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							考试命题培训研修材料 • 英语




  浙江教师继续教育学院


     2006年3月
Achievement tests
Achievement (or attainment) tests,
 though similar in a number of ways to
 progress tests, are far more formal
 tests and are intended to measure
 achievement on a large scale. Most
 annual school examinations take the
 form of achievement tests; all public
 tests which are intended to show
 mastery of a particular syllabus are
 also achievement tests.
 These tests are based on what the students
  are presumed to have learnt – not
  necessarily on what they have actually
  learnt nor on what has actually been taught.
 Achievement tests frequently take form of
  secondary school entrance tests and school
  certificate examinations; Many are based on
  a published syllabus and exert a strong
  influence on the teaching in schools.
 A good achievement test should
  reflect the particular approach to
  learning and teaching that has
  previously been adopted.
五个专题

 关于考试形式与命题原则
 考试内容
 关于命题
 组卷原则与试卷结构
 关于考试成绩等级呈现方案
专题一 关于考试形式与命题原则


 《英语课程标准》的评价建议部分就终结性评
  价提出的评价原则是，“终结性评价要注重考
  查学生综合运用语言的能力”。

 在评价建议中最关键的概念之一是综合语言运
 用能力 （结合语境）
专题一 关于考试形式与命题原则

 关于《2005年基础教育课程改革实验区初中毕
 业学业考试命题指导• 英语》提出的考试形式：
   • 关于口语考试
   • 关于听力理解
   • 关于语言知识运用
   • 关于阅读理解
   • 关于书面表达
专题一 关于考试形式与命题原则


 关于《命题指导》提出的命题原则

 1.要根据《课程标准》来确定考查内容与标准
   • 理论依据
   • 正确认识教材及其他教学资源的作用
   • 拘泥于教材不利于提高命题质量
 专题一 关于考试形式与命题原则

例如：
                                    (B)
例1 You were in Shanghai last week, ____ you?
   A. were          B. weren‘t
   C. did           D. didn‘t

                           (B)
例2 She‘s an Australian, ________?
   A. hasn‘t she     B. isn‘t she
   C. doesn‘t she D. is she
专题一        关于考试形式与命题原则

例3
     You‘ve been to North America before,
     have you?
例4
     Oh, he wants us to make films as well,
     does he?
例5
     She‘s ill in the hospital. (in hospital)
专题一 关于考试形式与命题原则

2. 要着重考查学生的综合语言运用能力

例6 听句辨音
   请选出你听到的含有下列单词、短语或数字的选项。
 1. A. ducks       B. dogs       C. boxes
 2. A. clothes     B. cookies    C. coats
 3. A. horse       B. noise      C. voice
 4. A. 34552       B. 36552      C. 36652
 5. A. sick pupils B. six pupils  C. six people

（这五道题的正确答案分别为B、A、C、B、B）
专题一      关于考试形式与命题原则

例7
  Choose the word which has the same sound as
‗great‘.
    A. bread         B. break
    C. real          D. meat    （正确答案为B）
例8
   Find the word which has a different stress
syllable.（重读音节）
    A. interest      B. disease
    C. although       D. himself （正确答案为A）
专题一        关于考试形式与命题原则
例9 单词辨音：从每组单词中选出一个划线部分读音与所
   给音标读音相同的词。
(1) /z / A. desks   B. maps      C. trees   D. books
(2) /Λ/ A. colour   B. other     C. often   D. love
(3) /i ә / A. heavy      B. idea
           C. ready    D. breakfast
(4) /d/ A. washed      B. called
          C. passed    D. danced
(5) /k/ A. lunch       B. each
          C. chair     D. Christmas
（这五道题的正确答案分别为C、C、B、B、D）
  专题一 关于考试形式与命题原则
例10  从每小题的A、B、C、D中选出一个能填入句中空白
   处并且符合句意和括号内所给音标的最佳答案。

(1) —What about going hiking tomorrow, Lucy?
     —Certainly. But it may be very (/kәuld/)_______.
       We‘d better wear warm clothes. (B)
       A.could     B. cold     C. cloud    D. code
(2) The moon shone brightly in (/θru:/)________ the
      window. (D)
      A. though         B. thought
      C. throw         D. through
 Too great a concentration on the
  testing of the language elements may
  indeed have a harmful effect on the
  communicative teaching of the
  language. J. B. Heaton
专题一 关于考试形式与命题原则
3．要充分考虑学生实际生活和身心发展水平
例11
    据网上报道:为了赢利大量
    捕
杀野生动物己造成了生态的失
衡，而食用野生动物则会使其
躯体的病菌传播给人类。请运
用下列所给单词和短语，对这
则报道发表你的看法。字数不
少于50词，体裁不限。
 (wild animals, smaller and
smaller, diseases, harm,
environment …)
专题一      关于考试形式与命题原则
4. 要选用真实、地道的语言素材，根据语言实际
   使用情形命题(语境不真实的事例)
例12 听对话，选择正确答案。每段对话仅读一遍。
 录音原文：
 M: Where shall I put the eggs?
 W: They can be put in the fridge.
 题目：Where can the eggs be put? （正确答案为B）
专题一          关于考试形式与命题原则
例13 听对话，选择正确答案。每段对话仅读一遍。
录音原文：
W: We produce 12,000 bikes in our factory every      year.
M: Great! Riding is good to our health though they are slower
   than cars.
题目：What does the man like? （正确答案为B）
专题一 关于考试形式与命题原则


