
2. Dynamic interconnection, synchronising and protection issues.
3. Power quality, protection and reliability issues.
4. Perspectives, cost effectiveness, subventions and grid connection costs.
The temptation to enhance the use of RES is strong since the climate issues are important and
the need to ensure that policy allows for all actors and technologies to participate is also
important.
Reduction of Air Pollutant Emissions Using Renewable Energy Sources for
Power Generation in Cyprus
Tsilingiridis G., Sidiropoulos C., Pentaliotis A.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O.B. 487,
P.C. 541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece, e-mail: tsil@eng.auth.gr
The use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) has been recognized worldwide as a powerful
tool for the promotion of sustainable development and the abatement of atmospheric
pollution.
In this paper, the options of using RES in the energy system of Cyprus are examined in order
to reduce air pollutant emissions. Initially, an emissions inventory is presented which covers
CO2, SO2, NΟx, CH4, NMVOC, CO and Ν2Ο emissions for the reference year 2002 and is
based on the EMEP/CORINAIR methodological guidelines of the European Environment
Agency. Main results indicate that power generation and road transport are the major
contributors to total emissions in Cyprus. Power generation’s share was 36% in total CO2,
62% in total SΟ2, 20% in total NOx and 55,1% in total Ν2Ο emissions, while the share of road
transport was 35% in total CO2, 22% in total SΟ2, 36% in total NOx and 6% in total Ν2Ο
emissions.
Emission reduction potential in the energy system of Cyprus is notable since the use of RES
for power generation is now not considerable. The goal of 6% penetration of RES in power
generation in 2013 results emission reductions of 2,2% for CO2, 3,7% for SO2, 1,2% for NΟx
and 3,3% for N2O. In the case of accomplishment of RES grant scheme target emission
reductions will be reach 15.5% of 2002 power generation emissions, which in the case of CO 2
is 5.6% of total emissions. This reduction overcomes the emissions of Moni power plant, the
oldest in Cyprus and the one that has the lower efficiency.
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The Effect of climate change, recycling and water drought on the everyday life of
the Cypriot public
Lefki Dimosthenous, Alexandros Charalambides
Department of Environmental Management
Cyprus University of Technology
Taking into consideration global warming, energy saving, greenhouse gases emissions,
recycling and water droughts, the European Union and each Member state are taking
measures to protect the environment Furthermore, through various targets, the European
Union is promoting the use of renewable energy sources, energy and water saving.
This current study focuses on the public attitude and behaviors when it comes to dealing with
protecting the environment and saving energy. A person-to-person survey was conducted in
all major cities of Cyprus to people of all ages. The results of the survey yielded to a 90%
confidence level with an error of ±5%.
The questionnaire consisted of 25 questions divided in 4 subcategories (attitude towards the
environment, energy and water saving, environmental conscience, and recycling). The
responses are presented based on gender (male and female), age (15-19, 20-39, 40-64 and
65+), educational background (primary, secondary and tertiary education) and were compared
to the results of a similar study by Defra, UK.
Testing of a Ground Coupled Heat Pump
Panayiotis D. Pouloupatis1, Georgios Florides1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering,
Cyprus University of Technology,
Emails: p.pouloupatis@cut.ac.cy, georgios.florides@cut.ac.cy
The ground capacitance can be used for air-conditioning of buildings, when information on its thermal
characteristics and the factors influencing it are known. Slope orientation, terrain, solar radiation,
wind, rain, etc are factors influencing the thermal behaviour of the ground.
The ground temperature varies with depth. At the surface, the ground is affected by short term weather
variations, changing to seasonal variations as the depth increases. At the deeper layers, the ground
temperature remains almost constant throughout the seasons and years and is usually higher than that
of the ambient air during the cold months of the year and lower during the warm months.
Solar radiation probably is the most important factor affecting the temperature of the ground at the
surface and shallow zones, while the structure and physical properties of the soil are factors affecting
it at the deeper layers with the thermal conductivity being the most important. Thermal diffusivity and
geothermal gradient are factors that also affect the temperature of the ground.
The purpose of a Ground Heat Exchanger (GHE) is to exploit the ground thermal capacity and the
difference in temperature between ambient air and ground. They can contribute to the air conditioning
of a space, for water heating purposes and also for improving the efficiency of a heat pump. For
Ground Coupled Heat Pumps (GCHP) an array of buried pipes in the ground, either horizontally or
vertically, is used for the heat exchange process.
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The main interest of this study is to determine the efficiency of a ground coupled heat pump used for
the acclimatization of a typical office in the Athalassa region, Nicosia, Cyprus and investigate how the
efficiency is affected by the weather conditions.
For the testing an FHP water to air ground coupled heat pump was used and tried under various
outside conditions. During the experiment the room was kept at 25 °C in the summer period with a
relative humidity of about 38%. The latent heat of the room was negligible (there were no occupants
to the room) and therefore it was ignored in the calculations. In the winter period the room
temperature was kept at 20 °C.
The results clearly indicate that there is a significant improvement in the sensible capacity over the
input power ratio from about 1.8 when the cooling temperature of the condenser is about 40-45°C
(conditions that exist when the same heat pump rejects heat to the atmosphere during the summer
period in Cyprus) and about 2.4 when the cooling temperature of the condenser is about 25°C
(conditions that exist in the ground during the same period). Similarly, the COP of the pump during
the winter period is 3.3 when the temperature of the condenser is about 10 °C (conditions that exist
when the same heat pump rejects heat to the atmosphere during the winter period in Cyprus) and 3.7
when the condenser is about 22°C (conditions that exist in the ground during the same period). This
means that significant savings in power can result when ground coupled heat pumps are used instead
of the air-cooled systems.
Situation and Perspectives for Solar Energy in Europe
and a Comparison with Nuclear Energy
Yannis Caouris*, Paolo Rocco**, Massimo Zucchetti***
* Dept. of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, 265 00 Patras, Greece
** Via Montecalvo, 888 - 21020 Cadrezzate (VA), Italy
*** Dip. Energetica, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy.
Availability of secure, sustainable and competitive sources of energy is essential to economic
growth, prosperity and quality of life in Europe. In view of the expected growth in demand for
energy, of the increasing evidence of the climate change and the aim to ensure the security of
energy supply in Europe further reflections on nuclear and solar energy as best potential
energy sources in the Europe energy mix is needed.
The market growth of solar thermal systems and photovoltaics in Europe depends on the
policy of the governments towards the use of solar energy systems, on the sensitivity of the
people concerning environment and on the improvement of the technology combined with
price reduction of solar systems. Considering the target of EU for 12% from renewables in
2010, solar energy systems can play a significant role in many countries. For example, the
installed capacity by photovoltaics must be 3 GW until 2010, from 0.03 GW in 1995. For
example, Europe has operated 562 MW of photovoltaics during the year 2003, from 90 MW
in 1998. The corresponding international numbers were 3.151 MW and 948 MW accordingly.
As far as the total installation of Solar Collectors are concerned the European Union has
established 14 millions m² the year 2003 (from 3.5 millions m² in 1990).
A renewed interest in Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) is rapidly growing worldwide.
Indeed, new commercial applications for electricity production are starting right now, 20
years after the deployment of the first 354 MWe of the so called “SEGS” plants in the Mojave
desert, still operating since the early ’80s. New plans comprise more than 1000 MW, mostly
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in Spain and USA. Indeed a large amount of energy and water desalination needs in the so
called EU-MENA region (Europe-MiddleEast-North Africa) – therefore comprising large
areas around the mediterranean coasts - could be actually satisfied using CSP technologies.
Nuclear energy, supplying over 31 per cent of electricity demand, plays a key role in the EU’s
generation structure. It has the potential to meet the ever-increasing demand for electricity as
well as contribute to the Community’s energy independence and security of supplies.
Nonetheless, the current situation in the European nuclear sector is very diverse. Overall,
there are 145 nuclear reactors in operation and 4 under construction. In the fifteen European
countries, which have nuclear reactors, the share of nuclear power out of the total electricity
production ranges from only 3.5 per cent in the Netherlands to 78.1 per cent in France.
Despite many grown countries like France, Bulgaria, and Finland, there are some countries
without nuclear power like Denmark, Portugal, Poland, Ireland, Austria, Italy or phased-out
countries like Germany, which is set to change the power generation mix towards more
renewable energy sources.
Though the future prospect of nuclear energy in the EU is still uncertain in many member
states, the general trend shows a renaissance of nuclear generation, hence the market is
expected to witness solid growth over the medium and long term.
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RES: PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES
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Outdoor performance evaluation of grid-connected PV technologies in Cyprus
George Makrides1*, Bastian Zinsser2, Matthew Norton1, George E. Georghiou 1,
Markus Schubert 2 and Jürgen H. Werner 2
1.
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus
75 Kallipoleos Avenue, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus
2.
Institut für Physikalische Elektronik (ipe) Universität Stuttgart,
Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Important performance parameters of photovoltaic (PV) technologies can be obtained under
standard test conditions (STC) in the laboratory. However, in the majority of the cases, the
situation is very different under real field conditions due to irradiance, temperature and
spectral deviations from the STC. As a result, there is a real need for outdoor performance
evaluation and monitoring of PV technologies, especially for new technologies with no field
experience, in order to establish their performance and the deviations observed from the STC
conditions.
This paper presents the outdoor performance evaluation of different grid-connected PV
technologies installed in Cyprus over a two year period. The PV testing facility at the
University of Cyprus was commissioned in 2006 to perform continuous measurements of
meteorological and PV operational parameters. The test site is appropriately equipped to
undertake such evaluations at a very high resolution (1 measurement per second).
The growing interest in evaluating and investigating the outdoor performance of PV
technologies leads to more representative performance predictions. The results obtained for
the two year evaluation period clearly show how each PV technology has performed under the
climatological conditions in Cyprus and also verifies that solar energy is a very promising
renewable source of energy for countries with high solar irradiation.
Harmonic Behaviour of Distributed Grid Connected Photovoltaic Systems
Minas Patsalides1, Andreas Stavrou2, Venizelos Efthymiou2 and George E. Georghiou1
1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus
Phone: + 357 22892272, Fax: + 357 22892260
e-mail: ee03pm1@ucy.ac.cy, geg@ucy.ac.cy
2
Electricity Authority of Cyprus
Phone: + 357 24204058
e-mail : astavrou@eac.com.cy, vefthimi@eac.com.cy
The introduction of an increasing density of renewable energy sources (RES) in the
distribution network is an issue of major concern as this can give rise to power quality
problems if appropriate proactive actions are not taken. It is expected that in the not so distant
future, utilities will have to deal with higher densities of PV systems in distribution networks,
especially in regions with high solar irradiance and further investigation is necessary to
understand the behaviour of the distribution network in the presence of such power sources.
The environmental factors and in particular the fluctuation in solar irradiance can lead to
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variations in power and supply quality and hence the electricity network has to adapt in such a
way to absorb any kind of harmful disturbances. It is clear that the future electricity grids will
have to undergo significant changes to accommodate the increased penetration of RES and
the behaviour of these sources in the network has to be well understood. As a result and in
order to gain the ability to predict the harmonic pollution due to PV generation, a simple
harmonic model for the grid has been adopted and analyzed. Then a typical distribution
system topology has been modelled and the findings of the measurements on PV systems
have been applied to the distribution system model. On that basis the solar irradiance
dependent level of harmonic distortion due to PV generation has been assessed. The extracted
results have been compared with already existing standards in an attempt to evaluate the
validity of the use of power quality (PQ) standards in modern distribution systems.
Organic Solar Cells: A Potential Source for Low Cost Renewable Energy
Marios Neophytou a,b ,Christoph Waldauph b , Roberto Pacios b
and Stelios Choulis a *
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Technology, Cyprus University of
Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
b
Ikerlan , Microsystems Department , Arrasate-Mondragón Gipuzkoa, 20500, Spain
Organic and polymer photovoltaic cells are becoming an extremely active area of research, in
order to meet the urgent need for clean and renewable sources of energy [1]. Despite
exhibiting lower power conversion efficiency in comparison to conventional inorganic
technologies, polymer photovoltaic cells have attracted particular attention due to their
potential applications as flexible, low-cost and solution processible energy sources [2,3]. At
present so-called bulk heterojunction structures based on blends of a conjugated polymer as
donor and the soluble fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)
as acceptor represent the material system with the highest power conversion efficiency
reported until now.
