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US & USSR From Allies to Enemies

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US & USSR From Allies to Enemies
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US & USSR

From Allies to Enemies

From “Iron Curtain” Speech to

Truman Doctrine

Winston Churchill & Fulton Speech

 March 1946

 Fulton, Missouri

 “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the

Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across

the continent.”

Churchill’s Messages

 USSR building an empire in Eastern Europe

 US cannot sit idly and, worse still, return to

isolationism

From “Iron Curtain” Speech to

Truman Doctrine

Winston Churchill & Fulton Speech

 March 1946

 Fulton, Missouri

 “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron

curtain has descended across the continent.”

Churchill’s Messages

 USSR building an empire in Eastern Europe

 US cannot sit idly and, worse still, return to isolationism

 US should stop entertaining the idea of post-war

cooperation with the USSR

From “Iron Curtain” Speech to

Truman Doctrine

Truman Doctrine

 March 12, 1947

 $400 million as eco & military aid to Greece &

Turkey

 Help free people maintain institutions, nat’l

integrity

 Official pronouncement of containment policy

From Allies to Enemies

What went wrong?

Why couldn’t West-USSR continue wartime

collaboration in post-war years?

 Russian historical experience

 Mongol invasion (13th and 14th centuries)

 Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion (1812)



 British & French invasion of Crimea (1854-1856)



 Japan took Russian interest in Far East (1905)

From Allies to Enemies

 Russian historical experience

 Western hostility towards the Soviet Russia (1917-

1921)

 A cordon sanitaire in eastern Europe to check spread

of Soviet system

 British appeasement towards Hitler



 The Munich agreement



 Japanese attack in east Russia (1939)



 German invasion (WWI & WWII)



 Delay of second front in W Europe



 US possession of nuclear bombs



 Churchill’s Fulton speech

From Allies to Enemies

 Russian Geopolitical Concerns

 Unprotected by natural barriers such as

oceans or mountains

 Vulnerable to invasions from several

directions

 Enormous territorial size makes int’l

cohesion, communication & transportation

difficult

 Policy implications

 Territorial expansion as a means of national defense



 Expand spheres of influence



 Build pro-Soviet regimes

From Allies to Enemies

 Russian Security & State

 Obsession with security & militarism

 Military for defense and expansion purposes

 Leninist Party-state & authoritarianism

 Centralization of power

 Soviet Communist Party

 Joseph Stalin

 Russian foreign policy & expansionism

 Power top priority

 Territorial security

 Self-reliance

 Distrust of other countries

From Allies to Enemies

 Soviet Ideology

 Marxist class struggle

 Internally, struggle btwn bourgeoisie & proletariat



 Int’lly, struggle btwn capitalist West & socialist

states

 Soviet mission to liberate the entire humankind

from capitalism

 Western attempt to overthrow socialist states



 George Kennan & Containment

 Irreconcilable conflict of interest btwn USSR & West

 Irreversible confrontation bwtn USSR & West

 Ideologically, USSR to bury capitalist West

From Allies to Enemies

 George Kennan & Containment

 Russian historical experience & cultural heritage

sustaining USSR hostility towards the West

 USSR strategy: no hurry to disrupt the status quo

 American response: “long-term, patient, but firm and

vigilant containment”

 Feasibility of Containment

 US patience and persistence necessary

 West in control of 4 of the 5 industrial centers

 1947 & Truman Doctrine

 US determination to confront Soviet expansionism

 US farewell to isolationism


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