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Cybil Auza
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Alek Varela-Baez
Persian
- 1st were the Hunter & Gatherers: no formal politics
-Civilizations: cities/societies with high eco. surplus & development
-Babylonian’s King: Hammurabi’s Code (unified law code)
-Citiy-states: defined boundaries ruled by a king
- NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
P -Egypt>pharaohs
-Meso> City/states
- 3 dynasties: Zhou, Qin, Han
- Throughout the Qin and Han periods, the Chinese state bureaucracy expanded its powers significantly
- Tax collections and annual mandatory labor services ensured the central government held some power over almost
every person in the Middle Kingdom, something no other large government accomplished until the twentieth century.
- Tax revenues declined
-550 B.C.E. – Cyrus the Great established an empire from N. Mid east and NW India
-Persian empire destroyed by Alexander the Great
-Greece- strong city-states, each with their own government
-Sparta: strong military, aristocracy, Athens: diverse commercial state, artistic and intellectual leadership, smaller
than Sparta
-both worked together to defeat Persian empire
-Peloponnesian Wars
-law code- 12 tables
-Punic Wars- Romans fought army of Carthage
-Local leaders, Gupta Reps
-Regionalism and Political diversity
-Autocratic kings and aristocratic influence
-High taxes
-Shaky centralization and control
-No unified law code
-China (Elite) -> Bureaucracy.
-Rome: Autonomy.
-India: Caste System
- Agriculture: planting of grains for later harvest (slash & burn)
- Copper & bronze production (metal workings) - development of new tools, weapons, farming tools, etc.
- Lydians: 1st coined $
-Hunter & gatherers aim for survival basically
-NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
E - Peasant Farmers
- Agricultural based
- Political stability aided economic growth and the government took a direct role in agricultural and economic growth
-majority of Greeks and Romans were farmers
-commercial agriculture
-extensive trade
-importance of slavery
-Agriculturally based
-Expansion of internal and external trade
-Hierarchy-Patriarchal
-Sahara traded crops with Asia.
-Han Dynasty: New peasant taxes => Social unrest
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Cybil Auza
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Brent Acomb
Alek Varela-Baez
Hunter & gatherers: animistic belief in nature
-Meso.:humans & nature
-Chinese: harmony
-Monotheism: belief in one God (1rst Judaism, then Christianity, Islam)
-ziggurats & pyramids
R -NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
- China did not produce a unitary belief system.
- Confucianism and Daoism were two of the major systems that competed for the loyalties of various Chinese
communities during the years of the classical period.
- Kung Fuzi (Confucius) lived from roughly 551 to 478 B.C.E. He was not a religious leader but rather saw himself
as a defender of Chinese tradition and espoused a secular system of ethics.
- Over time, individuals embraced aspects of both philosophies and also Buddhism.
-Zoroastrianism- monotheistic religion
-Rome- tolerance of other religions except Christianity
-no creation of a world class religion
-spirits of nature, gods and goddesses
-Hinduism
Religions do not promote politics
Tolerant of other religions
Divine spirit
Drove social life
-Buddihism
Rejects caste
Nirvana
First major world religion
Accepts parts of Hinduism
-Japan: each tribal chief owned a god in tribes
-Shintoism
-China: Daoism/ Buddhism.
-India: Hinduism runs over Buddhism.
-East: Constantine spreads Christianity in Constantinople.
-Islam Rises in 600C.E
-Christianity spreads (Rome)
-Hunter & gatherers: Men & women are =
-Egyptian pharaohs
-Shang kings
-women= subordinate roles
-“barbarians”= considered non-civilized < -nomads
S -population growth with agriculture introduced
- NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
- Three Social Classes
-Mandarins
-General and skilled labor (urban artisans
-Mean People
- Women were subordinate to men but had clearly defined roles in the family and in larger society.
-Olympic Games
-women, slaves, and foreigners excluded from politics
-tight family structure, husband in control
-women did exercise some rights: power in the household, economics
-many were active in business
-No unified language
-Caste system
Rests on the assumption that humans are inherently unequal
Women had limited rights
Untouchables-dirty work
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Cybil Auza
Eddie Carrillo
Brent Acomb
Alek Varela-Baez
-Kshatriyas-warrior/governing
-Brahmans-Priestly
-Vaisyas-traders and farmers
-Sudras-common labor
-India: Cast System (Reincarnation)
-China: Hierachy (mutual respect)// Buddhism valued women.
-Rome: Slaves (upward mobility)
- ideographic: symbols (pict.-like)
-astronomy: observed by Samarians
-cuneiform: writing wedge-like characters
-Phoenician’s simplified alphabet & improved Egyptian # system
- Technology is where the classical Chinese clearly excelled.
I/A - Standardized weights, coinage, measures, and writing
- Census
- New irrigation projects
- Silk production
-advanced iron technology
-written language derived from Phoenician alphabet
-during Hellenistic period, emergence of scientific centers were established
-Greek literature: focused on tragedy
-Illiad, Odyssey, epic traditions
-Greeks: geometry and anatomy, Romans: sciences and engineering
-Arabic numbers
-Epic poems
-Olmec: Accurate Calenders.
-Olmec: Jade
-Rome wrote Textbooks
- 1st civilizations clustered around a river valley
- little contact between regions & people around the world in the beginning of time
CHINA
N -Not isolated like China
-Indus and Ganges river valleys
-Hun invaded India
Key
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5