Developments in materials, nano-morphology control and device fabrication are leading to
rapid improvements in performance, including certified efficiencies up to 6 % for
polymer:fullerene solar cells and durability of over 1 year under real environmental
conditions [4,5]. The presentation will provide an overview of research challenges which
were overcome during past years, and future challenges will be presented. Since this type of
materials can be from processed solutions. At low temperatures they may ultimately allow for
the printing of organic solar cells. The application of printing technology as a fabrication tool
for organic photovoltaic indicates the potential of these novel materials for future light-
activated power plastic sources [6,7].
[1] C. J. Brabec, et al., MRS Bulletin, 30, (2005), 50.
[2] N. S. Sariciftci, et al., Science, 258, (1992), 1474.
[3] R. H. Friend, et al., Nature, 376, (1995), 498.
[4] Kim, Y., Cook, S., Tuladhar, S.M., Choulis, S.A., Nelson, J., Durrant, J.R., Bradley,
D.D.C., Giles, M., McCulloch, I.,Ha, C.-S., Ree, M., Nature Materials, 5 (3), pp. 197-203,
(2006).
[5] NREL certificate for Konarka solar cell E8-6 from July, 18th, 2005
*
Stelios.Choulis@cut.ac.cy
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[6]Hoth, C.N, Choulis S.A., Schilinsky P and Brabec C. J., Advanced Materials, 19 (22), pp.
3973 (2007).
[7] Choulis, S.A. et al, Nanoletters, 8, 2806, (2008)
Assessment of power generation using large scale photovoltaic technologies in
Cyprus1
Andreas Poullikkas*, Ioannis Hadjipaschalis, George Kourtis
Electricity Authority of Cyprus, P.O. Box 24506, 1399 Nicosia, Cyprus
*
Fax: +357.22.201809, E-mail: apoullik@eac.com.cy
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered to be the principal greenhouse gas responsible for global
warming. The challenge presented is the reduction of CO2 emissions by 50% - 80% between
now and 2050. It is widely acknowledged that renewable energy sources (RES) technologies
can play a critical role in mitigating CO2 emissions around the world. Facing this life
threatening phenomenon, it is essential that RES technologies should receive the appropriate
political and financial attention required in order to constitute a promising option for gradual
de-escalation of this serious problem. One of the most technologically viable RES
technologies for energy generation in Cyprus is the photovoltaic technology, due to the high
solar irradiation levels that exist in the geographical location of the island.
The purpose of this feasibility study is to investigate whether the installation of PV parks in
Cyprus is economically feasible. The study takes into account the available solar potential of
the island of Cyprus as well as all available data concerning current RES policy of the Cyprus
Government and the current RES-E purchasing tariff from EAC. In order to identify the least
cost feasible option for the installation of 1MW PV park a parametric cost-benefit analysis is
carried out by varying the following parameters: (a) PV park orientation south at 28 degrees
fixed angle or two axis tracking system, (b) PV park capital investment from 1000€/kW to
8000€/kW, (c) Discount rate from 2% to 10%, (d) CO2 ETS price 0€/tCO2 or 30€/tCO2, and (e)
EAC monthly fuel price from 100€/t to 500€/t.
Design and Thermal Modelling Concentrating Pv/Thermal Collector
M.Venkat Reddy
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Division, Anna University Chennai,Chennai-25,India
E-mail: venkatreddymeka@gmail.com
CHAPS (Combined Heat and Power Solar) system collectors can be configured to produce
both electricity and hot water simultaneously. Some systems produce electricity only (for
example flat plate collector) or hot water / steam only (solar water heating system). The
system may also be configured to produce electricity or heat separately. A CHAPS system
produces approximately 30 – 50 suns concentration on the receiver by means of a mirrored
parabolic trough which tracks the sun throughout the day. The receiver comprises high
1
This work has been partially funded by the Sixth Framework Program of Research and Development of the
European Union, Contract No 031569 (Project DISTRES).
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efficiency photovoltaic cells and a heat pipe. Because of the dual nature of the energy usage
the overall conversion efficiency is higher than solar electric and solar thermal systems
separately.
In present work the PV/Thermal collector system is designed to produce 1KW electric power.
The performance of the system tested at Institute for energy studies in anna university
Chennai and also simulated the performance of the PV/T receiver by using Fluent. The heat
losses from receiver also calculated.
Design of receiver and Power conditioning of the concentrating pv/thermal
collector
M. Rajkumara,, S. Iniyanb
a
Refrigeration & Airconditioning, b Centre for Energy Studies College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna
University Chennai, Chennai – 25, e-mail: mrajkumarme@gmail.com
This system is based on its Combined Heat and Power Solar (CHAPS) collector technology.
Mirrors are used to focus light onto high efficiency mono crystalline silicon solar cells.
The mirrors are constructed by laminating mirrored glass onto a metal backing, and provide a
geometrical concentration ratio of 30x. Heat is removed from the solar cells using a fluid,
which flows through a passage in the cell housings. The fluid is then passed through a heat
exchanger to provide heat for domestic hot water and room heating.
The primary advantage of a PV concentrator is that concentrating light allows a significant
reduction in the area of solar cell coverage. PV systems, whether flat plate or concentrating,
normally have groups of solar cells connected in series in order to increase voltage and limit
current.
The system has a generation capacity of 1kW. It comprises foundations, mirrors & supports,
one axis tracking, and the aluminium passive heat sink receiver with solar cells mounted on
the under surface. The objective of work is to calculate the size of photovoltaic cell according
to the capacity and power conditioning for 1kW power generation.
Καηαζκεσή Φωηοβοληαϊκών κσψελίδων Πσριηίοσ με ηην μέθοδο ηης ιονηικής
εμθύηεσζης
Α.Καξάκπειαο,* Ε. Κνληνύ Καινκνίξε*, Αιθ. Καξακπεια**
caral@mech.upatras.gr
*Παλεπηζηήκην Παηξώλ, Τκήκα Μεραλνιόγσλ θαη Αεξνλαππεγώλ Μεραληθώλ
** Portsmouth University
Έλα από ηα κεηνλεθηήκαηα ησλ Φσηνβνιηατθώλ εγθαηαζηάζεσλ είλαη ην πςειό θόζηνο.
Σηα πιαίζηα ηεο κείσζεο ηνπ θόζηνπο παξαγσγήο εθαξκόδνληαη δηάθνξνη κέζνδνη
θαηαζθεπήο ησλ Φσηνβνιηατθώλ θπςειίδσλ.
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Η κέζνδνο ηεο ηνληηθήο εκθύηεπζεο δίλεη ηελ δπλαηόηεηα θαηαζθεπήο ησλ θπςειίδσλ ζε
πνιύ κηθξό ρξόλν, θαη έρεη ηελ δπλαηόηεηα βηνκεραληθήο ελ ζεηξά παξαγσγήο.
Παξνπζηάδεη όκσο κηα ζεηξά από άιια πξνβιήκαηα πνπ πξέπεη λα ιπζνύλ, όπσο ε
αλάγθε αλώπηεζεο ηεο θπςειίδαο κεηά ηελ εκθύηεπζε ησλ πξνζκίμεσλ απαξαηηήησλ γηα
ηνλ ζρεκαηηζκό ηεο p/n επαθήο. Σην ζηάδην ηεο αλώπηεζεο κπνξεί λα ρξεζηκνπνηεζεί
δέζκε Laser θαη όρη ζεξκηθή αλώπηεζε, νύησο ώζηε λα επηηαρπλζεί ε δηαδηθαζία
θαηαζθεπήο.
Η Φσηνβνιηατθέο θπςειίδεο πνπ έρνπλ θαηαζθεπαζζεί κε απηή ηελ κέζνδν δελ πζηεξνύλ
από εθείλεο πνπ έρνπλ θαηαζθεπαζζεί κε ηνλ παξαδνζηαθό ηξόπν ηεο ζεξκηθήο
δηάρπζεο. Τν κεηνλέθηεκα απηήο ηεο κεζόδνπ είλαη όηη απαηηνύληαη πςειά θόζηε γηα ηνλ
επηηαρπληή θαη ηελ ζπζθεπή Laser.
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RES: SOLAR THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
SOLAR THERMAL POWER
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Experiences in developing, building and operating CSP
Plants in Spain and worldwide
Dr. -Ing. Michael Geyer
Director International Business Development, Abengoa Solar, Sevilla (Spain)
On 30 March 2007 Abengoa Solar inaugurated the first commercial European concentrating solar
power (CSP) plant, the “Planta Solar 10” (PS10). The 11 MW facility was the first of a total of
300MW CSP plants at the company’s Solar Platform of Sanlúcar la Mayor Solar, that will be
completed by 2013. This is actually the world’s largest solar thermal generation and R&D
complex located on the outskirts of Seville in the South of Spain. This area accounts for medium
solar potential, but it is one of the best in Spain.
In recent years the Spanish government has created a hospitable environment in which solar
power providers such as Abengoa can scale generation capacity with less financial risk while
gaining valuable experience in the various CSP technologies. Spain’s €0.27 KWh feed-in tariff
and permitted use of natural gas (up to 15%) make it the most attractive solar market in the world.
The country’s solar CSP pipeline is now estimated to be over 3,000 MW.
Solar thermal power plants designed for solar-only generation are ideally suited to satisfying
summer noon peak loads in wealthy countries with significant cooling demands, such as Spain
and California. Thermal energy storage systems are capable of expanding the operation time of
solar thermal plants even up to base-load operation. During the market introduction phase of the
technology, hybrid plant concepts which back up the solar output by fossil cofiring are likely to be
the favoured option to secure reliable peak-load supply. Also, Integrated Solar- Combined Cycle
(ISCC) plants for mid- to base-load operation are best suited to this introduction phase. Combined
generation of heat and power by CSP has particularly promising potential, as the high-value solar
energy input is used to the best possible efficiency, exceeding 85%. Process heat from combined
generation can be used for industrial applications, district cooling or sea water desalination.
Current CSP technologies include parabolic trough power plants, solar power towers, and
parabolic dish engines.
The implementation of this kind of technology depends on the willingness of the country to
become green and its commitment to assure a better world for our children. Energy coming from
concentrating solar power (CSP) technology is still more expensive than that of conventional
plants. It is therefore necessary today to plan economic aid in order to develop the entire industry
around the technology, which will help to reduce costs in the long run. It is anticipated that CSP
will compete with conventional energy by 2020.
In conclusion, the technology could be implemented in any location with direct solar radiation
above 1700 kwh/ m2.
CSP technology is still at an early stage of development in comparison to conventional or wind
technology. This is the reason why solar has the largest future potential; improvements on the
technology will lead to higher temperatures, bringing about higher yields through new materials
and heat transfer fluids. Solar offers the possibility of storing energy, which makes it a
manageable source that can be tailored to the demand curve.
The mission of Abengoa Solar is to promote, design, build, and operate solar power plants from 1
to 280MW capacity in the entire sunbelt of the world. In support of these objectives, Abengoa
Solar New Technologies conducts extensive R&D in Spain and has achieved major advances in
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key solar thermal areas. Along with its sister business groups, Abengoa Solar can offer all
services from design and development, over engineering, procurement and turn-key construction
to life long operation and maintenance. Further to the PS10 project, Abengoa Solar in April 09 put
into operation the 20 MW PS20 solar tower plant. There are some more Solar Thermal Power
plants under construction like the 50MW Solnova-1 and Solnova-3 parabolic trough plants and
the world’s first Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Systems (ISCCS), a 155 MW solar hybrid plant
in Algeria and a 450MW solar hybrid plant in Morocco.
Environmental compatibility:
Electricity production from CSP when operation is fully solar has zero emissions, although
Spanish law allows production of between 12 and 15% of the total energy from natural gas,
mainly for daily start-ups and cloudy days.
For the PS10 for example, considering production just from solar, we produce clean electricity for
5,500 Spanish households yearly, eliminating more than six thousands tons of CO2 per year.
Once the entire 300-MW Solar Complex is operative, we will produce enough energy to supply
153,000 Spanish households and prevent the emission of 185,000 tons of CO2 every year.
Further information under www.abengoasolar.com
Abstract on the success story of the first parabolic trough power plants in
Europe: ANDASOL
Frank Niendorf
Director International Market Development at Solar Millennium AG
Niendorf@SolarMillennium.de
The Spanish energy law for renewable energy from 2004 made the breakthrough of our
innovative CSP power plant technology possible. The amendment in 2007 increased the
existing limit for government aid from 200 MW to 500 MW until 2010. A successor to the
current law is currently being deliberated. The Spanish government has guaranteed a fixed in-
feed price of 26.93 Cents per kilowatt hour for a period of 25 years. This, in combination with
the excellent site at the base of the Sierra Nevada mountains which receives approximately
2,200 kilowatt hours of solar radiation per year, were the primary reasons for choosing this
location.
