LANCASTER UNIVERSITY
MANUAL OF SAFETY - Section 3
POLICY ON THE CONTROL OF CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCES
1 Background - occupational cancer
1.1 Cancer is a disorder of cells in the body. It begins in a group of cells
which fail to respond to the normal control mechanisms and continue
to divide without need. The new growths which result are called
tumours or neoplasia and may either be "benign" or "malignant". A
benign tumour is one which has remained localised, although it may
produce adverse effects such as pressure on adjacent tissues and
inhibition of their normal functions. Malignant tumours can invade and
destroy neighbouring tissues, enter blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
and other spaces, and can also be carried to tissues and organs
elsewhere in the body to form new tumours called “secondaries” or
“metastases”. It is to these metastasing, malignant types of tumour
that the term "cancer" is generally applied.
1.2 Cancer may arise from various causes, one of which is the adverse
effects of certain substances on cells in the body. The active agents
can be the substances to which the body is exposed directly or ones
formed during the metabolism of those substances in the body.
Certain substances do not cause cancer directly, but may promote or
initiate it on exposure to additional substances or agents. Cancer does
not necessarily arise in the sites of the body where exposure first
occurs.
1.3 Such methods as exist for the assessment of the carcinogenicity of
individual substances seldom give unequivocal results. Much research
in recent years has, however, been directed at occupational cancer
and there is now a growing number of substances to which varying
degrees of suspicion are attached.
1.4 It may be very difficult to prove a causal link between a particular
chemical and cancer in humans. The epidemiological data which
would allow such a link to be established is often limited, if available at
all. One major problem is simply that of collecting data on sufficient
numbers of cases: another is the delay between exposure and effect.
In assessing the potential of a chemical substance to cause cancer in
humans it is necessary to consider its chemical structure and its
relationship to other known carcinogens, its metabolism and the results
of laboratory and animal experiments. It is impossible to be more
precise given the current state of knowledge.
1.5 The overall proportion of cancer cases which might be related to
occupational exposure to substances hazardous to health is not
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 1 Issued: November 1995
known. A review1 has suggested that 2%-6% of cancer deaths each
year may be attributable to occupational hazards and a substantial
number of these could be reduced if exposure to the risks was
adequately controlled (There were 160,386 cancer deaths due to all
causes in Britain in 19912). It may be difficult to identify causative
agents, or to assess with accuracy the degree of risk involved at any
given exposure because -
i) there is often a long period between exposure and effect
ii) some types of malignant disease such as lung cancer are
relatively common in the population at large, and, therefore, an
excess incidence among persons exposed to particular
substances may pass undetected
iii) histories of occupational exposure are seldom recorded
iv) other factors such as smoking, diet, life-style or exposure to
other substances or agents may act separately or synergistically
with occupational factors to affect the incidence of cancer
v) the cause of death may be inaccurately recorded on death
certificates, and the changing pattern of cancer survival makes
sole reliance on death certificates an inadequate indicator of
true cancer incidence.
1.6 Even for substances identified as having the ability to cause cancer in
humans the degree of risk involved in handling them varies depending
on factors such as their potency, the physical form or concentration in
which they are present, the manner of use and the precautions which
are applied to minimise exposure. As with any type of hazardous
substance the overall objective is to ensure that the risk is eliminated
or reduced to extremely low levels by the adoption of control measures
and other precautions which are appropriate to the nature and degree
of risk in each case. The principles of occupational health, including
those of occupational medicine and hygiene and the practical means
by which exposure to substances hazardous to health is assessed,
monitored and controlled are no different for carcinogenic substances
than for those involving other health hazards. Indeed many
substances which are carcinogenic are likely to present additional
hazards, such as for example acute toxicity, which also need to be
controlled, although these control measures may not necessarily
provide adequate control against cancer.
1
„Carcinogenic Risk - Getting it in proportion‟, Sir Richard Doll (paper in conference proceedings:
„Cancer in the Workplace‟, 15.10.92, HSE and Society of Chemical Industry.
2
Annual Abstract of Statistics 1994 (HMSO)
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 2 Issued: November 1995
1.7 There are a number of important reasons which, taken together,
require special attention to be given to the control of exposure to
carcinogenic substances -
i) most forms of cancer carry a high risk of premature death,
although new forms of surveillance and treatment have
improved the prognosis in some cases. Prevention is better
than cure for all diseases but in the case of occupational cancer,
preventing or reducing the incidence of the condition by
eliminating or minimising exposure to the causative agents, may
be the only effective remedy
ii) the mechanisms by which carcinogenic substances exert their
effects are not fully understood and there are no established
scientific methods by which to determine what, if any, thresholds
exist below which individuals are at no risk from exposure.
Thus, in the present state of knowledge, it is not possible to
specify any wholly "safe" limits
iii) there is commonly a long delay, sometimes decades, between
first exposure and the occurrence of cancer. As a consequence
of this "latent period" there is no short-term indication that a
particular person exposed to carcinogenic substances is being
adversely affected
iv) cancer is more feared than any other causes of death, because
of the association with pain and the uncertainty of the period
between diagnosis and the outcome of treatment.
