Bell ringer

Bell ringer

 Draw on outline of the human body. Without

using the text book. Include the following

organs in your outline: brain, stomach,

kidneys, heart and lungs.









November 26, 2011 1

Support and Movement









November 26, 2011 2

What are tissues?

 A group of cells that look alike and work

together make up a tissue.

 Tissues form from stem cells that

differentiate during development.









November 26, 2011 3

 Tissues are named

for the job they do.

There are 4 main

kinds: muscle

tissue, covering

tissue, connective

tissue and nerve

tissue

November 26, 2011 4

1. Muscle Tissue

 Muscle tissue makes up muscles

 Muscle tissue is made up of cells that can

become shorter

 There are several types of muscle tissue:

Skeletal, Smooth and cardiac.









November 26, 2011 5

November 26, 2011 6

Skeletal Muscle  Skeletal muscle is a

type of striated

muscle, usually

attached to the

skeleton.

 Skeletal muscles are

used to create

movement, by

applying force to

bones and joints .

November 26, 2011 7

 They generally contract voluntarily.









November 26, 2011 8

Smooth Muscle

 Smooth muscle

is a type of non-

striated muscle.

 Smooth muscle

fibers are spindle

shaped, and like

all muscle, can

contract and

relax.

November 26, 2011 9

 Smooth muscle is usually found within the

"walls" of hollow organs and elsewhere like

the bladder and abdominal cavity, the uterus,

male and female reproductive tracts, the

gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract.









November 26, 2011 10

Cardiac Muscle

 'Cardiac muscle' is a type

of involuntary striated

muscle found within the

heart.

 Its function is to "pump"

blood through the

circulatory system by

contracting.

November 26, 2011 11

2. Covering Tissue

 The skin that covers your body is made

up of epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissues

is made up of cells that join tightly

together.

 Epithelial tissue also covers many parts

inside the body. It is your first line of

defense against many disease and

bacteria

November 26, 2011 12

 EPITHELIAL TISSUE

is a tissue composed of a

layer of cells.. The

outermost layer of our

skin is composed of dead

epithelial cells.









November 26, 2011 13

Functions of epithelial cells

 Functions of epithelial cells include secretion,

absorption, protection, transcellular transport,

sensation detection, and selective

permeability.









November 26, 2011 14

3. Connective Tissue

 Tissue that holds some parts of the body

together is called connective tissue.

 Connective tissue supports and protects

the body.

 There are 4 types: Bone, ligaments,

tendons and blood





November 26, 2011 15

 Bones are rigid connective

Bones organs that make up the

skeleton of vertebrates.

 Bones are primarily

comprised of osseous tissue

which may also be referred

to as bone or bone tissue.









November 26, 2011 16

Ligaments

 Ligaments connect bones to one another.









November 26, 2011 17

November 26, 2011 18

Tendons

 Tendons connect muscle to bones.









November 26, 2011 19

Blood

 Blood is a liquid connective tissue.

 It has blood cells that float in a yellow

liquid, known as blood plasma. .

 Blood carries food, gases, and other

important substances to and from all the

cells in the body.





November 26, 2011 20

4. Nerve Tissue

 Nerve Tissue is made up of nerve cells,

or neurons.

 Nerve tissue carries messages.

 It causes muscles to expand and

contract, controls breathing, digestion

and heart rhythms.

 Your brain and spinal cord are made

mostly of nerve tissue.

November 26, 2011 21

November 26, 2011 22

Bell Ringer

 What are the 4 types of tissues?

 Include a short summary in your description.









November 26, 2011 23

What are

Organs and

Organ

Systems?

November 26, 2011 24

Organs

 A group of tissues that

works together to do a

special job is called an

organ.

 Examples --

 Heart - function is to

pump blood into the

blood vessels.

November 26, 2011 25

 Nerve tissue – carry impulses to the heart

and control the heartbeat.

 Blood vessels – surround the heart and

supply its cells with oxygen and nutrients.









November 26, 2011 26

November 26, 2011 27

Glands

 Organs or groups of

cells that give off

substances used by

the body are called

glands.









November 26, 2011 28

Organ Systems

 A group of organs that work together is

called an organ system.

 All the organs in an organ system work

together to carry out certain life

processes.

 There are 10 major organ systems





November 26, 2011 29

Skeletal system

 Major structures –

Bones

 Function –

Provides structure

and supports the

internal organs.