例14
  根据内容提示，以Lin Tao的名义写一封50-80字的
信给抗SARS一线的医护人员。要求：书写规范，语句通
顺，行文流畅，结构完整，语法正确。
  内容提示：
 （1）今春SARS突发；
 （2）不顾安危奔赴抗SARS一线；
 （3）表示谢意；
 （4）共同战胜SARS。
专题一 关于考试形式与命题原则


5．要确保试题的信度和效度，杜绝繁、偏、旧的
  试题,控制题量
 • 什么是效度？
 • 什么是信度？
 • 要努力杜绝繁、偏、旧试题并适度控制题量.
Avoiding traps for the students

 A good test should never be constructed in
  such a way as to trap the students into
  giving an incorrect answer.
 Care should be taken to avoid trapping
  students by including grammatical and
  vocabulary items which have never been
  taught.
 To summarize, all tests should be
  constructed primarily with the intention of
  finding what students know – not of
  trapping them.
  专题一       关于考试形式与命题原则
例15 Among the four words ―already, beach, break,
  idea‖, the underlined parts（划线部分）have ____
  kinds of pronunciation（发音）.
    A. one B. two C. three D. four
例16 Which stress of the following words is different?
      A. opera         B. expect
      C. display       D. produce
例17 -- What did she forget when she left for home?
     -- ___________ the book.
   A. Taking     B. Took   C. Take   D. To take
 专题一      关于考试形式与命题原则
例18
 -- What number should appear next after
    eighty- one?
                              3 9 27 81    ?
 -- It‘s _______________.
   A. two hundred and forty-nine
   B. two hundred and forty-seven
   C. two hundred and forty-eight
   D. two hundred and forty-three
  专题一 关于考试形式与命题原则
  6. 要根据试题的考查目的和考查重点，科学合理地制
     定评分标准
18-20   Excellent   Natural English, minimal errors, complete realization of
                    the task set.
16-17   Very good   Good vocabulary and structure, above the simple
                    sentence level. Errors non-basic.
12-15   Good        Simple but accurate realization of task. Sufficient
                    naturalness, not many errors.
8-11    Pass        Reasonably correct if awkward or natural treatment of
                    subject with some serious errors.
5-7     Weak        Vocabulary and grammar inadequate for the task set.
0-4     Very poor   Incoherent. Errors showing lack of basic knowledge of
                    English.
专题二      考试内容
 听力技能
 1.《课程标准》对初中毕业生听力技能的要求
 •能根据语调和重音理解说话者的意图；
 •能听懂有关熟悉话题的谈话，并能从中提取信息和观点；
 •能借助语境克服生词障碍、理解大意；
 •能听懂接近正常语速的故事和叙述，理解故事的因果关系；
 •能在听的过程中用适当方式做出反应；
 •能针对所听语段的内容记录简单信息。
专题二、考试内容


 2. 常用的听力测试的考查方式有：
  •   听录音选图片
  •   听录音选择应答语
  •   听对话回答问题
  •   听短文回答问题/短文理解
  •   听录音填空/听写
  •   听录音完成句子、表格、语段
  •   听录音选音标、单词、词组或句子
  •   听录音选同义句
专题二        考试内容
例19
   听下面的对话。每段对话后有一个小题。从题中所给
的三幅图画中选择最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置上。
每段对话仅读一遍。
录音原文：
1. W: I often have bananas. I like them very
   much.
   M: Me, too. Bananas are a nice fruit.
专题二             考试内容

(1) A. It‘s in Xili. B. It‘s in our school.
     C. It‘s big.
(2) A. No, I don‘t.     B. Thank you.
    C. Not at all.
录音材料:
(1)Excuse me, where is the Safari Park?
(2) Oh, you speak English very well.
专题二              考试内容
例21 根据你所听到的对话和问题，从每题所给的A、B、
  C三个选项中选出最佳选项。每段对话和问题读两遍。
11．A. Fish.    B. Meat.    C. Vegetables.
12．A. Grade 9. B. Grade 8. C. Grade 7. …