2 Legal Requirements
2.1 This policy is based on the Health and Safety Commission‟s Approved
Codes of Practice “Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
(General COSHH ACOP)” and “Control of Carcinogenic Substances
(Carcinogens ACOP)”3 which give supplementary practical guidance on
the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations.
The University‟s policy on the COSHH Regulations is contained in
Section 9 of the Manual of Safety.
2.2 This policy document deals with certain specific substances and
processes with which a cancer hazard is associated. This does not
imply that all other substances or processes present no cancer hazard
or that appropriate precautions are not necessary where this policy
does not apply. In order to minimise the overall incidence of
occupational cancer, and to comply with the legal requirements, it is
essential in all cases to apply the principles of occupational hygiene
enshrined in the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
3
Both ACOPs are contained in a single document available for consultation in the Safety Office.
(„General COSHH ACOP, Carcinogens ACOP and Biological Agents ACOP‟, ISBN 0 7176 0819 0).
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 3 Issued: November 1995
Regulations. Most importantly, exposure to all substances
hazardous to health, whatever their known or suspected hazards,
should be kept as low as is reasonably practicable at all times.
2.3 The University has a legal duty to consult employees and their
representatives on health and safety matters as outlined in the
Statement of Safety Policy. Where carcinogenic substances are
concerned it is a requirement that:-
- there are clear procedures for the reporting of defects in
plant or precautions and details given of essential
information and training requirements.
- persons are made and kept aware of the nature of the
risk, the special features of carcinogenic substances and
the circumstances in which they may be exposed to such
substances, in addition to the information specified by the
General COSHH ACOP
2.4 The use of certain carcinogenic substances is prohibited by the
COSHH Regulations. These are:-
- 2-naphthylamine, benzidine, 4-aminodiphenyl, 4-nitro-diphenyl
and their salts and any substance containing any of these
compounds in a total concentration equal to or greater than 0.1
per cent by mass;
- benzene and any substance containing benzene in a
concentration equal to or greater than 0.1 per cent by mass
when used for purposes other than research.
3 Definition of Carcinogen
3.1 “Carcinogen” is defined as
(a) any substance or preparation classified in accordance with the
Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply)
Regulations and required to be labelled with the risk phrase R45
(may cause cancer) or R49 (may cause cancer by inhalation).
These are listed in Appendix 1 in alphabetical order and in
Appendix 2 in EEC number order.
(b) any substance or preparation listed in a Schedule to the Control
of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations. These are
listed in Appendix 3.
4 Assessment of Health Risks
4.1 The General COSHH ACOP gives guidance on assessment generally,
whilst the Carcinogens ACOP gives practical guidance specifically in
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 4 Issued: November 1995
relation to work involving carcinogens. Section 9 of the University‟s
Manual of Safety describes the procedure to be followed in conducting
assessments of the use of substances hazardous to health including
carcinogens. The person conducting the assessment must have
access to the two ACOPs and be familiar with the procedures
contained in them.
4.2 A known or suspected human carcinogen must be assumed to be of
exceptional toxicity and be treated as a substance presenting an
“Extreme Hazard” during its assessment under Section 9 of the
University‟s Manual of Safety. The COSHH assessment form relating
to such substances must be completed. Other carcinogens should be
treated as “High Hazard”.
4.3 Assessment has an especially vital role to play in the control of
carcinogenic substances. Because the development of the clinical
effects of cancer may take place many years after first exposure there
may not be any early warnings of adverse effects. The assessment
should identify whether substances to which this policy relates are
present and, if so, the nature and extent of the risk; it should ensure
that the information obtained is used to plan effective control measures
and other precautions.
4.4 For any substance to which this policy applies, the results of the
assessment should at least include details of:
a) the nature of the hazard and the nature and extent of exposure,
including the identification of any persons who may be at
particular risk;
b) whether substitution by less hazardous substances is
reasonably practicable;
c) the control measures to be applied to prevent or reduce
exposure and evidence that consideration has been given to not
allowing persons at particular risk to work in areas where they
may be exposed to carcinogenic substances; such as pregnant
women dealing with a transplacental carcinogen;
d) operating and maintenance instructions and procedures, where
relevant, to ensure that exposure is minimised;
e) precautions under non-routine conditions, including
maintenance activities and emergencies;
f) use of personal protective equipment;
g) monitoring procedures;
h) health surveillance procedures;
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 5 Issued: November 1995
j) arrangements for safety supervision and procedures for
reporting defects in plant or precautions, and details of essential
information and training requirements.
The above details should be appended to the COSHH assessment form.
4.5 The assessment should be reviewed:
a) whenever there is any indication, from monitoring results or
other sources of information, that standards of control have
changed significantly; and
b) within the period set in the assessment for regular automatic
review, as described in the General COSHH ACOP, paragraph
23 - 27.