November 26, 2011 30

Muscular system

 Major structures -

muscles (skeletal,

cardiac and

smooth)

 Function – Provides

structure; supports

and moves trunk

and limbs

November 26, 2011 31

Circulatory System

 Major structures

– Heart, blood

vessels, Blood

 Function –

Transports

nutrients and

wastes to and

from all body

tissues.

November 26, 2011 32

Respiratory System

 Major structures - Air

passages, lungs

 Function – Carries air

into and out of lungs,

where gases (oxygen

and carbon dioxide)

are exchanged.



November 26, 2011 33

Immune system

 Major structures – Lymph nodes and

vessels, white blood cells

 Function – Provides protection against

infection and disease.









November 26, 2011 34

Digestive system

 Major structures – mouth,

esophagus, stomach, liver,

pancreas, small and large

intestines

 Function – Stores and

digests food; absorbs

nutrients; eliminates

wastes

November 26, 2011 35

Excretory System

 Major structures –

kidneys, bladder,

ureters, urethra,

skin, lungs

 Function –

Eliminates waste;

maintain water and

chemical balance

November 26, 2011 36

Nervous system

 Major structures – brain, spinal cord,

nerves, sense organs, receptors

 Function – controls and coordinates body

movements and senses; controls

consciousness and creativity; helps

monitor and maintain other body systems





November 26, 2011 37

Endocrine system

 Major structures – Glands

(such as adrenal, thyroid,

and pancreas),

hypothalamus

 Function – Maintains

homeostasis, regulates

metabolism, water and

mineral balance, growth

and sexual development,

November 26, 2011

and reproduction. 38

Reproductive system

 Major structures – ovaries, uterus,

mammary glands (in females), testes (in

males)

 Function – produces offspring









November 26, 2011 39

Bellringer

 What are the major organs and functions of

the skeletal, endocrine and nervous systems?









November 26, 2011 40

What is the Skeletal System?









November 26, 2011 41

Three Types of Skeletons

 1. Hydrostatic (water)

- like a starfish

 2. Exoskeleton (arthropods)

- tough, hard , outer covering.

- Protects the animal

 3. Endoskeleton (vertebrates) - skeleton

inside the body



November 26, 2011 42

 The Skeleton of

Humans is

composed of a

special connective

tissue called

BONE

 There are 206

bones in the

human body

November 26, 2011 43

 The skeleton is

divided into two

groups: the axial

skeleton and the

appendicular

skeleton, each

with it's own

purpose.





November 26, 2011 44

Axial



 The axial skeleton, making up 80 of your 206

bones, encompasses all your upper body

bones.

 It is subdivided into three groups: the skull,

the vertebral column, and the bony thorax.









November 26, 2011 45

November 26, 2011 46

 It's main purposes are to protect your vital

organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs,

and to provide an efficient structure to

perform a variety of work.









November 26, 2011 47

The Appendicular Skeleton

 The appendicular skeleton refers to your arms

and legs.

 They are called appendicular (from "append")

because they are attached by girdles, which

bridge each with the main body









November 26, 2011 48

November 26, 2011 49

Jobs of the Skeleton

 Support, shape

and protect the

body

 The spine also

allows for

movement





November 26, 2011 50

 The backbone is

made up of separate

bones called –

vertebrae.

 These bones are

hollow and allow us

to bend and twist.



November 26, 2011 51

November 26, 2011 52

Other jobs of the skeleton

 Work with muscles to move the body

 Protect important organs

 Store minerals like calcium

 Make blood









November 26, 2011 53

Bones are classified by their shape -

 1. Long bones (humerus,

femur)

2. Flat bones (skull)

3. Short bones (fingers)

4. Irregular bones (vertebrae )









November 26, 2011 54

Cartilage

 Cartilage is a tough, but

flexible connective tissue.

 All of our bones are made of

cartilage first, but during the

2nd and 3rd months of

embryonic development,

they slowly turn into bone.



November 26, 2011 55

November 26, 2011 56

Bone Formation

 Over time, cartilage is replaced by hard, living bone

tissue

 Specialized cells produce calcium – enriched

material that makes up bone.

 Other cells break down bone tissue during the

growth and remodeling stage of bone development.

 The size and shape of bones change as a person

matures



November 26, 2011 57

Bell ringer

 What are the 4 shapes of bones?

 What is cartilage? Where, in our body, do we

still have cartilage?









November 26, 2011 58

What are bones?









November 26, 2011 59

Bones

 The bones of the ear are the smallest bones in

the body.