The technology used in parabolic trough power plants has been tried and tested for years: nine
such plants have been in commercial operation for over 20 years in the sunshine state of
California, in the area between Las Vegas and Los Angeles. They have already produced over
12 billion kilowatt hours of solar electricity, the equivalent to providing 12 million people
with electricity for an entire year. The Californian plants have therefore more than proved the
technical reliability of the components, and as a result the World Bank has labeled parabolic
trough power plants “Proven Technology”. The proof of the maturity of the technology is one
of the reasons that the Spanish Andasol 1 and 2 projects are the first large-scale solar thermal
power plants in the world that have received project-specific bank financing; a collaboration
of various European banks and European investment bank have provided over 80 percent of
the investment for these role-model projects.
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The parabolic trough power plant Andasol 1, the very first parabolic trough power plant in
Europe, was developed by Solar Millennium AG and implemented in joint cooperation with
the Spanish ACS/Cobra Group and successfully went on grid end of 2008. The power plant
will be capable of supplying environmentally-friendly solar electricity to 200,000 people.
Solar Millennium AG started the Andasol 1 project development in the late 1990s. The
corporation
concluded a partnership with the ACS/Cobra group, which in December 2004 entered into the
300 million Euro project by purchasing shares of the company Andasol 1 S.A. and which
holds 75 percent of the shares today. The remaining 25 percent is owned by a German group
of investors represented by Solar Millennium. Based on the technology experience of Solar
Millennium, the ACS/Cobra group is responsible for constructing the power plant; Flagsol
GmbH, the technology subsidiary of Solar Millennium AG, provides the engineering for the
solar field, i.e. planning, design and construction monitoring, as well as control.
Located in Andalusia, southern Spain, the plant consists of parabolic mirrors with a collector
area of about 500,000 square meters, an area as large as 70 soccer pitches. Such mirrors
concentrate the sunrays, generating heat energy which is then used to generate electricity
through the use of a steam turbine. A thermal storage device makes detachable and plannable
energy generation possible, so that environmentally-friendly electricity can be fed into the
Spanish power grid also at night.
At a glance – the power plant data sheet of Andasol 1:
Electrical Capacity 50 MW
Capital expenditure About 300 million Euro
Electricity output About 179 gigawatt hours per year
Power plant dimension 2 square kilometres
Surface area of the collectors 510.000 square meters
Thermal storage system 25.000 tons of salt, sufficient for 7,5 hours at 50 MW power
output
Solar power to supply some 200.000 people
Based on the success of Andasol 1 many more projects between 50 MW and 250 MW are
currently being developed by us all around the world.
CSP cogeneration of Electricity and Desalinated Water: an optimal solution to
environmental needs of Cyprus?
C.N. Papanicolas, T. Anastasiou, G. Tzamtzis
The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus, tzamtzis@cyi.ac.cy
Cyprus throughout its history has faced protracted periods of drought. Even though an
extensive network of dams increased the available fresh water substantially during the last
fifty years so did the consumption resulting in periodic acute shortages. Climate change is
predicted to exacerbate the problem by reducing the rainfall by as much as 40% by the end of
the century; the observed recent decline of rainfall may indicate the onset of this effect. A
consensus has emerged that the only viable, long-term solution is to be found in the
production of desalinated water using renewable energy sources.
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Cyprus is isolated from transnational power grids and completely dependent on fossil fuel
(98%) for energy production. Current planning relies on natural gas to satisfy the increasing
demand with efforts to increase the contribution of renewable sources in the offing. The
accelerated commissioning of new, electricity driven, reverse osmosis desalination plants is
further intensifying the problem. The need to develop renewable energy sources rapidly is
imperative if Cyprus is to meet the EU directives.
Cyprus has limited options in terms of renewable energy sources: a low wind and biomass
potential, minimal geothermal power and complete absence of hydro power. The solar
potential of the island is excellent with small cloud coverage and a high factor of irradiation
throughout the year thus the utilisation of solar power appears as the only viable long term
choice for Cyprus. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) provides a clear advantage over other
solar energy generation technologies (such as Photovoltaics) not only because it provides the
most economic modality but primarily because it can be combined with heat storage, thus
allowing continuous, base line operation.
The Cyprus Institute motivated by the above considerations has launched a techno-economic
feasibility study for the design of a plant which will combine CSP and proven desalination
technologies for the co- production of electricity and Desalinated Sea Water (CSP-DSW
project). Key feature of the CSP-DSW design is the combined thermodynamical cycle in
which the thermal losses of the light harvesting and power-generation process are optimally
utilized for desalination. A thermal storage unit which will provide a continuous operation is
a crucial part of the design.
This novel cogeneration scheme addresses simultaneously both of Cyprus’ needs:
employment of its renewable energy sources and the increase of the production of desalinated
water. This technology is scalable and of value to many other places throughout the globe.
Solar Tower Plant of Juelich and Perspectives to Combine this Technology with
Desalination in the Future for Cyprus
Spiros Alexopoulos, Bernhard Hoffschmidt
Solar-Institut Jülich (SIJ), FH Aachen, Aachen University of Applied Sciences
Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 5, D-52428 Jülich, e-mail: alexopoulos@sij.fh-aachen.de
Since the decade of the 80s power production with concentrated solar thermal power plants,
as for example solar towers, has been a way to substitute fossil fuels. Very high temperatures
of a thermal fluid can be reached by concentrating direct solar radiation by means of
heliostats, onto the receiver at the upper part of the solar tower. Heat is converted into
mechanical energy in a steam cycle which results in power being generated.
The solar receiver, consisting of porous ceramic materials collects the concentrated sunlight
and creates heat, which is transported to air as a heat transfer medium securing high efficiency
and fast reaching of operating temperature.
The CSP_DSW project is being pursued by an international consortium which includes the following
institutions: The Cyprus Institute, the Cyprus Electricity Authority, The Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority,
the Water Development Department, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Illinois. It
is funded by the Cyprus Government.
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In Germany, the first construction of a 1.5 MWe solar power plant began in 2008. It started
production in spring of 2009. The plant was built by Kraftanlagen München and will be
operated by the local utility Stadtwerke Jülich. The Solar-Institut Jülich (SIJ) and the German
Aerospace Center (DLR) conduct the accompanying research. The project is funded by the
economic ministries of the states of Northrhine-Westphalia and Bavaria, as well as by the
German Ministry of Environment.
Solar thermal technology, using different heat transfer media, is already implemented in
various European countries. In Cyprus, a country with high solar potential, the development
of solar thermal tower power plants is imperative, as the direct normal irradiation of the island
is more than 1800 kWh/m²a.
As a Mediterranean and arid region the island of Cyprus needs clean water for agriculture and
especially for tourism. Desalination units which remove salt from see water can be a solution.
Desalination plants that can be combined with solar thermal power plants can be either a
reverse osmosis (RO) or multi-effect desalination plant (MED). The RO plant uses the
electricity generated by the solar thermal power block to work the pumps. An MED, which is
a thermal distillation process, can use power produced by a solar tower for the consumption of
auxiliaries and the thermal energy for the supply of the desalination plant with heat.
In order to increase the operation hours of a solar tower plant a hybrid system can be used.
Such a system burns fuel in a gas turbine or burner to heat the boiler of the solar plant, using
for example biogas or gas as fuel. A hybrid unit, consisting of the solar tower together with
the desalination plant and the gas turbine or burner, can supply the island with clean water
most of the year.
Keywords: desalination, solar tower, receiver, hybridization
Performance boundaries of a solar water heating system under normal operating
conditions
I. M. Michaelides and P. C. Eleftheriou
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering,
Cyprus University of Technology, P.O. Box 50329, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
ioannis.michaelides@cut.ac.cy, polyvios.eleftheriou@cut.ac.cy
This paper presents the boundaries in the performance of a solar water heating system
consisting of a 3 m2 flat plate collector and a 68 liter vertical type storage tank, from readings
taken over a period of two years under normal operating conditions. It focuses on the
characteristics and the behavior of the system, its response to solar radiation and hot water
flow rate through the collector under no load conditions.
The results obtained throughout the test period were evaluated and statistically analyzed to
find similarity in behaviors concerning thermal stratification in the storage tank, collector
efficiency and energy stored in the storage tank, which constitute important parameters in a
solar water heating system.
The system behavior proved to be linear with small relative standard deviations (less than
15%). The system was proved to be relatively insensitive to solar radiation fluctuations
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ranging from 800 to 1100 W/m2. The system was also proved to be insensitive to flow rate
variations from 0.07 and up to 0.25 l/s as no noticeable effects on the energy collected in the
tank were detected.
The findings from the present study can be very helpful in predicting the system future
behavior. In particular, one could use them as a tool to assess the degradation in the system
performance with time or make a qualitative comparison among system manufacturers.
Furthermore, they could be served as a tool to check for system malfunctions.
Solar Thermoelectric Power Generation in Cyprus
Initial Selection
Soteris A. Kalogirou
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Sciences and
Engineering,
Cyprus University of Technology, P.O. Box 50329, Limassol 3603, Cyprus,
e-mail: soteris.kalogirou@cut.ac.cy
The Cyprus Government decided to erect a solar thermoelectric power generation station with
a capacity of about 50 MW. Therefore, in this paper the existing systems are analyzed with
respect to their technical characteristics, the cost of electricity produced and the land area that
would be required to install the solar plant. The latter is very important as Cyprus has no
desert land near the sea but on the contrary seaside areas are very expensive as they are used
for touristic development. Such a solar power station should also be located near the sea close
to to an existing power station. The reason is that Cyprus suffers from a water shortage
problem, so it has no adequate water supply inland and the proximity of the solar to an
existing station means it will also be close to existing power lines and maintenance personnel
form the station. An additional reason is that such a solar plant can be combined with solar
desalination to produce fresh water from seawater which is also a precious commodity for
Cyprus.
The main systems that are operational today are the parabolic trough collector (PTC) system,
the central receiver or power tower system and the parabolic dishes. All these systems are
using concentrating collectors because the common flat-plate ones cannot work at the
elevated temperatures required. From the three systems the most industrially matured one is
the parabolic trough system, due to mainly the nine large systems installed and operating in
California, USA, since 1985. These plants have gathered an equivalent of 200 years of
operating life. The most promising system from the point of view of cost of the produced
electricity is the central receiver system while the parabolic dishes have the advantage that
they can be exploited in steps as each system produces about 250 kW of electricity with a
Stirling engine installed on each unit. The parabolic trough and the central receiver systems
produce superheated steam which is used to drive the turbines of the common Rankine or of
an integrated combined cycle, i.e., they replace the conventional steam boiler with the solar
collection system. All three systems can be supplied with conventional fuel (usually natural
gas) so as to operate during hours of low irradiation and during nighttime while the only
system which does not offer the option of storage of thermal energy is the parabolic dish. This
is a serious disadvantage as they can only work during daytime or with conventional fuel.
Therefore, the selection must be made between the parabolic trough and the central receiver
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systems. The former, has a high solar-to-electrical efficiency and low area per MWh
requirement, while the latter has the capability of producing energy at very low cost although
its efficiency is a little lower and the land requirement per MWh is higher.
Based mainly on their industrial maturity and the advantages mentioned above, the parabolic
trough system seems to be to best one to apply. From a preliminary investigation of the
various possible areas the author believes that the Vasilikos area near to the existing Vasilikos
power station is the most suitable for such a system to be installed. This is also the area where
the Energy Center will be installed, which will be the terminal for the natural gas, which can
also be used as the auxiliary fuel for the solar system.
A New Canadian Study of Residential Hot Water Use and its Implications for
Water Heater Efficiency Rating and Future North American Performance Test
Standards.
Martin Thomas, Skip Hayden
Natural Resources Canada
The basis for the current water heating appliance performance Standards in North America
was established and came into effect about 17 years ago, during which time, testing and
monitoring equipment has improved, water heating technologies have improved and people's
habits have changed. This has led us (Natural Resources Canada part of the Canadian
Government) and others in the US to ask the question; Are these performance Standards still
appropriate and what changes can be made, if necessary, to make them more appropriate?
Given that modern test equipment is capable of logging and controlling a test to within a
second, we could if it seems appropriate, change the draw schedule to a more realistic pattern.