5 Prevention or Control of Exposure to Carcinogens
5.1 Prevention of exposure to carcinogenic substances must be the first
objective, in view of the serious and often irreversible nature of the
disease. Carcinogenic substances or processes should not be used or
carried on where there is an equivalent but less or non-hazardous
substitute. However, carcinogenic, toxic and other properties of
possible chemical substitutes should be established and taken into
account when considering changes. Synthetic routes for the
production of chemicals should be chosen in order:
a) to avoid the use of carcinogenic starting materials; and
b) (together with the conditions under which substances are used)
to avoid, if possible, the formation of by-products, intermediates,
wastes or residual contaminants consisting of or containing
carcinogenic substances.
5.2 If the use of a safer alternative substance or process is not reasonably
practicable, adequate control of exposure must be ensured. In the
case of carcinogens, it is particularly important that exposure should be
controlled to as low a level as is reasonably practicable, bearing in
mind the high risk of death associated with many forms of cancer and
the fact that the level of exposure affects only the probability of cancers
occurring in any exposed population, not the severity of the disease in
individuals.
5.3 An enclosed system must be the first choice of control measure for
carcinogens so that their generation is minimised and contained.
Control measures inside the laboratory must not be applied in ways
which produce risks in other areas. Any environmental legislative
requirements must also be taken into account.
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 6 Issued: November 1995
5.4 Carcinogenic substances intended for use should be kept to the
minimum needed for the process and, where appropriate, stored and
transported in closed containers, clearly labelled and with clearly
visible warning and hazard signs. There may, however, be
circumstances where, to ensure the adequate control of exposure, it is
preferable to store a larger quantity in a controlled manner than to deal
with frequent supplies of smaller volume. Carcinogenic waste products
should be clearly labelled and stored securely until such time as they
are removed to the Safety Office Waste Store. All waste generated
should be taken as soon as practicable to the Waste Store and not left
for long periods in the laboratory.
5.5 The areas in which exposure to carcinogens may occur should be
clearly identified and measures taken to prevent the spread of
contamination within and beyond these areas. The number of people
liable to be exposed to a carcinogenic substance and the duration of
their exposure should be kept to the minimum necessary for the work.
Non-essential persons should be excluded from these areas.
5.6 Eating, drinking and smoking are not permitted where there is a risk of
contamination from the carcinogenic substance. Appropriate warning
signs should be used. Appropriate hygiene measures should include
the establishment of a cleaning regime to remove contamination from
walls, surfaces etc. Adequate washing facilities should be provided in
order to enable persons exposed to meet a standard of personal
hygiene consistent with adequate control of exposure and the need to
avoid the spread of carcinogenic substances.
5.7 If in spite of the above control measures there is an uncontrolled
release of a carcinogenic substance into the place of work, means,
including emergency procedures, shall be available for limiting the
extent of risks to health and for regaining adequate control as soon as
possible. Only those persons who are essential to the carrying out of
repairs and other necessary work should be permitted in the affected
areas and then only after authorisation from the Area Safety Officer.
5.8 In all cases prevention or adequate control of exposure should be
achieved by measures other than personal protective equipment, so
far as is reasonably practicable in the light of the degree of exposure,
circumstances of use, informed knowledge about the hazards and
current technical developments. If the use of personal protective
equipment and clothing is unavoidable, for example during a plant
failure or maintenance operations, the advice in the General COSHH
ACOP on its application, use and maintenance should be followed.
6 Monitoring Exposure
6.1 Work with carcinogens will normally be carried out in a fume cupboard
maintained by BEO and fitted with the appropriate air flow failure and
warning devices. In these cases, monitoring will not be necessary.
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 7 Issued: November 1995
Work carried out outside a fume cupboard must be the subject of a
special assessment and will require a monitoring programme to be
established as described in the General COSHH ACOP. Monitoring
will always be required when work with vinyl chloride monomer or a
chromium plating process is carried out.
7 Health Surveillance
7.1 The General COSHH ACOP gives guidance on health surveillance. In
the case of carcinogenic substances, some of the objectives of health
surveillance and its limitations need to be emphasised.
7.2 Health surveillance is appropriate in the cases of all carcinogenic
substances, unless exposure is not significant (see paragraph 93 of
the General COSHH ACOP). In the case of substances known to, or
suspected of, causing cancer of the skin (eg arsenic, coal soots, coal
tar, non-solvent refined mineral oils, contaminated used mineral oils),
health surveillance should include regular skin inspection by a suitably
qualified person, or, alternatively, regular enquiries by a responsible
person about any symptoms, following self-inspection by the persons
concerned. In all other cases, only a health record, as described in
paragraph 92 and paragraph 2 of the appendix to the General COSHH
ACOP, need be kept. The University Medical Officer can provide
assistance in this aspect.