November 26, 2011 60

Structure of Bones

 Bones are made up of

living and non living

material

 Each bone is covered by a

periosteum - thin

membrane that contains

blood vessels that carry

blood and oxygen to the

living bone cells.

November 26, 2011 61

 The hardest part of bone is called compact

bone.

 It is made up of living bone cells, protein

fibers, and nonliving materials.









November 26, 2011 62

 EPIPHYSIS – expanded ends of bone.

ARTICULATES (forms a joint) with another

bone.

 DIAPHYSIS – shaft of the bone

 ARTICULAR CARTILAGE – hyaline

cartilage covering the ends of bones





November 26, 2011 63

November 26, 2011 64

The role of calcium

 Calcium is an important part of your diet. It

helps make bones hard.

 Osteoporosis can result from bones that are

not calcium rich.









November 26, 2011 65

November 26, 2011 66

November 26, 2011 67

 The ends of

bones are soft

and spongy.

 Spongy bone is

very porous,

with many holes

in it.

 Spongy bone

gives bone its

strength.

November 26, 2011 68

November 26, 2011 69

Marrow

 Bone marrow is

soft connective

tissue that fills the

spaces in spongy

bone.

 Bone marrow is

usually red or

yellow in color.

November 26, 2011 70

 Spongy bone contains red bone marrow.

 This is where new red blood cells are made.

 Adults only have red bone marrow in certain

bones, such as the femur and the hips.









November 26, 2011 71

November 26, 2011 72

 Long bones contain yellow marrow

 Yellow marrow contains mostly fat.









November 26, 2011 73

November 26, 2011 74

Fractures

 A complete fracture is when the bone

has broken into two pieces.

 A greenstick fracture is when the bone

cracks on one side only, not all the way

through.

 A single fracture is when the bone is

broken in one place



November 26, 2011 75

 A comminuted fracture is when the

bone is broken into more than two pieces

or crushed.

 A bowing fracture, which only happens

in kids, is when the bone bends but doesn't

break









November 26, 2011 76

Fractures

 A fracture is a crack or a break in a bone.

 Open fractures – the bone breaks the skin.

 Closed fractures – bones do not break the skin

 Hairline fracture – very thin crack in the bone

 X- rays are used to determine the exact

location and severity of a fracture.





November 26, 2011 77

Open fracture









November 26, 2011 78

Closed Fracture









November 26, 2011 79

How do fractures heal?

 Hematoma (huge bruise and blood clot) forms

to protect area

 • Fibrocartilage splint forms after dead cells

are removed by phagocytes

 • Osteocytes move into area and gradually

replace fibrocartilage with bone tissue

 • Bone remodeling occurs



November 26, 2011 80

Bone Remodeling

 Osteoblasts - Make Deposits” – Bone builders

 – These cells secrete new bone









November 26, 2011 81

 Osteoclasts - Dissolve bone and Release

calcium









November 26, 2011 82

Bone Marrow Transplants

 Used to treat disorders such as leukemia and

anemia

 Needed when a person’s blood cells produce

abnormal cell









November 26, 2011 83

 Radiation is

given to a

person with

abnormal

bone marrow

and cells

from a

healthy donor

are inserted

into the

patient’s

bloodstream.

November 26, 2011 84

2 drawbacks to bone marrow

transplants

 The patient’s body can

accept or reject the new

bone marrow.

 High risk of infection









November 26, 2011 85

Bellringer

 What is a periosteum?









November 26, 2011 86

How do Joints Work?









November 26, 2011 87

Joints

 The place where two or more bones meet is

called a joint.

 Some bones are connected directly to other

bones at the joint.

 Most bones are held together by ligaments.







November 26, 2011 88

November 26, 2011 89

3 Main Kinds of joints

 Fixed (fibrous)

joints – do not

allow any

movement

 The joints in your

skull are fixed.







November 26, 2011 90

 Cartilaginous joints -

Partly movable joints

– allow a little bit of

movement.

 The joints between

your ribs and your

breastbone move a

little bit.

November 26, 2011 91

 Synovial joints -

Movable joints – allow a

lot of movement.

 Your arms and legs are

movable joints.









November 26, 2011 92

November 26, 2011 93

4 major kinds of movable joints

 Ball and socket joints

allow bones to move in

most directions.

 Joint between upper

arm and shoulder

allows your arm to

move around in a

circle.

November 26, 2011 94

 Gliding joints allow

some movement in all

directions. The bones

slide along each other.

 Your wrist is a gliding

joint.





November 26, 2011 95

 Hinge joints allow

bones to backward

and forward in one

direction.