We could also consider how the efficiency of a water heater may vary with the size of a
family, i.e. how much hot water is used on a daily basis. In general hot water use may have
decreased due to the introduction of water metering, the widespread use of low-flow shower
heads, cold water clothes washing and the use of aerators on water taps.
In Canada, the performance test standard for residential gas-fired storage water heaters is the
CSA P.3, for residential instantaneous water heaters it's the CSA P.7 and for residential
electric storage water heaters it's the CSA C191. In the US, the performance tests for the
above three water heater types is specified in the DOE Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10,
Part 430, Appendix E to Sub-Part B. The US DOE test is also reflected by the ASHRAE
Standard 118.2 "Method of Testing for Rating Residential Water Heaters".
One step in the answer to the above question is to compare the real life water use from a new
field study to that of the water draw pattern in the current performance Standard test
requirement. To conduct our new hot water use study, we have utilised an accurate flowmeter
connected to a data logger / power supply located in the cold water supply running into the
water heaters at approximately 40 volunteer test sites in the Greater Ottawa Region. Data was
logged at a rate of once every 2 seconds and water use as low as 0.025 litres could be
detected. Each test site was monitored from between 2 and 4 Weeks. A supplemental
questionnaire was supplied to each test site to collect data relating to the house occupancy, the
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water using equipment and the water use habits. The Testing will be expanded to cover other
areas in Canada in what is the largest study of its type in over two decades.
We present our results to-date which have shown that, daily hot water use appears to be
significantly reduced, there are many more hot water draws per day than was assumed for the
current test Standard, and the average water draw volume is lower than was originally
assumed. As the CSA P.3, CSA P.7 and the ASHRAE 118.2 water heater performance
Standards are in the process of review, this would be an opportune time for changes to be
made. We are recommending that significant changes be made to the Standards test
methodologies that will result in a fair and equitable measurement of performance across all
technology types and fuels.
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RES: WIND POWER AND BIOMASS
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Wind Farms in Autonomous Electrical Systems and Grid Stability
S.A. Pastromas1
1 Vestas Hellas Wind Technology S.A./Product Support-Regulation, Athens,
Greece
sopas@vestas.com
The European target of 2020 regarding the renewable energy sources leads the evolution of
wind energy projects worldwide. This trend requires the operation of the power plants
connected with the national grids to be reliable and stable. Especially for wind power plants
these are required to have performance similar to the conventional ones. Operators of
autonomous grids which are not interconnected with other electrical systems have of great
concern the stability of the network they have to manage.
Based on the fact that the penetration of wind energy plants will have increasing trend, wind
turbines of wind farms are requested to support the grid when the energy demand rises and
during emergency situations. The latter is implemented by fault ride through capability of the
wind turbines, improving grid stability. Furthermore, many national grid systems have either
low infrastructure or developing new energy projects to accommodate the large penetration of
wind farms. Due to this fact wind turbines should have several operation modes by
controlling either their active or reactive power production in some cases with quick response
time.
The use of power converters for the interconnection with the electrical network raises power
quality issues of the power that is delivered to the grid. In summary, in this paper will be
presented the way wind turbines can contribute on the grid stability and the power quality of
autonomous national grid systems.
KEYWORDS: Active power, autonomous, frequency, FRTC, grid, island, penetration, power
factor, reactive power, stability, voltage.
Reviewing the problems of development of wind power in Greece
Konstantinos Garakis, Energy Engineer, Laboratory RES / Department of Energy Technology
/ TEI Athens
Anastasios Giannopoulos, Civil Engineer
Zacharias Spendos, Electrical Engineer
Renewable energy sources have a leading role in European energy policy. The binding target
penetration of Renewable Energy 18% in 2020 for the entire energy balance, as proposed by
the European Commission, is tantamount to requiring the installation of wind farms minimum
nominal power 10.000 MW (with the most conservative estimates). In Greece currently
operate wind farms of about 900 MW. To achieve this requires careful thought and moves in
order to achieve the best configuration for the energy mix in 2020.
Experience has shown that even today in our country there are questions about whether the
wind farms are environmentally friendly sources. While across Europe and the world,
renewable energy is a basic key lever to achieve more environmentally friendly energy in our
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country continues to face them as environmentally suspect and to evaluate like activities
which causes adverse effects.
This has happened because of a lack of clear guidelines on environmental management in the
long term and complex process of licensing procedure and lack of basic infrastructure
(planning, overregulation, cadastre, forest ownership, electrical system). In addition the
different priorities of the Public Administration so far does not appear to belonging to national
priorities, is exacerbating the problems.
To create a cleaner energy future, there are many problems which must to be solved as soon
as possible and to have realistic hopes to achieve the goal of 2020.
This publication will present the development of wind energy in the last 18 years, the
licensing procedure for wind farms in its present form and will identify problems in the areas
of:
- Public Administration - Bureaucracy
- Environmental - Urban Legislation - Special Spatial Framework
- Penetration of wind power in the National Transport System
- Information - enlightenment
- Pricing
- Education - Demonstration projects
Finally, suggests ways to improve the penetration of Wind Energy and develop as a priority of
the Greek Energy Policy.
Mediterranean Offshore Aquaculture Energy needs:
Opportunities and Challenges
Michalis Menicou and Vassos Vassiliou
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Frederick University, Cyprus, 7 Yianni Frederickou Str.,
Pallouriotissa, P.O.Box 24729, 1303 Nicosia, Cyprus, Tel.: +357.22.43.13.55, Fax.:
+357.22.44.34.32, email: m.menicou@fit.ac.cy
It has long been accepted that fish and seafood contribute positively to human health and consumer
well-being1. In addition, the European Union it has long invested in aquaculture industry as means to
satisfy forthcoming increased food needs. However, increased need of new breeding sites gradually
places new installations to even more exposed locations further away from the coast.
Offshore aquaculture farm management and operation embody a wide range of technical possibilities.
While automation and other tools for improving efficiency are often highlighted, the acceptable use of
natural resources in rural and coastal zone remains critical for successful and sustainable
development2. To meet increased needs of offshore aquaculture operations presupposes significant
energy requirements, an issue very rarely raised in policy documents.
Thus, within the context of a stand-alone offshore application, this paper presents: (a) the main
operations and respective energy requirements of a typical offshore aquaculture installation; (b)
2
European Aquaculture Technology Platform, Vision Document, version 4:3, 7th of November 2007.
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available offshore renewable energy generation technologies and their potential suitability for the
Eastern Mediterranean region, and (c) expected challenges to be met in mass deployment of
alternative renewable energy generation technologies.
In particular, the main feeding, and monitoring systems are presented with respective energy
requirements. Renewable energy technologies suitable for offshore application are also introduced,
such as photovoltaic, wind and tidal technologies. Finally, specific challenges to be met are
introduced, such as investment cost, abundance of solar/ wind/ tidal potential in the Eastern
Mediterranean region, energy installation size/ housing requirements, and alternative energy storage
approaches.
Assessment of the economic viability of beach-cast Posidonia Oceanica sea grass
used as a biomass resource in Cyprus
Th. Symeou
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering,
Cyprus University of Technology, P.O. Box 50329, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus
theodoros.symeou@cut.ac.cy
Huge quantities of beach-cast posidonia oceanica seagrass dead leaves (known as
"banquettes") are deposited in many coastal areas in Cyprus during the winter period. Since
the tourism is a fundamental asset for the country, the beach cleansing is absolutely necessary.
Therefore in early spring the removal of beach-cast posidonia oceanica seagrass litter is a
common practice in order to clean beaches before the new tourist period. This litter is finally
disposed to municipal landfills. Collection and disposal is the responsibility of coastal
municipal and community authorities and is executed at high cost.
This study investigates the possibility of utilizing the dead leaves of Posidonia oceanica
seagrass as a biomass resource. Part of the study includes a quantitative survey and a
geographical mapping of the coastal seagrass in Cyprus. Also, the mechanical, chemical and
thermal properties of posidonia oceanica and its by-products have been investigated. The
method followed was a combination of direct investigation through personal contacts,
interviews, questionnaires and desk based review. Chemical analysis and thermal value
properties of seagrass was conducted at chemical laboratories. Pure sea grass specimens at
different densities as well as composite material specimens based on seagrass were prepared
and tested for their thermal insulation properties using a guarded hot plate thermal
conductivity apparatus. A compost box was also constructed and a mixture of posidonia
oceanica seagrass with shredded landscape green wastes was conventionally composted for
two months.
Preliminary results show that the posidonia oceanica seagrass can be effectively utilized as a
heat source material, building insulating material and as a compost material in agriculture.
It is the opinion of the author that further comprehensive investigation is needed.
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BIOGAS PLANS FOR CYPRUS
Utilising livestock or organic municipal waste for producing biogas, electricity,
thermal energy and organic fertilizers; or upgrading biogas for use as quality
clean vehicle fuel
Nicos Vassiliou
Economist/Consultant, NV Consultants
We are in the final stages for preparing detailed designs for two centralised biogas plants
based on livestock waste (mainly pig and cattle) one in Aradippou Area (covering the
waste of both the cattle and pig farms) and the other for the Orounda Area (involving 22
pig farms in the villages of Orounda, Akaki and Meniko). Total waste in the case of
Aradippou is about 254.000 m3 per year with a DM (Dry Matter) content of 5,8% and
261.000 m3 per year with a DM of 7,35% in the case of the Orounda Area.. Investment
about €13 million in each case.
We are also planning two major biogas projects involving the organic fraction of MSW
(Municipal Solid Waste) for urban Limassol and Nicosia with the possibility also of
involving the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Nicosia. Estimates by the Statistics Department
indicate that the total quantity of organic MSW being on the Greek Cypriot part of Cyprus
sent to the landfills was 225.000 tonnes in 2207. We believe that these figures are grossly
under estimated. There should be about 80.000 tonnes for Limassol, 100.000 tonnes for
the Greek Cypriot quarter of Nicosia and about 50.000 tonnes for the Turkish Cypriot
part. The value of organic municipal waste as an input for biogas production is much
higher than that of livestock waste.. With a solid content of 30%, it is 5 times bigger per
unit of waste than that of the pig and cattle farms.
In our presentation, we shall sketch out the quantities of biogas, electricity, thermal energy
and solid and liquid organic fertilizers which can be produced as one option; and, as a
second option, upgrading and compressing biogas for use as a quality vehicle fuel. Both
options incorporate environment-friendly technologies, mitigating pollution and reducing
emissions to the atmosphere. There are in the European market ready-made vehicles
operating on biogas and natural gas. With adjustments to the carburettor and fuel storage,
existing vehicles, especially buses and trucks, can be converted for operating on biogas or
natural gas. In the light of techno-economic feasibility studies and business plans we have
carried out, returns/profitability on investment exceeds 15 – 20% p.a. Evidently, we are
talking about state-of-the-art technologies and business plans which generate substantial
benefits to the environment, high value to the national economy and attractive returns to
the investor.
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Biogas Cogeneration Plant From Pig Manure
George Andreou, Andreas M. Pentaliotis
Pan Cyprian Biogas/Energy Association, P.O.Box 40451, 6304 Larnaka
Tel: 99-634534 Fax 24-811010 email: george.andreou@andreou.com
The proposed presentation is about heat and power production from a “Pig Manure treatment
Plants”. In Cyprus there are 8 Plants all over the island. We will present a Plant situated in
Xylotymbou village at Larnaca. It is mainly being fed by pig manure but occasionally is
enriched with other organic matter as well.
The farm, where the plant is situated in, has 16.000 animals and in addition other farms in the
area contribute by collecting and delivering their manure to the plant. The power generators
have a capacity of 500 kW] and they cover the small need in electricity of the farm. The
company sells the excess production of the plant to the Electricity Authority of Cyprus (EAC)
with a set tariff of € 0,1213/kWh. The heat produced by the generators is used to cover the
thermal needs of the process and the farm.
The process is divided in the following stages: 1) the collection of the manure from the stables
to the pre-storage tank, 2) the heating of the manure, 3) the biogas generation in the anaerobic
digester, 4) heat and power production from the produced biogas with distribution to the plant
and/or the grid and finally 5) the degassed manure is transferred for storage where after it is
used on agricultural fields as fertilizer.
Total installed capacity of all plants in Cyprus is 4 MW with a production of about 2,5
MWh/month. Relative PV power generation is 0,2 MWh/month. The Biogas Contribution to
the national target of RES is 0,5%.