7.3 Health surveillance generally has limitations in identifying susceptible
persons and in the early recognition of cancer at a stage when
treatment is likely to offer a better prognosis. For this reason it is
largely restricted to the keeping of health records, in order to protect
the health of workers through the detection and evaluation of risks to
health. Skin cancer is an obvious example where appropriate health
surveillance can detect the condition at an early stage when it can be
cured.
7.4 In view of the usual latent period between exposure to a carcinogenic
substance and any health effect, employees who have been exposed
to carcinogenic substances should be provided with information about
any need for continuing health surveillance after exposure has ceased.
8 Information, instruction and training for persons who may be exposed to
substances hazardous to health
8.1 The General COSHH ACOP gives guidance on the provision of
information, instruction and training. Because the risk of cancer from
exposure to a substance cannot in most cases be presumed to be
reduced to zero except by eliminating exposure and because there
may be no short-term manifestation of adverse effects, it is especially
important to ensure that the information, instruction and training
provided by the academic supervisor, is of an appropriately high
standard to ensure that persons carrying out the assessments are
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 8 Issued: November 1995
aware of risks, including the additional risks due to smoking, and the
need for control of exposure to be maintained. Where there is an
uncontrolled release of a carcinogenic substance into the workplace,
unless exposure is not significant, persons who may be affected must
be informed of the situation as soon as possible and should have
received sufficient instruction and training to ensure that emergency
procedures are effective.
The revision of this section of the Manual of Safety was approved by the University Safety Committee
on 24 October 1995
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 9 Issued: November 1995
Appendix 1
Substances with risk phrases R45 or R49 in alphabetical order of names
NAME OF SUBSTANCE EEC NUMBER
AAT 611-006-00-3
ACRYLAMIDE 616-003-00-0
ACRYLONITRILE 608-003-00-4
4-AMINO-2',3-DIMETHYLAZOBENZENE 611-006-00-3
4-AMINOAZOBENZENE 611-008-00-4
O-AMINOAZOTOLUENE 611-006-00-3
4-AMINOBIPHENYL 612-072-00-6
4-AMINOBIPHENYL, SALTS OF 612-073-00-1
ARSENIC 033-001-00-X
ARSENIC ACID AND ITS SALTS 033-005-00-1
ARSENIC COMPOUNDS, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE 033-002-00-5
ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED
ARSENIC OXIDE 033-004-00-6
ARSENIC PENTOXIDE 033-004-00-6
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE 033-003-00-0
ASBESTOS 650-013-00-6
AZIRIDINE 613-001-00-1
BENZENE 601-020-00-8
BENZIDINE 612-042-00-2
BENZIDINE, SALTS OF 612-070-00-5
BENZO[A]ANTHRACENE 601-033-00-9
BENZO[A]PYRENE 601-032-00-3
BENZO[B]FLUORANTHENE 601-034-00-4
BENZO[D,E,F]CHRYSENE 601-032-00-3
BENZO[E]ACEPHENANTHRYLENE 601-034-00-4
BENZO[J]FLUORANTHENE 601-035-00-X
BENZO[K]FLUORANTHENE 601-036-00-5
BERYLLIUM 004-001-00-7
BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF 004-002-00-2
ALUMINIUM BERYLLIUM SILICATES
BIPHENYL-4,4'-YLENEDIAMINE 612-042-00-2
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 10 Issued: November 1995
BIPHENYL-4-YLAMINE 612-072-00-6
BIPHENYL-4-YLAMINE, SALTS OF 612-073-00-1