 Elbows and knees









November 26, 2011 96

 Pivotal Joints allow

bones to move side

to side and up and

down.

 The joint between

your skull and your

neck is a pivotal

joint.

November 26, 2011 97

Cartilage and bones

 Cartilage is usually found in the joints.

 It cushions bones and prevents them from

rubbing against one another.

 It also acts as a shock absorber for the spinal

vertebrae.







November 26, 2011 98

Bones you must know!









November 26, 2011 99

cranium

 the bones of the

skull surrounding

the brain, not

including the face

bones; the bone just

above/in front of the

ear is the temporal

bone

November 26, 2011 100

mandible

 the jaw bone, so the

hinge of the jaw is

the temporo-

mandibular joint,

and problems with

malfunctioning of

this joint are known

as TMJ

November 26, 2011 101

vertebrae

 bones which

make up the

spine









November 26, 2011 102

 Cervical vertebrae - the vertebrae in the neck

region

 Thoracic Vertebrae - the vertebrae with ribs

attached

 Lumbar vertebrae - the vertebrae in the lower

back

 Sacrum - five fused vertebrae which are

joined to the pelvis

 Coccyx - four fused vertebrae which comprise

the tailbone

November 26, 2011 103

Ribs

 bones protecting

the chest cavity

(we all have

twelve pairs)









November 26, 2011 104

Sternum

 the breastbone









November 26, 2011 105

Clavicle

 the collar bone









November 26, 2011 106

Scapula

 the shoulder blade









November 26, 2011 107

humerus

 the top of the arm









November 26, 2011 108

Ulna

 the little

finger side

of the lower

arm which

also forms

the elbow







November 26, 2011 109

Radius

 the thumb side of the

lower arm; the

Radius Rotates

around









November 26, 2011 110

Carpals

 the wrist bones









November 26, 2011 111

Metacarpals

 the palm of the hand









November 26, 2011 112

Phalanges

 the fingers and toes









November 26, 2011 113

Os (Coxa)

 the hip bones









November 26, 2011 114

Ileum

 the big bone on top that we think of as the hip

bone









November 26, 2011 115

Ischium

 the bones on which you sit









November 26, 2011 116

Pubis

 the lower front hip bone









November 26, 2011 117

Femur

 the thigh bone









November 26, 2011 118

Patella

 the kneecap









November 26, 2011 119

Tibia

 the thick, inside (big-

toe side) shinbone









November 26, 2011 120

Fibula

 the thin, outer (little-toe side) shinbone









November 26, 2011 121

Tarsals

 the heel bones









November 26, 2011 122

Metatarsals

 the arch of the foot, the sole









November 26, 2011 123

Phalanges

 the fingers and toes









November 26, 2011 124

Bellringer

What are the tarsal, patella, femur and ulna?

Be specific in your descriptions.









November 26, 2011 125

Bellringer

 Compare a ligament and a tendon









November 26, 2011 126

Bell ringer

 What would happen if the joint between your

arm and shoulder was not a ball and socket

joint?

 How would your movement be different?









November 26, 2011 127

What is the muscular system?









November 26, 2011 128

Muscles

 More than 600

muscles make up

the muscular

system

 Muscles are tissues

that can shorten

along their length



November 26, 2011 129

 Muscles are attached to

bones by tendons.

 A tendon is a strong

elastic band of tissue.

When a muscle contracts,

it pulls on the tendon,

which makes the bone

move

November 26, 2011 130

Muscle Fibers

 A muscle is composed of

many fibers (or cells).

 Individual muscles are

separated from each other

and held in place by a

covering called the fascia.





November 26, 2011 131

3 types of connective tissue found in

muscles

1. Epimysium – outermost layer – surrounds

entire muscle

2. Perimysium – separated and surrounds the

bundles of muscle fibers

3. Endomysium - surrounds each individual

muscle fiber.





November 26, 2011 132

November 26, 2011 133

Muscle actions

 Muscles only move bones when they contract,

 Muscles can only pull bones, they cannot

push bones.









November 26, 2011 134

Flexors

 Muscles that bend

or flex your joints









November 26, 2011 135

November 26, 2011 136

extensors

 Muscles that

straighten, or

extend your

joints.









November 26, 2011 137

Teamwork

 Muscles must work in

teams of 2.

 Example- biceps are

flexors, triceps are

extensors.