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ENERGY PRODUCTION AND
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
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Forecast of Electricity Consumption in Cyprus up to the Year 2030:
The Potential Impact of Climate Change
Theodoros Zachariadis
Department of Environmental Management
Cyprus University of Technology
P.O. Box 50329, 3603 Lemessos, Cyprus
Tel. +357 2500 2304, Fax +357 2500 2667, E-mail: t.zachariadis@cut.ac.cy
This paper provides a long-term forecast of electricity consumption in Cyprus up to the year
2030. It is based on econometric analysis of energy use as a function of macroeconomic
variables, electricity prices and weather conditions. To enable this, official macroeconomic
forecasts are used along with the recent assumptions on the evolution of crude oil prices made
by the U.S. Department of Energy and the International Energy Agency. According to the
results, if past trends continue and no serious energy conservation policies are implemented,
electricity use in Cyprus is expected to triple in the coming 20–25 years, with the residential
and commercial sectors increasing their already high shares in total consumption.
Besides this reference scenario, it was attempted to assess the impact of climate change on
electricity use. According to projections by international organisations, the average
temperature in the Eastern Mediterranean is expected to rise by about 1°C by the year 2030.
Using our econometrically estimated model, we calculated that electricity consumption in
Cyprus will be 2.9% higher in 2030 than in the reference scenario. This will lead to a welfare
loss because of higher electricity costs faced by both households and enterprises. These costs
are estimated at 15 million Euros in 2020 and 45 million Euros in 2030; for the entire period
2008–2030 the present value of costs may exceed 200 million Euros (all amounts expressed in
constant Euros of 2007). Households are most likely to bear the largest share of these costs:
average costs per household may amount to about 30 Euros’2007 per year in 2020 and 80
Euros’2007 per year in 2030.
Moreover, we estimated econometrically the evolution of peak electricity load during the
2000–2007 period, and then assessed the additional load requirements in the future because of
climate change: extra electricity load may amount to 65–75 Megawatts (MW) in the year
2020 and 85–95 MW in 2030. This will lead to additional costs for investing in additional
power reserve capacity.
It should be noted that these projections are the result of a relatively low temperature increase
in Cyprus because the forecast horizon is the year 2030, while climate change projections
foresee that the sharpest temperature increase will most probably be observed in the second
half of the 21st century.
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Storage technologies for electric power applications3
Andreas Poullikkas*, Ioannis Hadjipaschalis, Venizelos Efthimiou
Electricity Authority of Cyprus, P.O. Box 24506, 1399 Nicosia, Cyprus
*
Fax: +357.22.201809, E-mail: apoullik@eac.com.cy
In today’s world, there is a continuous global need for more energy which, at the same time,
has to be cleaner than the energy produced from the traditional generation technologies. This
need has facilitated the increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG) technologies and
primarily of renewable energy sources (RES). The extensive use of such energy sources in
today’s electricity networks can indisputably minimize the threat of global warming and
climate change. However, the power output of these energy sources is not as reliable and as
easy to adjust to changing demand cycles as the output from the traditional power sources.
This disadvantage can only be effectively overcome by the storing of the excess power
produced by DG-RES. Therefore, in order for these new sources to become completely
reliable as primary sources of energy, energy storage is a crucial factor. In this work, an
overview of the current and future energy storage technologies used for electric power
applications is carried out. Most of the technologies are in use today while others are still
under intensive research and development. A comparison between the various technologies is
presented in terms of the most important technological characteristics of each technology. The
comparison shows that each storage technology is different in terms of its ideal network
application environment and energy storage scale. This means that in order to achieve
optimum results, the unique network environment and the specifications of the storage device
have to be studied thoroughly, before a decision for the ideal storage technology to be
selected is taken.
Transmission Energy Metering Provisions
George Christofi*, Stavros Stavrinos
Transmission System Operator Cyprus, P.O. Box 25036, 1306 Nicosia, Cyprus
Fax: +357 22 611666, E-mail: gchristofi@dsm.com.cy, sstavrinos@dsm.com.cy
The liberalisation of the Energy Market in Cyprus creates the necessity for implementation of
high accuracy energy metering systems so that to measure the Transmitted Energy between
the key players of the Electricity Transmission System. In addition, the Transmission System
Operator Cyprus needs to calculate and reconcile accounts based on the metering of energy,
sent out in the Transmission System and towards the Distribution System. This is essential for
the calculation of charges from and to the Generators (including Renewables), after the
closure of each Settlement Period, to be extremely accurate.
Operating the market needs fast response and on-site metering creates possibilities of errors
and delays. Metering has to be fast and metering systems need to interface with the existing
systems of operating the Grid but also future systems to be implemented for Balancing the
Energy Market in Cyprus.
3
This work has been partially funded by the Sixth Framework Program of Research and Development of the
European Union, Contract No 038665 (Project GROW-DERS).
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For the above reasons, the usage of central software systems that can provide telemetering
possibilities of the Energy Transmission Data is essential so that to set the basis of
Transmission System charges and other charges, which independent Generators will be
subjected in the future. Moreover, the energy through the Transmission System is measured
for every Settlement Period Duration, giving in high accuracy readings of individual energy
generated by independent Generators and consumption by their customers, used for Market
Balancing purposes, and based on the latest version of the Cyprus Trading and Settlement
Rules.
This study refers to the development of the central Transmission Energy Metering System in
the island of Cyprus, starting from point zero and solving the problems that have arose during
the development. Among many other capabilities, with a press of a button, the system can
calculate Energy Profiles that can be used as Forecasting Data and Transmission System heat
losses with monthly reports available for the Energy Market Settlement.
Evaluation of Cyprus’ Electricity Generation Planning and Policy-Making using
Mean-Variance Portfolio Theory
N. Rodoulis
London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
neoklis.rodoulis@uk.pwc.com
This report utilises Mean-Variance Portfolio (MVP) theory, originally developed for financial
portfolios, to evaluate the planned electricity generation mix for the country of Cyprus. The
evaluation was done from a risk-return perspective, where the risk represents the variability in
the cost of a particular generation technology, and the return represents the amount of
electricity generated per unit of currency spent.
The current generation mix in Cyprus, which consists entirely of oil, was found to be highly
inefficient, exposing the country to unnecessary risk and higher costs. The decision by the
Cypriot government to diversify using natural gas was found to be economically beneficial,
since it serves to reduce risk and increase the return of the overall portfolio. Results show that
if 60% of the oil in the generation mix is replaced with natural gas, the cost of electricity
generation will be reduced by 30% and the variability of the cost will be reduced by 15%. The
addition of a 10% share of wind to the oil-gas portfolio, was found to reduce the overall risk
by up to 8%, without imposing any extra cost.
Diversification using coal was also found to be economically beneficial under the current
market conditions. However, the high sensitivity of coal to the price of carbon dioxide (CO2),
together with strong environmental opposition, render a potential decision for its deployment
doubtful. The diversification of the electricity generation mix will be a key step in reducing
the negative effects of oil price fluctuations on the overall economic activity on the island.
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Design, implementation, and performance monitoring of a hydrogen fuel cell
prototype
P. Prodromou and E. Kyriakides
KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks, University of Cyprus
pprodromou@gmail.com, elias@ucy.ac.cy
Fuel cells are widely considered as the technology of the future, in terms of replacing internal
combustion engines in transportation as well as in the production and storage of electric
energy. Fuel cells offer great benefits, such as: i) they have a higher efficiency compared to
the internal combustion engine; ii) they produce significantly lower emissions of pollution
(assuming that hydrogen is produced with the use of renewable sources of energy), iii) they
use non- conventional fuels, vi) they produce very low acoustic sound during operation, and
v) they have lower operational cost than batteries. This paper describes the design and
implementation of a prototype electricity generation system based on hydrogen fuel cells,
examines the performance of this system and draws conclusions regarding its use as a large
scale generation system. The issues examined in this work are seen both through a theoretical
and a practical viewpoint.
Different ideas and proposals, combined with a market research helped in the design of the
system and furthermore to the selection of the appropriate materials, and finally in the
implementation of the prototype which has been successfully completed. The fuel cell
prototype is a very satisfying representation of a practical fuel system under normal operating
conditions and it can be used for experimental purposes. During real time operation of the
system, parameters such as current and cell voltage, power output, consumption of hydrogen
and operating temperature can be monitored with a software interface based on the LabView
software, as well as through electronic panel meters. In addition, the software interface allows
the user to control the system, to record the measurements and to change its parameters during
operation.
The experimental results were compared to the theoretical expectations as described in fuel
cell theory. A close match was observed between the two, except in cases of abrupt load
changes. The measurements of non-electric parameters, such as percentage of hydrogen flow
and operating temperature, were also examined and taken into account for the calculation of
the efficiency and other system parameters.
The main results from the experiments showed some interesting trends with the fuel cell
operation. During the experiments with abrupt load, a time delay appeared in the response of
the fuel cell to come back to its steady state operation. In addition, the experimental results
have shown that the system is expandable. Through the experiments it was observed that the
fuel cell prototype can operate with different types of loads which include inductive and
resistive loads (covering the requirements of almost all actual loads).
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Four-fold Energy Saving System
S. Voskos and G. Voskos
Thermocold Ltd, P.O.Box 50146, 3601 Limassol, Cyprus
thermocold@primehome.com
The fourfold energy saving system is the combination of a heat pump, heat exchangers, solar
energy, Ice Bank and hot water storage. In our system we fully utilize the energy rejected
from the water and at the same time transferred to sea water. In this way desalination is
achieved.
The compressor sucks the refrigerant from the evaporator and heat is absorbed from the water
which is used for air conditioning of the bedrooms and other spaces. With additional heat
absorption from the water ice is formed. Therefore there is ice storage for peak demand
periods.
The compressor at the same time compress the refrigerant in the condenser and the heat is
transferred to the sea water. With the aid of vacuum and solar energy steam is produced. The
steam then is distilled by the means of a steam condenser and at the same time sea water
entering the refrigerant condenser is preheated. This system can be easily adopted from the
existing air conditioning systems of the hotels.
Vassiliko Cement Plant
“Towards Energy Conservation”
Chris Theophilou
Energy, Safety, Environment, Vassiliko Cement Works Public Company LTD
e-mail: c.theophilou@vassiliko.com
Vassiliko Cement Works was established in 1963 as a public company. The area was chosen
as the best possible location for the erection of a cement plant due to the abundance of
limestone and clay (main raw materials required for cement production) of excellent quality
and in view of the fact of the proximity of the sea.
Continuous improvement and progress were the major characteristics of Vassiliko Cement
Works. This has led to technological and environmental improvements as well as extensive
know-how on cement manufacturing in general. Big investments have been made throughout
the years especially after the cooperation of 1990, with one of the multinational giants in
cement manufacturing Italcementi who initially acquired 20% of the company’s stake. and
later raised to 33%. The company has invested heavily in human capital as well as community
and stakeholders relations, following the new challenges of the cement sector, and in full
compliance with the requirements of a Sustainable Development policy.
Today VCW Ltd produces 1,850,000 t/y of cement from its factories at Vassiliko and Moni
(VCW&CCC) which since 2007 are under common management following a merge
agreement. The plants are certified with ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 systems
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and CE marking. The merging of the two companies (VCW & CCC) is the most historic
event in the development of the cement industry in Cyprus.
Vassiliko port was constructed in 1983 is in full operation and is the only industrial port in the
island. Its helps the company to export its products and to import major raw materials such as
pet coke, pozzolanas, slag etc and is also available to third parties for the import and export of
various bulk cargos.
The current plants are old, some kilns as old as 45 years and the others 23-35 years with high
thermal energy demand >1000 kcal/kg clinker and CO2 emissions exceeding 950 kgs/tn
clinker produced. Although many pollutants are well within emission permit requirements
some pollutants such as SO2 and NOx fluctuate between the maximum allowable limits for
Vassiliko and Moni plants respectively. However other pollutants are well within emission
permit requirements.
Relations with neighbouring communities are excellent and the company participates
financially in significant social projects (school infrastructure development, scholarships,
green development, elderly care, support of young couples, medical attention etc) in
collaboration with the local authorities. A new by-pass asphalt road of Zygi was also recently
built which costed €300,000.
All above activities constitute a crucial role in the company’s efforts and commitments
towards corporate social responsibility. Even the modernisation of dust collecting filters
which reached a cost of €14,000,000 (1986-2008) falls within this responsibility.
Furthermore the build-up of one of the largest clinker storage silos which was commissioned
August 08, of capacity 90,000 tons and of €10,000,000 cost is another proof of the company’s
commitment towards protection of the environment.