BIS (CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER 603-046-00-5
BUTA-1,3-DIENE 601-013-00-X
1,3-BUTADIENE 601-013-00-X
CADMIUM CHLORIDE 048-008-00-3
CADMIUM OXIDE 048-002-00-0
CADMIUM SULPHATE 048-009-00-9
CAPTAFOL (ISO) 613-046-00-7
CARBADOX (INN) 613-050-00-9
CHLORMETHYL METHYL ETHER 603-075-00-3
1-CHLORO-2,3-EPOXYPROPANE 603-026-00-6
CHLORODIMETHYL ETHER 603-075-00-3
CHLOROETHYLENE 602-023-00-7
(TRIS(CHLOROMETHYL)PHTHALOCYANINATO)COPPER(II), 029-005-00-6
REACTION PRODUCTS WITH N-METHYLPIPERAZINE AND
METHOXYACETIC ACID
CI DIRECT BROWN 95 611-005-00-8
COPPER (I) OXIDE 029-002-00-X
COPPER NAPHTHENATE 029-003-00-5
COPPER SULPHATE 029-004-00-0
2,4-DES 016-025-00-5
DI-ISOBUTYLENE 601-031-00-8
4,4'-DIAMINOBIPHENYL 612-042-00-2
O-DIANISIDINE 612-036-00-X
O-DIANISIDINE, SALTS OF 612-037-00-5
DIARSENIC TRIOXIDE 033-003-00-0
DIBENZ(A,H)ANTHRACENE 601-041-00-2
1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE 602-021-00-6
1,2-DIBROMOETHANE 602-010-00-6
1,3-DICHLORO-2-PROPANOL 602-064-00-0
2,2'-DICHLORO-4,4'-METHYLENEDIANILINE 612-078-00-9
2,2'-DICHLORO-4,4-METHYLENEDIANILINE, SALTS OF 612-079-00-4
3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE 612-068-00-4
3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE, SALTS OF 612-069-00-X
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 11 Issued: November 1995
3,3'-DICHLOROBIPHENYL-4,4'-YLENEDIAMINE 612-068-00-4
3,3'-DICHLOROBIPHENYL-4,4'-YLENEDIAMINE, SALTS OF 612-069-00-X
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 602-012-00-7
2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL 4-NITROPHENYL ETHER 609-040-00-9
DICOPPER OXIDE 029-002-00-X
DICYCLOHEXYLAMMONIUM NITRITE 007-009-00-9
DIETHYL SULPHATE 016-027-00-6
3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE 612-036-00-X
3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE, SALTS OF 612-037-00-5
3,3'-DIMETHYLBENZIDINE 612-041-00-7
3,3'-DIMETHYLBENZIDINE, SALTS OF 612-081-00-5
DIMETHYLCARBAMOYL CHLORIDE 006-041-00-0
N,N-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE 007-012-00-5
DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE 612-077-00-3
DIMETHYLSULFAMOYLCHLORIDE 016-033-00-9
DINICKEL TRIOXIDE 028-005-00-3
DISODIUM 1-AMINO-4-(4-BENZENESULPHONAMIDO-3- 016-037-00-0
SULPHONATOANILINO)ANTHRAQUINONE-2-SULPHONATE
DISODIUM 6-((4-CHLORO-6-(N-METHYL)-2-TOLUIDINO)-1,3,5- 016-038-00-6
TRIAZIN-2-YLAMINO)-1-HYDROXY-2-(4-METHOXY-2-
SULPHONATOPHENYLAZO)NAPHTHALENE-3-SULPHONATE
{DISODIUM5-[(4'-((2,6-HYDROXY-3-((2-HYDROXY-5- 611-005-00-8
SULPHOPHENYL)AZO)PHENYL)AZO)(1,1'-BIPHENYL)-4-
YL)AZO]SALICYLATO(4-)}CUPRATE(2-)
EPICHLORHYDRIN 603-026-00-6
(EPOXYETHYL)BENZENE 603-084-00-2
1,2-EPOXYPROPANE 603-055-00-4
ERIONITE 650-012-00-0
ETHANETHIOL 016-022-00-9
ETHYL CARBAMATE 607-149-00-6
ETHYL MERCAPTAN 016-022-00-9
ETHYL NITRATE 007-007-00-8
ETHYL NITRITE 007-006-00-2
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE 602-012-00-7
ETHYLENE OXIDE 603-023-00-X
ETHYLENEIMINE 613-001-00-1
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 12 Issued: November 1995
FAST GARNET GBC BASE 611-006-00-3
HEXACHLOROBENZENE 602-065-00-6
2-(METHOXYCARBONYLHYDRAZONOMETHYL)QUINOXALINE 613-050-00-9
1,4-DIOXIDE
METHYL 3-(QUINOXALIN-2-YLMETHYLENE)CARBAZATE 1,4- 613-050-00-9
DIOXIDE
METHYL AZOXY METHYL ACETATE 611-004-00-2
METHYL MERCAPTAN 016-021-00-3
1-METHYL-3-NITRO-1-NITROSOGUANIDINE 612-083-00-6
METHYL-ONN-AZOXYMETHYL ACETATE 611-004-00-2
