Upwelling
Ecosystems
(Écosystèmes d’upwelling)
Structure and functioning of upwelling
ecosystems, under global change
ECO-UP
IRD Members
Name Theme Main ecosystem
Bertrand Arnaud Ecologist Humboldt
Cury Philippe Ecologist All
Demarcq Herve Biologist Benguela, Canary
Drapeau Laurent Computer scientist Benguela, Humboldt
Fréon Pierre Biologist All
Gerlotto Francois Biologist Humboldt
Lett Christophe Mathematical modelling Benguela, all
Machu Eric Oceanographer Canary
Mullon Christian Mathematical modelling All
Penven Pierrick Oceanographer Benguela, Humboldt
Roy Claude Oceanographer Benguela, Canary
Shin Yunne Ecologist Benguela
Students
Name Supervisor Period Ecosystem
Bertrand Sophie Gerlotto 2003-2005 Humboldt
Chang Nicolette Penven 2003-2006 Benguela
Kone Vamara Machu - Fréon 2003-2006 Benguela
Miller David Moloney - Lett 2003-2006 Benguela
Estrade Philippe Roy 2004-2007 Benguela
Mirabet Vincent Lett 2004-2007 General
Yemane Dawitt Shin - Field 2004-2007 Benguela
Neira Sergio Shannon - Cury 2005-2008 Benguela Humboldt
Sow Bamol Roy 2005-2008 Canary
Travers Morgane Shin - Field 2006-2008 Benguela
Brochier Timothee Lett - Fréon 2006-2008 Humboldt
Vergnon Remi Shin 2006-2008 General
Nieto Karen Demarcq 2006-2008 Camary-Humboldt
Main partnership Saint Quentin
UVSQ
Mullon
Brest Sete
IRD-Ifremer CRHMT
Roy Fréon, Cury,
Humboldt Canary Benguela Shin, Demarcq
IMARPE INRH UCT
Bertrand, Gerlotto Machu MCM
Drapeau, Lett, Penven
From IDYLE and ACTIVE to ECO-UP
IDYLE
Question: How adaptive strategies of pelagic
population do depend on the physical and
biological dynamics of upwelling systems ?
Field: Benguela ECOSYSTEMES D’UPWELLING
Approach:Modelling, GIS
Themes:Hydrodynamic modelling, IBM, GIS, remote Question: What are the effects of
sensing, retrospective analysis global changes on worldwide
Effectif: 5 scientists upwelling ecosystems?
Locations:Le Cap, Sète, Brest Field :Humboldt, Benguela, Canary
ACTIVE Approach:Comparative, Intégrated
Question: What is the effect of the behaviour of Themes:Climate et hydrodynamics,
pelagic fish about their catcahability ? productivity, hydrodynamics and
Field :Humboldt ecology, trophic structures, eco-
Approach: Acoustic surveys, modelling, data ethology of pelagic systems,
analysis fisheries economics
Themes: aggregative behaviour (tunas, FAD, Staff:13 scientists
schools and clusters of small pelagics), spatial Locations: Sète, Le Cap, Lima,
structuring of pelagic habitat (tuna) Casablanca, Brest, Saint Quentin
IRD Staff: 9 scientists
Locations:Valparaiso, La Réunion, Seychelles, Sète
Structure of the project
Field studies : Partnership
– Benguela EUR-OCEANS
– Canaries GLOBEC-SPACC
– Humboldt BCLME
PNEC
Scientific themes: BENEFIT
– Climate, environment, ATI-HUMBOLDT
hydrodynamics and transport
– production,
Teaching
– fish populations,
– fisheries Doctoral schools (UCT, Montpellier 2),
UBO Brest (Sciences de la mer),
VAS-ENSAR, Concepcion Chili,
Université de Dakar)
Summer schools
11 PhD students
Comparative approach
Canaries Benguela Humboldt (Californie)
Comparative approach
Subjets Scales
Reproductive strategies Spatial extension (the whole system)
Regime shifts (1500km x 300km)
Spatial dynamics Spatial grid : From méso-scale to sub-
Productivity turn-over meso-scale (~2 à 20 km)
Relationships between topography
and dynamics Time extension : Decennial (regime
Importance of large predators and shifts)
fishing Time step : form 2 days to year
Climate and physics
25 km
5 km
1 km
Hydrodynamics
ROMS
Physics and ecology
Transport
Lagrangian approaches
Bakun’s triad
Biological production
NPZD
Chlorophyll
a) NPZD
b) SeaWIFS
Fish communities
Trophic
structure
EwE
OSMOSE
Viability
approach
Fish communities
Trophic structure
Illustration of our approach
Question : Regime shifts
Hypothesis : Nature of
ecological controls (Top
Down, Bottom Up, Wasp-
Waist)
A tool : Ecosystem modelling
An expected result : Indicators
of ecosystem functioning
Fish communities
Trophic structure
GIS
Hake only
Sardine only
Hake & Sardine
Fish communities
Eco-Ethology
Spatial behaviour:
– of pelagic
populations (schools,
clusters)
– of plankton (patches,
3d)
– of fleets
as indicators of
ecosystems regimes
Fisheries
Towards an integrated model of the worldwide
system of small pelagic fisheries
Canary
Responsible : Eric Machu
Partners :
INRH (Maroc), LPA (Sénégal), JRC (Italie),
Université d’Alveiro (Portugal), LPO
(France), LEMAR (France), US
ACAPPELLA (France), US 025 (France)
Specific questions
Latitudinal gradient
Importance of the shelf
Ecosystem shifts
Fisheries
Iron and storms
Humboldt
Responsible : A. Bertrand
Partners:
IMARPE, University of San Marcos (Peru);
IFOP, University of Concepcion, INPESCA
(Chili);
Questions
ENSO
Productivity
Relationship between primary production and
pelagic production
Benguela
Responsible : L. Shannon, L. Drapeau
Partners : M&CM (South Africa), University of
Cape Town (South Africa), BCLME
(Angola, Namibia, South Africa)
Questions
Connexion Indian Ocean / Atlantic Ocean
Distance between spawning and nursery
areas
Differences North/South
Expected results
Methodology: towards the Ecoscope of upwelling
ecosystems
Generic tools for LME
Indicators for EAF
Atlas on line of upwelling ecosystems
Funding
IRD
13 full time positions
130.000 euros/year
3 PhD/year
French scientific programs