Continuous on-line analysers monitor the emissions of gaseous pollutants (CO, NOx, SO2,
HF, HCl, NH3, etc). Results of the efficiency of the plant’s emission levels are also shown by
the ground measuring station operated by the Ministry of Labour for NOx, SO 2, CO, O3 and
dust PM10 concentrations whereby the levels of pollutants are well within the country’s
legislative and European Union allowable levels. In fact they are much better than the levels
in city centres.
Fuel costs contribute more than 30% to product variable cost. Therefore a well planned
strategy was implemented which aimed to reducing the conventional fuel costs as well as the
green house gas emissions of which CO2 (the major combustion product of the plant) is the
most significant. High production costs affect the competitiveness of the company worldwide.
Electricity charges being so high, compared to other countries, also affect the competitiveness
of the company in the international market of cement. To reduce its electrical energy costs the
company operates since 2003 a self-generation station, using high efficiency (42%) Diesel
Engines fired with HFO, reaching 10MW covering about 50% of the plant’s electric energy
requirements. It is used in cogeneration mode whereby the engine hot flue gases are directed
to two of the three raw material grinding mills and are used for drying the raw material
replacing the equivalent thermal amount of HFO. The whole system is therefore operated at a
thermal efficiency of 66% contributing further to the reduction of CO2 emissions. Electricity
consumption was also reduced through power factor adjustment, installation of inverters on
all large fans and through innovation of our grinding expert to operate the grinding mills with
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grinding media at a filling degree of 26% instead of the conventional 31%, and the installation
of a vertical roller mill.
To reduce the consumption of conventional petcoke Vassiliko is now using in its kilns
renewable matter which is coming from the processing of waste streams replacing 9-11% of
the calorific consumption coming from conventional fuels. Such materials are bone meal wet
and dry sewage sludge, chopped tires, RDF and SRF (green coal). Most of these materials are
coming from biological origin they help reduce the total National CO2 emissions and count as
valuation CO2 credits for the plant.
In many cases the company responded to government requests towards solving serious
environmental problems that would otherwise arise from material dumping such as bone
meal, wet sewage sludge, vinassa winery effluent and power station ash of the new Vassiliko
power plant.
Through its efforts in utilising alternative fuels containing biomass and the parallel production
of composite cements Vassiliko achieved a significant 13% reduction in specific CO2
emissions (carbon intensity expressed as tons CO2 per ton cement) compared to basis year
1990, exceeding European Union and Industry sector targets. This is an impressive result
considering that 60% of the CO2 emissions of cement producing plants arise from the
chemical reaction of calcination, (raw material decomposition, CaCO3 CaO + CO2) and not
from combustion, and no action can reduce that.
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY
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Renewable Energies and Enhanced Energy Efficiency as Mitigation/Adaptation
Measures to Climate Change on Cyprus and in the Eastern Mediterranean
Manfred A. Lange
Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, Cyprus Institute, PO Box 27456,
CY-1645 Nicosia, Cyprus (m.a.lange@cyi.ac.cy; Phone: +357-22-406509)
The Eastern Mediterranean in general and Cyprus in particular are considered “hot spots” of
future climate change. This will become manifest through an increase in the number and
duration of drought events and extended hot-spells. The need to cope with the impacts of
climate change will lead to enhanced requirements for cooling of private and public housing
and growing demands for potable water derived from seawater desalination. This in turn will
cause increasing pressures on electricity production and will result in additional strain on the
energy sector in the region.
For Cyprus, the current electricity production is entirely based on fossil-fuel fired power
plants. However, the use of conventional energy sources is clearly an undesirable option. It
enhances the economic burden on energy consumers and at the same time increases Cyprus’
dependency on external providers of petroleum products. Moreover, it leads to growing
emissions of carbon dioxide and thereby worsens Cyprus’ already challenged greenhouse gas
emission budget. While current emissions amount to about 9.9 Mill. t of CO2, the total
allowance according to EU regulations lies at 5.5 Mill. t.
The current building stock on Cyprus lacks basic measures for energy efficiency. This is
particularly noteworthy with regard to insufficient insulation of buildings, which causes
significant amounts of energy to be expanded for cooling (and heating).
In light of these facts, an increased use of renewable energies and measures to enhance energy
efficiencies in the built environment constitute important elements of a stringent and effective
mitigation/adaptation strategy to climate change.
The Eastern Mediterranean is among the most suitable location for the utilization of solar
energy in Europe. A global direct normal irradiance of more than 1 800 kWh/m2 on Cyprus
offers a renewably electricity potential of app. 20 to 23 TWh/yr when concentrated solar
power (CSP) technology is employed.
With regard to enhanced energy efficiency in buildings, new and innovative materials will
have to be introduced. This includes advanced materials based on nanotechnology aimed to
increase reflectivity and decrease heat absorption of external walls in order to reduce heat
uptake by the building and thereby reduce cooling loads.
This paper will give more detail on possible mitigation/adaptation strategies to climate change
and will explore their possible synergistic potentials.
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Assessment of External Costs from the Use of Cars in Cities – An Exploration of
Policies to Improve the Energy Efficiency of the Cypriot Transport Sector
Theodoros Zachariadis
Department of Environmental Management
Cyprus University of Technology
P.O. Box 50329, 3603 Lemessos, Cyprus
Tel. +357 2500 2304, Fax +357 2500 2667, E-mail: t.zachariadis@cut.ac.cy
The paper offers an assessment of marginal external costs from car use in urban areas of
Cyprus; these are the social costs generated by the use of cars other than those paid by car
travellers themselves. On the basis of a European methodology and local traffic data, costs are
computed for externalities such as congestion, accidents, noise, air pollution, greenhouse gas
emissions, energy dependency and other social impacts. Results are in line with those for
other similar European cities. Congestion represents the highest part of costs during most
hours of the day, exceeding one Euro per kilometre during morning peak traffic. Accident
costs prevail at night time. Impacts from noise, air pollution and climate change generate
relatively low costs. These external costs as a whole may be several times higher than private
costs.
The existence of high marginal costs that are borne by the whole society indicates the need for
policy interventions in the transport sector, which would improve energy efficiency,
economic efficiency and environmental conditions at the same time. The paper outlines some
related policy aspects. First, some externalities (congestion, accidents, noise and air pollution)
should be addressed by charging per kilometre driven while some others (greenhouse gas
emissions, energy dependency and other social impacts) should be tackled through an extra
charge per litre of fuel, of the order of 10 to 20 Eurocents per litre. Second, such prices are
only a weighted average of different impacts of individual car types; efficient pricing would
involve differentiated charges to vehicle categories according to their technological level and
the fuel they use. Third, efficiency is not necessarily the only criterion for policy design: other
priorities such as equity or compliance with EU environmental standards are also at play, so
that one should be cautious when recommending policy instruments directed at achieving
economic and energy efficiency alone.
Finally, even when considering economic and energy efficiency only, the most appropriate
first step would be the development of a modern and reliable public transportation system in
Cypriot cities, along with complementary measures that would discourage the use of cars.
This would provide alternatives to city travellers, thereby making transport demand more
elastic, and would familiarise citizens with transportation options other than private cars. Such
an approach would bring about most benefits, both from an economic and an
energy/environmental point of view, in the medium term. After this initial step has been taken
and public transportation is established, policy makers should consider imposing a cost-
effective road charging scheme that would provide stronger incentives for using public
transport and would finance some of the additional public transport infrastructure
investments, thereby boosting the efficiency of the whole transport system over the longer
term.
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Energy Saving and Construction Applications using Polyurethane Spray Foam
Systems
Damianos Kahramanoglou, Chemical Engineer, Managing Director VIOPOL S.A.
This paper will present constructions solutions using polyurethane spray foam systems (SPF).
It will analyze their physical, mechanical and technical properties and their numerous
advantages in building insulation.
It will continue by focusing in energy efficiency as part of the European directive
2002/91/EC. It will assess an extensive study of energy saving in buildings that have been
insulated using SPF.
Finally it will present European certifications of SPF’s for technical, environmental and
health and safety issues in accordance with European norms.
In conclusion, the paper will show that the use of polyurethane spay foam systems (SPFs) in
thermal insulation and sealing of buildings is a sustainable, energy efficient construction
system that reduces carbon emissions and assists in the global efforts for environmental
protection.
Case Study: Energy Audit and recommendation to increase energy efficiency in 1
community building and 3 schools in the community of Sotira - Cyprus
Anthi Charalambous, Savvas Vlachos, Maria Ioannidou
The Cyprus Energy Agency, Tel. +357-22667716, e-mail: director.cea@cytanet.com.cy
Cyprus is a small country with no indigenous energy sources (currently) and depends almost
totally on oil product imports (approximately 96%). The penetration of renewables is still
very low, however the utilization of solar energy for water heating is very high. Cyprus is the
first country in the EU-27 (source: Eur’Observer November 2008) with 802.9 m2 solar
collectors/1000 inhabitants.
According to the Energy Efficiency Action Plan of Cyprus the electrical energy accounted for
25% of final consumption. Final consumption of electrical energy increased by about 80% in
the period 1995-2005. The national indicative target for energy efficiency for 2016 is 9%.
Between 1996 and 2006 the energy efficiency index in the household sector is rather flat. This
is due to the to the fact that Cyprus has entered the EU in 2004 and implemented policies and
measures in energy efficiency afterwards. Since the accession there was no national energy
efficiency policy or mandatory building codes. However the improvement is caused to energy
efficient electric appliances, CFL lamps and use of solar water heaters.
This paper examines the energy situation in 1 community building and 3 schools in the rather
large community of Cyprus – Sotira – which is located at Ammochostos district with more
than 6500 inhabitants. For the needs of this study and the energy audit, a questionnaire was
prepared and a survey was carried out by personal interviews and site visits, in order to
identify the current energy situation of the buildings and the detailed analysis of energy
demand. Furthermore, and analysis was carried out by using specific software and
recommendations are proposed on how to increase energy efficiency and in what cost. The
several recommendations will be evaluated according to the economic, environmental and
energy criteria and only the feasible scenarios will be presented.
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Energy savings in circulators and pumps - A comparative approach
Eliza Vassiliou
Chr. Mavromatis (pumps) Ltd, P.O Box 20864, 1664 Nicosia, Cyprus
e.vassiliou@mavromatis.com.cy
There are three major factors affecting the energy consumption of the circulators and pumps
in a building: the energy label of the pump, the control of the pump via a frequency inverter
and the sizing of the pump. The purpose of this paper is to present, analyse and prove the
importance of these factors in regards to the energy consumption of the pumps and the CO 2
emissions. Moreover, based on the factors mentioned above, it aims to explore the
possibilities of energy savings in circulators and pumps.
The research approach is through comparative calculations. XL-based calculation sheets are
set up to calculate
the energy consumption of conventional pumps in comparison to inverter controlled
pumps of the same size
the energy consumption of an A-labelled circulator in comparison to a lower labelled
circulator of the same size
the energy consumption of the optimum sized pump in comparison to an oversized
one
the reduction of CO2 emissions in each one of the cases analysed above
Lastly, the results will be discussed and conclusions in regards to how circulators and pumps
should be sized and selected will be drawn.
Case Studies for Energy Efficiency by applying
Effective Passive and Renewable Energy Systems
Gregoris A. Thoma
CEM- Certified Energy Manager®, LEED® Accredited Professional
MECONE- Mechanical, Energy and Electrical Engineers
P.O.Box 12020, 2340 Nicosia, Cyprus
mecone@spidernet.com.cy
Energy Efficient Buildings require the application of both Passive and Active Systems in
order to optimize energy performance. This paper presents the results of effective
applications of both passive and active energy conservation measures through actual case
studies.
Application of passive systems in buildings has been found to save up to 60% of energy
through the application of such measures as optimal insulation, correct orientation, shading
and layout of buildings. The energy demand of a building is reduced considerably. At the
same time the initial cost of the mechanical installations are found to be reduced thereby
increasing the contribution and effectiveness of RES applications.
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The paper will introduce case studies of applications where properly designed and installed
solar systems contributed to an additional 60% of energy savings (in addition to the savings
achieved through passive systems) for heating a building and reducing its CO2 emissions.
Another active energy efficient system is the closed coupled ground source heat pump system
(geothermal system) which has proved to contribute to energy savings of 60% of both heating
and cooling demands in buildings.
The paper will prove that by employing Optimum Passive Systems in a building and with the
careful selection and design of Active Systems (solar, ground source systems etc) the energy
demand of buildings are reduced by 70-80% without a significant increase to the initial cost
of a building.