2-METHYLAZIRIDINE 613-033-00-6
2-METHYLBUTA-1,3-DIENE 601-014-00-5
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE) 612-078-00-9
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE), SALTS OF 612-079-00-4
4,4'-METHYLENEDI-O-TOLUIDINE 612-085-00-7
METHYLOXIRANE 603-055-00-4
2-NAPHTHYLAMINE 612-022-00-3
ß-NAPHTHYLAMINE 612-022-00-3
2-NAPHTHYLAMINE, SALTS OF 612-071-00-0
NICKEL DIOXIDE 028-004-00-8
NICKEL MONOXIDE 028-003-00-2
NICKEL SUBSULPHIDE 028-007-00-4
NICKEL SULPHIDE 028-006-00-9
5-NITROACENAPHTHENE 609-037-00-2
4-NITROBIPHENYL 609-039-00-3
NITROFEN (ISO) 609-040-00-9
2-NITRONAPHTHALENE 609-038-00-8
2-NITROPROPANE 609-002-00-1
N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE 612-077-00-3
2,2'-(NITROSOIMINO)BISETHANOL 612-090-00-4
Ó-(DIETHOXYPHOSPHINOTHIOYLIMINO) 015-100-00-X
PHENYLACETONITRILE
OXIRANE 603-023-00-X
PENTASODIUM 5-ANILINO-3-(4-(4-(6-CHLORO-4-(3- 016-035-00-X
SULPHONATOANILINO)-1,3,5-TRIAZIN-2-YLAMINO)-2,5-
DIMETHYLPHENYLAZO)-2,5-DISULPHONATOPHENYLAZO)-4-
HYDROXYNAPHTHALENE-2,7-DISULPHONATE
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 13 Issued: November 1995
DISTILLATE AROMATIC EXTRACTS (DERIVED FROM 650-011-00-5
PETROLEUM AND COVERED BY EINECS NOS 2651021,
2651037, 2651042, 2651110)
PHENYLOXIRANE 603-084-00-2
POTASSIUM NITRITE 007-011-00-X
3-PROPANOLIDE 606-031-00-1
1,3-PROPIOLACTONE 606-031-00-1
PROPYLENE OXIDE 603-055-00-4
PROPYLENEIMINE 613-033-00-6
S-2,3,3-TRICHLOROALLYL DIISOPROPYLTHIOCARBAMATE 006-039-00-X
SELENIUM 034-001-00-2
STYRENE OXIDE 603-084-00-2
SULPHAMIC ACID 016-026-00-0
~SULPHURIC ACID, MIXTURE WITH NITRIC ACID CONTAINING 007-005-00-7
... % HNO3~
1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDRO-N-(1,1,2,2- 613-046-00-7
TETRACHLOROETHYLTHIO)PHTHALIMIDE
TETRASODIUM 5'-(4,6-DICHLORO-5-CYANOPYRIMIDIN-2- 016-036-00-5
YLAMINO)-4'-HYDROXY-2,3'-AZODINAPHTHALENE-1,2',5,7'-
DISULPHONATE
O-TOLIDINE 612-041-00-7
O-TOLIDINE, SALTS OF 612-081-00-5
2-TOLUIDINE 612-091-00-X
4-O-TOLYLAZO-O-TOLUIDINE 611-006-00-3
TRI-ALLATE (ISO) 006-039-00-X
2,4,4-TRIMETHYLPENT-1-ENE 601-031-00-8
URETHANE (INN) 607-149-00-6
VINYL CHLORIDE 602-023-00-7
XENYLAMINE 612-072-00-6
XENYLAMINE, SALTS OF 612-073-00-1
ZINC ALKYLS 030-004-00-8
ZINC CHLORIDE 030-003-00-2
ZINC POWDER - ZINC DUST (PYROPHORIC) 030-001-00-1
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 14 Issued: November 1995
Appendix 2
Substances with risk phrases R45 or R49 in order of EEC number
EEC Number NAME OF SUBSTANCE
004-001-00-7 BERYLLIUM
004-002-00-2 BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF
ALUMINIUM BERYLLIUM SILICATES
006-039-00-X S-2,3,3-TRICHLOROALLYL DIISOPROPYLTHIOCARBAMATE
006-039-00-X TRI-ALLATE (ISO)
006-041-00-0 DIMETHYLCARBAMOYL CHLORIDE
007-005-00-7 ~SULPHURIC ACID, MIXTURE WITH NITRIC ACID CONTAINING
... % HNO3~
007-006-00-2 ETHYL NITRITE
007-007-00-8 ETHYL NITRATE
007-009-00-9 DICYCLOHEXYLAMMONIUM NITRITE
007-011-00-X POTASSIUM NITRITE
007-012-00-5 N,N-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE
015-100-00-X Ó-(DIETHOXYPHOSPHINOTHIOYLIMINO)
PHENYLACETONITRILE
016-021-00-3 METHYL MERCAPTAN
016-022-00-9 ETHANETHIOL
016-022-00-9 ETHYL MERCAPTAN
016-025-00-5 2,4-DES
016-026-00-0 SULPHAMIC ACID
016-027-00-6 DIETHYL SULPHATE
016-033-00-9 DIMETHYLSULFAMOYLCHLORIDE
016-035-00-X PENTASODIUM 5-ANILINO-3-(4-(4-(6-CHLORO-4-(3-
SULPHONATOANILINO)-1,3,5-TRIAZIN-2-YLAMINO)-2,5-
DIMETHYLPHENYLAZO)-2,5-DISULPHONATOPHENYLAZO)-4-
HYDROXYNAPHTHALENE-2,7-DISULPHONATE
