Physical Distribution
1. Containerization
2. Inland waterways
3. International postal service
4. International rail transport
5. International road haulage
6. International air transport
7. Sea transport
Containerization
Containerization
• General Purpose – jackets
• Insulated – candles
• Fruit Container – bananas
• Refrigerated – ice cubes
• Bulk – wheat
• Ventilated – wood
• Flat-rack – wall
Containerization
• Open-Top – statue
• Half Height – steel pipe
• Tank – milk
• Open-sided – cow
• High Cube Reefer
• Artificial ‘Tween deck
• Hanger
• Bin
• Bolster Flat
Inland waterways
• Rivers and canals
• Slow but cheap
• Suitable for bulk
• Used in developing countries
International postal service
• Postal service
• Courier
• Small quantities
• Simple documentation
International rail transport
• Large units in large quantities
• Complete train load
• Regular basis
• No door-to-door service
International road haulage
• Flexible
• Containers and trailers
• Ro/Ro
• Consumer goods
International air transport
• Quick and reliable
• Expensive
• Small units
Sea transport
• Oil takers
• Coasters
• Pure car and truck carriers (PCTC)
• Liquefied natural gas carriers (LNG)
• Container vessels
• Oil/bulk ore vessels (OBO)
• Ro/Ro vessel
• SD14 and Freedom type vessels
• ‘Tween deck vessels
• Combi carrier
Packing
• Palletization
• Dangerous goods: higher rates
• Cargo packing