The findings of this paper could prove to be very helpful in providing guidelines for the
potential created by energy conservations in buildings and reduction of CO2 emissions.
Further more it could prove to serve as a tool contributing to establish effective regulations in
Energy Monitoring of Buildings in Cyprus.
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
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Air conditioning of buildings by near-surface geothermal energy
Dipl.-Ing. Edmond D. Krecké
Luxembourg
Nowadays, about 40 % of all energy raw materials such as crude oil, natural gas and coal are
being used for air-conditioning purposes, i.e. for heating and cooling of buildings – an
unjustifiable luxury considering the fact that both ecologically friendly and economically
useful alternatives are available.
Despite a great variety of activities regarding the utilization of renewable energies the
expenditure of primary energy for the manufacture of such systems and facilities as well as
the initial costs for photo-voltaic installations, solar collectors or heat pumps are definitely
still too high as compared with the energy savings achievable.
Presented in this essay will be a technology for the air conditioning of buildings utilizing the
ground underneath the building as a storage medium and the solar energy as an energy carrier.
This Terra-Sol building technology will require but minimum amounts of current and
constitutes an economical alternative to conventional heating and air-conditioning systems
both in regard to manufacturing and operating costs and in addition to the aspects of
conservation of nature and environmental protection which are becoming more and more
important for future generations.
Classification of residential buildings in Cyprus based on their energy
performance
C. Maxoulis1, S. A. Kalogirou2, G. A. Florides2, G. Panayiotou2, A. Papadopoulos3, M.
Neophitou4, P. Fokaides4, G. Georgiou4, A. Symeou5, G. Georgakis6
1
Cyprus Scientific and Technical Chamber, c.maxoulis@etek.org.cy
2
Cyprus University of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and
Engineering,
3
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
4
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus,
5
Energy Service, Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism,
6
RTD Talos
The significance of the building sector in terms of energy consumption is well acknowledged.
Scientific studies have shown that the potential of energy savings in the building sector is
quite significant. In this view the knowledge of how the building stock of Cyprus behaves in
terms of energy consumption is quite valuable. This knowledge will assist policy makers to
formulate targeted measures aiming the improvement of energy efficiency and will provide
valuable information for setting current legal standards and benchmarks in the energy
performance certificate, a requirement of the 2002/91/EC Directive. Unfortunately, the
existing knowledge on this subject is quite poor. As a remedy, and in order to improve our
knowledge on the subject, a research project supported by the Research Promotion
Foundation under the 2008 call is in operation since December 2008. This study will present
the outline, the goals and the proposed methodology of the research project “Classification of
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buildings in Cyprus based on their energy performance” and will exhibit the initial findings
of the survey questionnaire regarding the energy behavior and other characteristics of the
residential building stock of Cyprus.
Keywords: Directive 2002/91/EC, Residential Building Stock, Energy behavior, Statistics
How to evaluate the daylight strategies and the artificial light load within
building energy simulation programme: an accurate approach
FRANCESCO FRONTINI1,A - GRAZIANO SALVALAI1 - MARTA MARIA SESANA1
1
PhD Candidate, Politecnico di Milano, Best Departement, via Ponzio 31, 20133 Milano,
Italy
A
: correspondent author: e-mail: francesco.frontini@polimi.it
In a World more and more concerned about carbon emissions, global warming, and
sustainable design, the planned use of natural light in non-residential buildings and the design
of good solar control façade has become an important strategy to improve energy efficiency
by minimizing lighting, heating and cooling loads, especially in Mediterranean climates. In
office buildings artificial light and solar control strategies (such as algorithms to control
shading devices) play an important role when the primary energy demand is evaluated.
Sun-shading systems have to provide thermal and visual comfort both reliably and
economically. At the same time, they should prevent unwanted solar gains in summer and
permit high solar gains in winter. This paper describes a method, based on Daysim/Radiance
light simulation and TRNSYS energy simulation packages, to control correctly the influence
on the artificial lighting if solar control technologies are used. The authors show the
importance to correctly simulate the number of hours where the artificial lights are switched
on and compare it with a normal schedule proposed by the norms.
Two different Mediterranean climates (Rome and Athens) are considered. The proposed
method leads to more accurate results especially when automatically blinds control is used to
prevent wrong use from the users of the shading devices.
Development of thermal insulations based on technical hemp
Ing. Jiri Zach, Ph.D , Assoc. Prof., Ing. Jiri Brozovsky, Ph.D., Ing. Bc. Jitka Hroudova
Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technology Institute of Building
Materials and Components, Veveri 95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, email: zach.j@fce.vutbr.cz,
brozovsky.j@fce.vutbr.cz, hroudova.j@fce.vutbr.cz, fax : +420 5 4114 7502
The need for thermal insulation for building modern low-energy structures has increased in
the last decades. In light of sustainable development, it is necessary to seek for the materials
in the field of insulators that are promising in light of raw material and on the part of energy
aspects of production. In this regard, thermal insulation made of technical hemp (hemp rope)
bonded with addition of polymer fibres to form insulation pads appears to be suitable. These
materials are characterized by very good thermal insulating properties and they can be used
for the majority of areas related to thermal insulation of buildings.
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A decision making tool for determination of optimum insulation
for building sector in Cyprus
P. A. Fokaides 4, Gr. Georgiou, M. Neophytou
Laboratory of Environmental Fluid Mechanics
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus
Kallipoleos 75, 1678 Lefkosia, Cyprus
In order for Cyprus to be fully harmonised with the content of Directive 2002/91, a series of other
parameters need to be determined and finalised at a legislative level. The construction sector in Cyprus
mostly focuses on the use of individual thermal-insulating solutions, mainly due to lack of experience
and know-how in new methods. Some thermal-insulating solutions, new to the Cypriot market, which
are being extensively used during the past decades in Europe, are starting to be adopted in Cyprus as
well, with quite encouraging results. In particular, the use of external thermal insulation and reflective
surfaces is gaining an increasing market share, with results which are deemed to be reliable at present
stage. As far as thermal-insulating materials are concerned, extruded polystyrene remains the
dominating material in the Cypriot market, although some other thermal-insulating materials, such as
polyurethane, glass wool and mineral wool, steadily increase their share in the market.
The question however, is which thermal-insulating materials may achieve the best possible energy
performance and at what cost. What is the most appropriate and efficient thickness of thermal-
insulating materials that can achieve optimum depreciation? Is there a certain mechanism through
which someone may come to the most suitable solution for his or her needs? Based on these questions,
as well as on many more that may arise, one may reach the conclusion that there are no procedures of
optimal calculation for the thickness of thermal insulation, which would guide the construction sector
to select the best materials and quantities. The scope of this paper is to display, not only practical
experience, but also methods of optimal calculation, by way of linear programming, of the ideal
thickness of thermal insulation, so as to achieve the best possible depreciation by combining cost and
energy performance.
Overview on energy balance for a building model in Mediterranean climate with
three different simulation tools
GRAZIANO SALVALAI1,A - MARTA MARIA SESANA1 - FRANCESCO FRONTINI1
1
PhD Candidate, Politecnico di Milano, Best Departement, via Ponzio 31, 20133 Milano, Italy
A
: correspondent author: e-mail: graziano.salvalai@mail.polimi.it
Over the last few years “Zero Energy” and “Carbon Neutrality” become very diffuse terms in
relation with Buildings, but there is not yet consensus about what these terms really mean. An
energetic-environmental performance index (micro- and meso-scale) requires much more
attention towards aspects which are generally underestimated in the design phase or
considered superficially.
Nowadays the number of environmental assessment tools (building energy simulation
software) available on the market is very large. The aim of this paper is to guide into the
4
Corresponding Author: fokaides@ucy.ac.cy
Associated Web site: http://www.eng.ucy.ac.cy/EFM/index.htm
Telephone: +357 22 894588; Fax: +357 22 892295
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world of the simulations tools to evaluate the analogies and the differences of three common
software (TRNSYS, IDA ICE and ESP-r) analysing a standard cellular model. Using a
uniform set of initial data and hypothesis, the test foresees a detailed comparison in terms of
different methods of evaluation for the energy balance of a building in a Mediterranean
climate. The model is design in a simplified way to achieve consistence results using the three
different simulation tools (one thermal zone, fixed construction technology and ideal supply
air system). As climatic conditions the same source weather file (TM2) for Rome is used,
considering it as a representative city of Italy for Mediterranean climate. The results are based
on monthly analysis for both winter and summer period.
The study aimed at understanding how different simulation methodologies work and the
effects they have on the building energy performances evaluation.
Furthermore, the benefits of using dynamic simulation tools should be analysed in order to
identify how could support the architect or the engineer during the design process from a
"classical" building energy performance index to most complex parameters, systemising the
building performance at different scales and for different design objectives (complex
performance index), such as environmental quality and comfort, energy demand reduction,
renewable energy exploitation, CO2 emissions reduction and heat island effect mitigation.
PROJECT “PC-AT2020”
Energy certification for public buildings – first results for the University of Pavia
N. Anglani, M. Arenghi, A. Calegari, P. Mura
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
n.anglani@unipv.it, Manuela.arenghi@libero.it, alessandro.calegari@gmail.com, plmura@tiscali.it
P. Ricciardi, A. Bonavita, F.M. Gianelli
Department of Environmental Engineering
University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
paola.ricciardi@unipv.it, bonavita.alessandra@gmail.com, filippogianelli@fastwebnet.it
The project "PC-AT2020” about energy certifications at Alma Ticinensis, aims at acting as
the first step towards the drawing up of a comprehensive “University energy policy
document” for the year 2020. In this context we will show some results dealing with the
certification of some buildings (about 50%) of the whole building stock. Referring to the
analysed case studies, representative of different construction periods and technologies,
results will be combined into an overall analysis on the campus buildings. Then, we propose a
list of actions and operations, aiming to improve the use of energy, and we achieve the
environmental benefit (energy and emissions) and costs.
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ENERGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
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The Technology of Modern or the Wisdom of Traditional Architecture – A
Comparative Appreciation for Mediterranean Architecture
Dr Despina K Serghides
Senior Lecturer/ Department of Environmental Management, Cyprus University of Technology
e-mail: D.K.Serghides@cytanet.com.cy
Domestic vernacular architecture has evolved over many years to address the problems
inherent in housing. Through a process of trial and error our predecessors have found ways to
cope with the extremes of climate. The influence of Western cultures is, however, all
pervading. The trend towards an internationalized style of building could result in a reduction
in the traditional solutions, which have served several cultures well for many centuries. Of
course, people quite rightly demand high standards of comfort in buildings. Such standards
can be achieved by using modern air-conditioning systems, which are expensive in initial,
cost and are very demanding of energy in the long term.
It is possible to create the standards required with the careful use of traditional techniques of
thermal control. The advantages are clear, there is a dramatic reduction of energy needs and
an increased use of the architectural style with which people feel at ease. This is not to say
that designers should ape the ways of the past. Modern materials, computer technology and
innovative construction techniques must be used in the search for efficiency and cost-
effectiveness. However, to ignore our architectural heritage is at our peril and to disregard the
accumulated wisdom of the past is at best ill-informed and at worse arrogant.
This presentation will examine the traditional forms of domestic vernacular architecture in
Cyprus and will explain how the designs create an appropriate internal environment. The
contemporary and evolving styles will be analysed to indicate how modern techniques address
the problems of thermal control. Finally comparisons will be made to determine if lessons
can be learnt. The comparisons will be made from results derived from optimization studies
of the contemporary house, through varied design and the use of natural sources of energy to
achieve comfort conditions.
For the optimization studies microcomputer version of “SERI-RES” and “5000 Method” were
used.
Environmental Information Centre at Larnaka Salt-Lakes:
Architectural Design Proposal
Aimilios Michael1, Vassilis Ierides, Flora Bougiatioti, Aineias Oikonomou
1
Faculty of Architecture, University of Cyprus, Kallipoleos 75, 1678 Nicosia, aimilios@ucy.ac.cy.
This paper presents a design proposal for an Environmental information Centre situated in the
salt-lakes of Larnaka, Cyprus. The area is a natural wetland, which is included in both the
International Ramsar convention and the European network “Nature 2000”. For this reason,
the design seeks to combine the educational character of the building with the respect towards
the national environment in which it is integrated. The main concept is based on the idea of
easy access to the roof level, which provides the visitors with a different view and perception
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of the wider salt-marshes area. The proposal integrates small atriums into the building’s mass
in order to preserve the existing vegetation and maximise the contact with natural and climatic
elements. The different spaces of the centre are articulated through spacious, linear, glazed
corridors, which help merge the interior space with the exterior landscape and views, and at
the same time incorporate various bioclimatic elements and functions.