016-036-00-5 TETRASODIUM 5'-(4,6-DICHLORO-5-CYANOPYRIMIDIN-2-
YLAMINO)-4'-HYDROXY-2,3'-AZODINAPHTHALENE-1,2',5,7'-
DISULPHONATE
016-037-00-0 DISODIUM 1-AMINO-4-(4-BENZENESULPHONAMIDO-3-
SULPHONATOANILINO)ANTHRAQUINONE-2-SULPHONATE
016-038-00-6 DISODIUM 6-((4-CHLORO-6-(N-METHYL)-2-TOLUIDINO)-1,3,5-
TRIAZIN-2-YLAMINO)-1-HYDROXY-2-(4-METHOXY-2-
SULPHONATOPHENYLAZO)NAPHTHALENE-3-SULPHONATE
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 15 Issued: November 1995
028-003-00-2 NICKEL MONOXIDE
028-004-00-8 NICKEL DIOXIDE
028-005-00-3 DINICKEL TRIOXIDE
028-006-00-9 NICKEL SULPHIDE
028-007-00-4 NICKEL SUBSULPHIDE
029-002-00-X COPPER (I) OXIDE
029-002-00-X DICOPPER OXIDE
029-003-00-5 COPPER NAPHTHENATE
029-004-00-0 COPPER SULPHATE
029-005-00-6 (TRIS(CHLOROMETHYL)PHTHALOCYANINATO)COPPER(II),
REACTION PRODUCTS WITH N-METHYLPIPERAZINE AND
METHOXYACETIC ACID
030-001-00-1 ZINC POWDER - ZINC DUST (PYROPHORIC)
030-003-00-2 ZINC CHLORIDE
030-004-00-8 ZINC ALKYLS
033-001-00-X ARSENIC
033-002-00-5 ARSENIC COMPOUNDS, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF THOSE
ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED
033-003-00-0 ARSENIC TRIOXIDE
033-003-00-0 DIARSENIC TRIOXIDE
033-004-00-6 ARSENIC OXIDE
033-004-00-6 ARSENIC PENTOXIDE
033-005-00-1 ARSENIC ACID AND ITS SALTS
034-001-00-2 SELENIUM
048-002-00-0 CADMIUM OXIDE
048-008-00-3 CADMIUM CHLORIDE
048-009-00-9 CADMIUM SULPHATE
601-013-00-X BUTA-1,3-DIENE
601-013-00-X 1,3-BUTADIENE
601-014-00-5 2-METHYLBUTA-1,3-DIENE
601-020-00-8 BENZENE
601-031-00-8 DI-ISOBUTYLENE
601-031-00-8 2,4,4-TRIMETHYLPENT-1-ENE
601-032-00-3 BENZO[A]PYRENE
601-032-00-3 BENZO[D,E,F]CHRYSENE
601-033-00-9 BENZO[A]ANTHRACENE
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 16 Issued: November 1995
601-034-00-4 BENZO[B]FLUORANTHENE
601-034-00-4 BENZO[E]ACEPHENANTHRYLENE
601-035-00-X BENZO[J]FLUORANTHENE
601-036-00-5 BENZO[K]FLUORANTHENE
601-041-00-2 DIBENZ(A,H)ANTHRACENE
602-010-00-6 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE
602-012-00-7 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE
602-012-00-7 ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
602-021-00-6 1,2-DIBROMO-3-CHLOROPROPANE
602-023-00-7 CHLOROETHYLENE
602-023-00-7 VINYL CHLORIDE
602-064-00-0 1,3-DICHLORO-2-PROPANOL
602-065-00-6 HEXACHLOROBENZENE
603-023-00-X ETHYLENE OXIDE
603-023-00-X OXIRANE
603-026-00-6 1-CHLORO-2,3-EPOXYPROPANE
603-026-00-6 EPICHLORHYDRIN
603-046-00-5 BIS (CHLOROMETHYL) ETHER
603-055-00-4 1,2-EPOXYPROPANE
603-055-00-4 METHYLOXIRANE
603-055-00-4 PROPYLENE OXIDE
603-075-00-3 CHLORMETHYL METHYL ETHER
603-075-00-3 CHLORODIMETHYL ETHER
603-084-00-2 (EPOXYETHYL)BENZENE
603-084-00-2 PHENYLOXIRANE
603-084-00-2 STYRENE OXIDE
606-031-00-1 3-PROPANOLIDE
606-031-00-1 1,3-PROPIOLACTONE
607-149-00-6 ETHYL CARBAMATE
607-149-00-6 URETHANE (INN)
608-003-00-4 ACRYLONITRILE
609-002-00-1 2-NITROPROPANE
609-037-00-2 5-NITROACENAPHTHENE
609-038-00-8 2-NITRONAPHTHALENE
609-039-00-3 4-NITROBIPHENYL
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 17 Issued: November 1995
609-040-00-9 2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL 4-NITROPHENYL ETHER
609-040-00-9 NITROFEN (ISO)
611-004-00-2 METHYL AZOXY METHYL ACETATE
611-004-00-2 METHYL-ONN-AZOXYMETHYL ACETATE
611-005-00-8 CI DIRECT BROWN 95
611-005-00-8 {DISODIUM5-[(4'-((2,6-HYDROXY-3-((2-HYDROXY-5-
SULPHOPHENYL)AZO)PHENYL)AZO)(1,1'-BIPHENYL)-4-
YL)AZO]SALICYLATO(4-)}CUPRATE(2-)
611-006-00-3 AAT
611-006-00-3 4-AMINO-2',3-DIMETHYLAZOBENZENE