 Flexion and extension are

opposite movements



November 26, 2011 138

November 26, 2011 139

Types of muscle movement

 Abduction - Movement of muscle away from

the center of the body

 Adduction - Movement of muscle towards the

center of the body

 Circumduction – circular movement of a limb







November 26, 2011 140

Rules of muscle activity

1. Muscles get smaller as they contract.

2. Muscles cross at least one joint

3. The bulk of muscle is proximal to the joint

crossed.

4. All muscles have an insertions and an origin.

5. During contraction, the insertion moves

toward the origin.



November 26, 2011 141

 A). Insertion: moves the bone. The point of

attachment.

 B). Origin: does not move or is less

movable.









November 26, 2011 142

3 kinds of muscles

 There are three main kinds of muscles,

skeletal, smooth and cardiac









November 26, 2011 143

Skeletal Muscle

 Skeletal muscle is striated muscle, meaning it

has stripes or dark bands.

 Skeletal muscle is attached directly to the

skeleton - they make your body move.

 Skeletal muscles are usually voluntary –

meaning you can control their movements.





November 26, 2011 144

November 26, 2011 145

Smooth muscle

 Muscle tissue found in

the walls of blood

vessels, the stomach and

other internal organs.

 It is involuntary muscle

because you cannot

control its movements.





November 26, 2011 146

Cardiac muscle

 Found only in the heart and major blood

vessels. It is very strong and striated.

 Cardiac muscle is involuntary.









November 26, 2011 147

Functions of muscle

 Movement

 Posture

 Stabilize joints

 Generate heat

 Protect organs







November 26, 2011 148

Terms used when naming muscles

 Size:

 vastus (huge);

 maximus (large);

 longus (long);

 minimus (small);

 brevis (short).





November 26, 2011 149

 Shape:

 deltoid (triangular);

 rhomboid (like a rhombus with equal and

parallel sides);

 latissimus (wide);

 teres (round);

 trapezius (like a trapezoid).

November 26, 2011 150

 Direction of fibers:

 rectus (straight);

 transverse (across);

 oblique (diagonally);

 orbicularis (circular).







November 26, 2011 151

 Location:

 pectoralis (chest);

 gluteus (buttock or rump);

 brachii (arm);

 supra- (above);

 infra- (below);

 sub- (under or beneath);

 lateralis (lateral).

November 26, 2011 152

 Number of origins:

 biceps (two heads);

 triceps (three heads);

 quadriceps (four heads).









November 26, 2011 153

 Origin and insertion:

 sternocleidomastoideus (origin on the sternum

and clavicle, insertion on the mastoid

process);

 brachioradialis (origin on the brachium or

arm, insertion on the radius).





November 26, 2011 154

 Action:

 abductor (to abduct a structure);

 adductor (to adduct a structure);

 flexor (to flex a structure);

 extensor (to extend a structure);

 levator (to lift or elevate a structure);

 masseter (a chewer).

November 26, 2011 155

Bell ringer

 Define the following terms

1. Abductor

2. Triceps

3. Infra

4. Rectus

5. Brevis





November 26, 2011 156

Types of Joint Movement

 Nonaxial joints

 - Allow only slipping or gliding movements

 – also known as plane joints

 Uniaxial joints –

 permit flexion and extension only –

 Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints









November 26, 2011 157

 Biaxial joints

 permit all angular motions

 Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and

metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints

 Multiaxial joints

 permit the most freely moving synovial joints

 Examples: shoulder and hip joints





November 26, 2011 158

Major muscles you must know









November 26, 2011 159

Heart

 Contractile muscle responsible for circulating

blood throughout the body









November 26, 2011 160

Diaphragm

 Responsible for

inflating and

deflating our

lungs









November 26, 2011 161

Biceps and Triceps

 Arm muscles









November 26, 2011 162

Deltoid

 Shoulder

muscle









November 26, 2011 163

Trapezius

 Muscle of

the upper

back









November 26, 2011 164

Obliques

 To the left

and right of

our

abdominal

muscles.

 Help us

develop a 6-

pack

November 26, 2011 165

Gluteus maximus

 Butt muscle - we sit on it!









November 26, 2011 166

Hamstrings

 Muscles to

the rear of

the thigh









November 26, 2011 167

Soleus

 Calf muscle









November 26, 2011 168

Temporalis

 Used for

chewing and

crushing









November 26, 2011 169

Frontalis

 Thin muscle - the forehead









November 26, 2011 170

Bell Ringer

 What are the functions of the following

muscles?

1. Frontalis

2. Soleus

3. Deltoid

4. Diaphragm





November 26, 2011 171