The construction building is a combination of light-weight, metal elements with reinforced
concrete slabs. The glazed surfaces have external, operable, wooden louvers, which provide
shading during the summer and night-time insulation during the winter. The plan of the
building is rectangular, with its main axis running from East to West. In this way, the two
main facades have southern and northern orientation. During the winter and the intermediate
seasons, the northern corridor functions as a buffer space for the main areas, whereas as the
southern one acts as a sunspace. During the summer, the most effective passive cooling
strategy for the warm-humid climate of Larnaka is natural and night-time ventilation. This is
accomplished with the placement of the building with respect to the prevailing southern and
south-western winds, with the open-plan design and the atriums, and, most important, with
the concurrent opening of windows and moveable partitions in order to achieve efficient
cross-ventilation. The summer thermal behaviour of the building shell is further improved by
the thermal mass of the reinforced concrete flat roof, where heat is stored throughout the day.
Finally, the environmental and educational profile of the building is accentuated by the
architectural integration of active solar systems (PV panels and solar collectors) on the flat
roof level, which aim at covering part of the building’s energy needs and, at the same time,
help educate the visitors of the building on issues of energy conservation and renewable
energy sources.
The presented design proposal received the 3rd prize in the homonymous international
architectural competition.
Utilization of natural fibers materials for insulation masonry bricks production
Ing. Jiri Zach, Ph.D , Assoc. Prof., Ing. Jiri Brozovsky, Ph.D., Ing. Bc. Jitka Hroudova
Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technology Institute of Building,
Materials and Components, Veveri 95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
email: zach.j@fce.vutbr.cz, brozovsky.j@fce.vutbr.cz, hroudova.j@fce.vutbr.cz
fax : +420 5 4114 7502
Reduction in energy intensity of buildings is interlinked with the increased need for new
masonry materials having high utility values that are affordably priced and if their production
can be regarded as energy saving. These materials should further ensure quick and simple
fabrication and good utility values of the final engineering structure. One of the possibilities
in development of high quality masonry materials with high utility values is provided by the
utilization of organic raw materials originating from farming (e.g. hemp chaff, reed, ...) that
can be used in production of fittings for lost boarding used for erection of low-energy and
passive buildings.
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Embedding energy consumption for lighting in the evaluation methods of the
energy performance of buildings
E. Pulvirenti, G. Rizzo, G. Rodonò, G. Sorrentino
Dipartimento di Ricerche Energetiche ed Ambientali. Università degli Studi di Palermo. Viale delle
Scienze. 90128 Palermo, Italy.
The energy performances of buildings are currently subject to a deep attention worldwide by
effect of the new consciousness about the increasing cost of energy resources and about the
dramatic rising of pollutant releases in the natural environment, as a consequence of human
activities. The European Union has issued the well known EPB (Energy Performance of
Buildings) Directive 2001/91/CE that suggests Member States about the adoption of effective
measures for limiting the energy consumption of this important sector of the economic life of
people. Starting from this input several countries have released technical standards and rules
aiming at the evaluation of the yearly primary energy consumption of buildings.
Unfortunately, at the present stage, only the energy requirements for the heating season can be
computed by means of reliable calculation tools. Energy requirements for the cooling season
and for the production of domestic hot water (DHW) can be only assessed by adopting very
complex computer methods (cooling requirements) or statistically based methods (DHW).
Moreover the energy requirements for the lighting requirements are seldom taken into
account, despite its importance in the whole energy balance of a building. Although the
European Standard EN 15193 is an effective tool in the aim of singling out the energy
requirements for lighting, the crucial theme of the availability of an integrated and reliable
method for computing the total primary energy yearly request by a building is not well
approached at the moment.
In this work a simple computation method, essentially based on the EN 15193 Standard is
presented. It enables the complete embedding of the energy requirements for lighting
purposes (on the base of the present technology) in the currently available tools for the
computation of the energy demand of buildings. The total primary energy yearly request by a
building is also computed through an application to a building belonging to the campus of the
University of Palermo.
Reflections of Renewable Energy in Architectural Education
Mohammad Taleghani, MA student of University of Tehran, Iran
Hamid Reza Ansari, (PhD) Assistant Professor of University of Tehran, Iran
Philip Jennings, (PhD) Professor of Energy Studies, Murdoch University, Australia
Almost every day of the week, we can read many alerts about the future of environment of the
Earth planet in TV, internet, magazines and scientific journals. Nowadays, buildings are
responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy consumption. Most of
this energy is for the provision of lighting, heating, cooling, and air conditioning. Increasing
awareness of the environmental impact of fossil fuels, CO2 and NOx emissions and CFCs
triggered a renewed interest in environmentally friendly technologies. Under the 1987
Montreal Protocol, governments agreed to phase out chemicals used as refrigerants that have
the potential to destroy stratospheric ozone. It was therefore considered desirable to reduce
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energy consumption and decrease the rate of depletion of world energy reserves and pollution
of the environment. One way of reducing building energy consumption is to educate
architects to design buildings, which are powered by renewable energies for heating, lighting,
cooling, ventilation and hot water supply.
It has been 15 years since UIA (Union International des Architects) released the "Declaration
of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future" suggesting that the architectural profession
should seek “to achieve ecologic and energetic sustainability within the limited time that is
likely to be available”. From this point of view, the role of architecture (building construction)
in energy consumption demonstrates that all countries should make a fundamental decision to
integrate renewable energy education into their architectural education.
In the last part of this paper, we will consider academic architectural education in field of
renewable energy education in two countries, Iran as a developing country in Asia and
Australia as a developed country in Oceana. In Iran, academic efforts of University of Tehran
in department of Energy in Architecture will be explained. Likewise in Australia, courses in
renewable energy science, renewable energy education and its new approaches of RE
education in Murdoch University will be introduced. Finally, the characteristics of these
educational efforts will be compared in this case study.
Conservation of Buildings of the Modern Movement:
A Bioclimatic Design Approach
Aimilios Michael 1, Vassilis Ierides 2
1
Faculty of Architecture, University of Cyprus, Kallipoleos 75, 1678 Nicosia, aimilios@ucy.ac.cy,
2
Architect, vassilis@imarch.net.
The international style’s theoretical manifesto and materials were applied in Cyprus, after the
end of the 1950s. One of the most important projects of that period is the Alexandros
Demetriou Building (1957-59) in Stasinos - Salaminos Avenue, which was designed by
Neoptolemos Michaelides, and which due to its architectural clarity and structural character is
regarded as a landmark of local contemporary architecture in Cyprus. It is an 8-floor high
building, with commercial uses (show-rooms and offices) on the ground floor, residential
apartments on the other seven floors and a covered terrace on the last (8th) floor. The
structural system consists of reinforced concrete frames, six at each floor, which are visible
from the transverse sides of the building. Since 2004, due to its abandonment and decline, the
building has been under preservation.
The present paper presents an overview of the restoration proposal. The proposal seeks to
redesign the building without altering its original character and accurate outline. For this
reason, the design is strictly bounded to the existing structural grid. The plan is re-organised
based on the conceptual view and the bioclimatic approach of the original design. Another
housing unit is added in the place of the covered terrace of the eighth floor. Its façade is kept
at a distance from the structural elements, aiming at the continuation of the initially “empty”
eighth floor concept. The ground floor shop is restored to its initial morphology. An
entertainment space is proposed for the semi-basement. The renovation imposes minimum
interventions on its elevations. The restoration proposal includes bioclimatic features, based
on a locally adapted and climatically rational contemporary architecture. During the heating
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period, thermal comfort and energy conservation is achieved through: (i) plan redesign (main
living spaces on the south with secondary and auxiliary spaces acting as buffer zones on the
north), and (ii) improvement of the thermal behaviour of the building shell (insulation,
thermal break aluminium window frames and special glazing).
During the summer, the proper shading of the openings is ensured through the verandas and
the concrete elements of the initial design, while cooling is enhanced through the cross-
ventilation, which is achieved with carefully placed openings on external walls and interior
partitions. Finally, the provision for high levels of daylighting in all the areas of the building
further improves its environmental performance, while ensuring visual comfort and pleasant
views. The control of heating and cooling is achieved through technologically advanced
systems. The restoration work is expected to be completed by the end of 2009.
MIT Enernet: a platform for building efficiency that matches horsepower with
brainpower
Andrea Vaccari, Stephen Samouhos, Leon Glicksman, Carlo Ratti
Massachusetts Institute of Technology {avaccari, stratos, glicks, ratti} @ mit.edu
Commercial buildings account for nearly 20% of the US national energy consumption. Large
commercial buildings contribute roughly 150 million tonnes of greenhouse gasses (GHG) per
year, or 12% of our entire national contribution to annual global GHG emissions. Recent
reports from TIAX and ACEEE conclude that commercial buildings may reduce their energy
consumption by 20% to 30% through continuous commissioning practices and few energy
efficiency strategies. In large commercial buildings total savings are estimated at 18 to 20
billion dollars, or equivalently $80,000 to $100,000 per year per building. The return of
investment for most energy efficiency strategies in commercial buildings is estimated to be
less than 2 years.
It is commonly contended that the design and implementation of energy efficiency strategies
will be significantly eased and promoted by the deployment of pervasive information
technology infrastructures aimed at sensing the functioning of buildings as well as delivering
comprehensive historical analyses and real time notifications to building operators and policy
makers. Most notably, such infrastructures could enable the continuous monitoring of energy
consumption and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) levels together with the
real time estimation of human occupancy in rooms, floors, entire buildings, and even large
groups of connected buildings.
Despite the exciting potential to combine the profiling of energy usage and the estimation of
human occupancy to improve efficiency and reduce costs and environmental impact, this has
been attempted only on small testbeds at the scale of the individual building with non
conclusive results. The lack of pervasive infrastructures capable of providing the necessary
sensing capabilities has made it impossible to conduct effective experiments on large built
areas, thus limiting the research in the field and limiting the development of tools to identify,
plan, execute, and verify building improvements.
MIT Enernet is the first experiment of this kind on a large built space, aimed at identifying
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mismatches and planning improvements in energy allocation. It is based on one side by a
unique network of more than 100,000 sensors that monitor the functioning of the MIT
building automation system and measure the HVAC levels of most of the rooms over the
campus, and on the other by the ubiquitous Wi-Fi network of 5,000 hotspots, almost one per
each room and hallway over the campus, that provide Internet access to the entire MIT
community and allow to survey (statistically) human occupancy.
We present the IT platform based on a modular infrastructure composed of three layers: a data
collection layer, a data analysis layer, and an information visualization layer. The first layer
provides mechanisms to gather real time data streams and aggregate them with over 10 years
of historical data. The second layer provides automated algorithms to profile energy
consumption based on HVAC levels and to correlate these with our occupancy estimates.
Finally the third layer consists of a visual query interface to define the parameters of the
analyses and real time interactive maps to explore their results.
We also present the data analyzed: per-building consumption of electricity, water, and steam;
temperature, humidity, zone pressure and air quality values measured by 100,000 sensors over
the entire MIT campus; and occupancy estimates based on Internet connections to over 5,000
Wi-Fi hotspots. We discuss how the platform can be used by building operators to easily
perform quantitative analyses, as well as to flexibly and qualitatively query results. Finally,
we present the first results generated by MIT Enernet: by analyzing data from MIT’s building
automation system, faulty HVAC operations were identified which could reduce electricity
consumption by 5% through simple modifications to the control system.
Utilising Non-destructive methods testing for establishment of strength of
ceramic brick blocks for development of low-energetic buildings.
Assoc. Prof., Ing. Jiri Rozovski, PhD1; Ing. Jiri Zach, PhD2
1,2
Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Technology Institute of Building Materials and Elements, Veveří 95, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic,
mailto:brozovsky.j@fce.vutbr.cz, zach.j@fce.vutbr.cz, fax : +420 5 4114 7502
During erection of low-energetic buildings are in used products important not only their
thermal technical properties, but also physical-mechanic properties, particularly strengths.
These properties are possible to investigate partly by destruction and partly by non-
destruction. Taking into account that these products act like fabrics with lifhtening leaks of
non-destructive methods appears available durometric rebound method. In the text are
introduced experiences of testing of ceramic potteries POROTHERM with utilising of
rebound Method, to be specific Schmidt impact hammer type LB. There are introduced
calibration ratios for calculation of strength parameter either non-destructive testing or
methods of testing and evaluation of accomplishment testing.
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