611-006-00-3 O-AMINOAZOTOLUENE
611-006-00-3 FAST GARNET GBC BASE
611-006-00-3 4-O-TOLYLAZO-O-TOLUIDINE
611-008-00-4 4-AMINOAZOBENZENE
612-022-00-3 2-NAPHTHYLAMINE
612-022-00-3 ß-NAPHTHYLAMINE
612-036-00-X O-DIANISIDINE
612-036-00-X 3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE
612-037-00-5 O-DIANISIDINE, SALTS OF
612-037-00-5 3,3'-DIMETHOXYBENZIDINE, SALTS OF
612-041-00-7 3,3'-DIMETHYLBENZIDINE
612-041-00-7 O-TOLIDINE
612-042-00-2 BENZIDINE
612-042-00-2 BIPHENYL-4,4'-YLENEDIAMINE
612-042-00-2 4,4'-DIAMINOBIPHENYL
612-068-00-4 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE
612-068-00-4 3,3'-DICHLOROBIPHENYL-4,4'-YLENEDIAMINE
612-069-00-X 3,3'-DICHLOROBENZIDINE, SALTS OF
612-069-00-X 3,3'-DICHLOROBIPHENYL-4,4'-YLENEDIAMINE, SALTS OF
612-070-00-5 BENZIDINE, SALTS OF
612-071-00-0 2-NAPHTHYLAMINE, SALTS OF
612-072-00-6 4-AMINOBIPHENYL
612-072-00-6 BIPHENYL-4-YLAMINE
612-072-00-6 XENYLAMINE
612-073-00-1 4-AMINOBIPHENYL, SALTS OF
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 18 Issued: November 1995
612-073-00-1 BIPHENYL-4-YLAMINE, SALTS OF
612-073-00-1 XENYLAMINE, SALTS OF
612-077-00-3 DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE
612-077-00-3 N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE
612-078-00-9 2,2'-DICHLORO-4,4'-METHYLENEDIANILINE
612-078-00-9 4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE)
612-079-00-4 2,2'-DICHLORO-4,4-METHYLENEDIANILINE, SALTS OF
612-079-00-4 4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2-CHLOROANILINE), SALTS OF
612-081-00-5 3,3'-DIMETHYLBENZIDINE, SALTS OF
612-081-00-5 O-TOLIDINE, SALTS OF
612-083-00-6 1-METHYL-3-NITRO-1-NITROSOGUANIDINE
612-085-00-7 4,4'-METHYLENEDI-O-TOLUIDINE
612-090-00-4 2,2'-(NITROSOIMINO)BISETHANOL
612-091-00-X 2-TOLUIDINE
613-001-00-1 AZIRIDINE
613-001-00-1 ETHYLENEIMINE
613-033-00-6 2-METHYLAZIRIDINE
613-033-00-6 PROPYLENEIMINE
613-046-00-7 CAPTAFOL (ISO)
613-046-00-7 1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDRO-N-(1,1,2,2-
TETRACHLOROETHYLTHIO)PHTHALIMIDE
613-050-00-9 CARBADOX (INN)
613-050-00-9 2-(METHOXYCARBONYLHYDRAZONOMETHYL)QUINOXALINE
1,4-DIOXIDE
613-050-00-9 METHYL 3-(QUINOXALIN-2-YLMETHYLENE)CARBAZATE 1,4-
DIOXIDE
616-003-00-0 ACRYLAMIDE
650-011-00-5 DISTILLATE AROMATIC EXTRACTS (DERIVED FROM
PETROLEUM AND COVERED BY EINECS NOS 2651021,
2651037, 2651042, 2651110)
650-012-00-0 ERIONITE
650-013-00-6 ASBESTOS
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 19 Issued: November 1995
Appendix 3
Other Substances and Processes to which the definition of “carcinogen”
relates
Aflatoxins
Arsenic
Bichromate manufacture involving the roasting of chromite ore
Electrolytic chromium processes, excluding passivation, which involve hexavalent
chromium compounds
Mustard gas (B,B'Dichlorodiethyl sulphide)
Calcining, sintering or smelting of nickel copper matte or acid leaching or
electrorefining of roasted matte
Coal soots, coal tar, pitch and coal tar fumes
The following mineral oils:
(i) unrefined and mildly refined vacuum distillates;
0
(ii) catalytically cracked petroleum oils with final boiling points above 320 C;
(iii) used engine oils;
Auramine manufacture
Leather dust in boot and shoe manufacture, arising during preparation and finishing
Hard wood dusts
Isopropyl alcohol manufacture (strong acid process)
Rubber manufacturing and processing giving rise to rubber process dust and rubber
fume
Magenta manufacture
Manual of Safety Section 3 Page 20 Issued: November 1995