PNEC (16.000 euros/year)
ANR (30.000 euros/year)
European scientific programs
Euroceans (3 PhD/year)
Schedule
2004, From January to June : Submitting
the project
2004, November : Cape Town meeting,
focus on scientific questions
2005-2008 : Carrying out the project:
implementation of different approaches
on the 3 ecosystems; implementation of
the Atlas on line
Time table
Ecosys- 2005 2006 2007 2008
tem
Canary Partnership (1), Partnership (2) ROMS, NPZD, Synthesis
ROMS, EwE ROMS, Lagrangian, Lagrangian
IBM, NPZD, Vability IBM, OSMOSE,
GIS
Hu mboldt Accoustic Accoustic surveys, ROMS, NPZD, Synthesis
surveys. GIS, Eco -éthology EAF, GIS
ROMS, EwE surveys, Lagra n-
gian, NPZD,
OSMOSE, Viabi lity
Bengu ela ROMS, NPZD, ROMS, BCLME, L a- ROMS, BCLME Synthesis
IBM, Lagra n- grangian, IBM, Eco -
gian éthology surveys,
OSMOSE, EwE, Viability, GIS
GIS
All Watching sy s- Watching system, Climate change Synthesis
tem Sp atial indicators, scenarios,
Time series, EwE, Time series, Comparative
Bio -économy., Bio -eco, Book (2) analysis, Book
Book (1) (2)
— To be done — Done
Keywords
Comparative approach
Integrated approach
Structure and functionning
Change
APPENDICES
Cape Town – November 2004
Method
Climate and hydrodynamics: large scale Structure/Functioning
Climate and hydrodynamics: meso-scale Change
Production: bottom up Operational Oceanography
Trophodynamics: Trophic structure Comparison
Eco-ethology
Application to EAF, implications for
operational oceanography
Classified questions (1)
Climate and hydrodynamics: large scale
Are there regimes in the circulation and atmospheric dynamics of the upwelling systems? Are
there global climate features that explain the synchrony between the pelagic stocks
throughout the world?
What are the regime shifts in the Benguela (spatial) and Humboldt (temporal) in climate change?
What are the triggers? What maintain them?
What is the regional impact of climate change in upwelling systems, e.g. on its structure?
Climate and hydrodynamics: meso-scale
What are the determinants of meso-scale activities in upwelling systems? Is it the position of the
upwelling front? What are the forcing factors?
What is the importance of mesoscale structures (e.g. filaments, eddies, cool ridges, upwelling
front etc)? How to characterize them, spatially and dynamically? What is their variability?
Production: bottom up
What is the magnitude of interannual variability of primary production? What causes it? How to
relate intra- and interannual variability? What is the temporal scale of events: blooms,
collapse?
Which nutrient(s) limits the production in upwelling systems? Are upwelling systems food limited
or nutrient limited, is the transfer efficiency similar? For example, why the Humboldt system
is thought to be food limited?
Classified questions (2)
Trophodynamics: Trophic structure
How can we incorporate ecosystem considerations into fishing sectors management? How can
we quantify the effect of human activity on structure and functioning of the ecosystem?
How to reconcile single species and multispecies management approaches?
What is the role of fishing in driving regime shifts?
What is the role of trophic interactions in the success of recruitment?
Does the length of their food chains characterize the different ecosystems?
How can we characterize the role of a species in a foodweb?
How do we account for the high/low pelagic fish biomass in the various upwelling systems e.g.
southern/northern Benguela?
How to characterize the types of controls, and the switch between them? Do the trophic controls
depend on the trophic level?
What are the implications of spatial distributions (horizontal and vertical) in trophic interactions?
Classified questions (3)
Eco-ethology
How gregarious fish manage the multi-scale environmental variability intrinsic of upwelling
ecosystems
How collective fish structures can be indicators of fish interactions with their environment and
ecosystem status; this requires answer to a more specific question: what are the behavioural
mechanisms allowing the organisation of collective structures
What are the determinisms of fish cluster size, number and dynamics: population versus
environmental factors (eddies, etc.)
What are the interactions between predators (natural or fishers) and pelagic fish in terms of
spatial organisation
How can we integrate eco-ethological process in the adaptative management of resources in an
EAF framework
How the energetic inputs in a hierarchical system are transmitted across multi-scale physical and
biological organisation levels and shape fish and predators (fishers included) spatial
organisation
How can we characterise the spatial and dynamic scale-invariant patterns in hierarchical
structured upwelling ecosystems
Classified questions (4)
Application to EAF, implications for operational oceanography
How can operational oceanography contribute to EAF? (Feedback between what operational
oceanography can provide and what EAF requires and can use).
How can we build indicators that are amenable to management?
What are the consequences of regime shifts in fisheries management?
What are the relevant real-time indicators of changes and variability?
What indicators are requested for the management of an unstable resource? Which indicators
are relevant in that context?