例22 根据你所听到的内容以及每小题所提出的问题，从每题所给的
   A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。这一部分内容读三遍。
16．How does he go to school?
   A. By bike.  B. On foot. C. By bus.
17．Where does he have lunch
  A. At home.   B. At school. C. In a restaurant…
专题二             考试内容
例23 根据你所听到的内容，填写下面的表格。这一
  部分内容读三遍。

        Welcome to Waterworld Swimming Pool
                  欢迎来水上世界游泳场
 21．Opening time: _________________
 22．Closing time: _________________
 23．Ticket price: $________________
 24．Student price: $ _______________
 25．Wednesday: Only for _________ and babies.
专题二                考试内容

例25
  听短文，填入所缺的单词。你将听到一篇短文，短文
读两遍。请根据短文内容，填入所缺的单词。

   It was a cold spring morning in London. An old man went to see
the doctor because his 21 hurt. The man got to the hospital
very 22 . There were many people in the waiting room. Soon a
person from India came 23 the room. He walked quickly to the
doctor‟s door. The old man stood up and stopped 24 . He said,
“You must wait for your turn.” He didn‟t 25 the man from India
was the doctor!
专题二          考试内容

例26
 选出你所听到的音标词或在句中所听到的选项。
录音原文： /ai′di/
试题选项：
A. /di / B. /ni/ C. /hi/ D. /ai′di/

录音原文：
Do you clean the classroom every day?
试题选项：A. clear        B. clean   C. care
专题二          考试内容
例29
  选出与你所听到的意义最为接近或相同的答案。
录音原文：
     All the students passed the English exam
 except Meimei.

试题选项：
 A. Meimei passed the exam.
 B. Not all the students passed the exam.
 C. All the students passed the exam.
Spoken:
 Just look at that large ship over there.
 Just look at that large sheep over there.
Although this item, which used to be popular
  in certain tests, is now very rarely included
  as a separate item in public examinations, it
  is sometimes appropriate for inclusion in a
  class progress or achievement test at an
  elementary level.
Listening comprehension tests
 Firstly, the ability to distinguish between
  phonemes, however important, does not in
  itself imply an ability to understand verbal
  messages. Moreover, occasional confusion
  over selected pairs of phonemes does not
  matter too greatly because in real-life
  situations listeners are able to use
  contextual clues to interpret what they hear.
  Although listeners rely on all the
  phonological clues present, they can often
  afford to miss some of them.
An extreme example is that multiple-
 choice tests are not suitable for
 testing a candidate’s ability to
 pronounce a language correctly.
Buck 1989 showed clearly that
 multiple-choice tests of pronunciation
 do not correlate at all with candidates’
 abilities to pronounce English
 phonemes correctly.
 专题二、考试内容
 口语技能
1.《课程标准》对初中毕业生英语口语技能的要求
 • 能就简单的话题提供信息，表达简单的观点和意见，
   参与讨论；
 • 能与他人沟通信息，合作完成任务；
 • 能在口头表达中进行适当的自我纠正；
 • 能有效地询问信息和请求帮助；
 • 能根据话题进行情景对话；
 • 能用英语表演短剧；
 • 能在以上口语活动中做到语音、语调自然，语气恰当。
 专题二、考试内容
 口语技能
2. 常用的口语考试方式有：

 •提问与获取信息；   •口头作文；
 •描述事物或事件；   •朗读；
 •角色扮演；      •跟读；
             •复述。
 •讨论；
 •情景交谈；
 专题二、考试内容
 阅读技能
 1.《课程标准》对初中毕业生英语阅读技能的要求是：

  • 能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；
  • 能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；
  • 能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事的
    发展和可能的结局；
  • 能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；
  • 能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；
  • 能利用字典等工具书进行学习；
  • 除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上
专题二、考试内容
常用的阅读理解考试方式有：
（1）正误判断；     （2）多项选择；
（3）完成句子或文段；（4）重新排序；
（5）回答（ 简短 / 开放性）问题；
（6）信息转换；
（7）匹配；
（8）摘要填空；
（9）完形填空。
Gap-filling
 “Gap-filling” refers here to tests in which the
  candidate is given a short passage in which
  some words or phrases have been deleted.
 The major difficulty is to make sure that
  each gap leads students to write the
  expected word.
 The answer key is therefore likely to have
  more than one answer for some spaces.
 Another problem is that candidates may not
  be able to think of an answer, not because
  they have poor language but because the
  word simply does not spring to mind.
True / False         or Yes / No items
 These items are generally unsatisfactory, as
  there is a 50% possibility of getting any
  item right by chance alone.
 Some item writers reduce the possibility of
  correcting guessing by including a third
  category such as “not given” or “does not
  say”.
 This can be useful in a reading
  comprehension test, but in listening
  comprehension, especially where the text is
  only played once, it can be demanding and
  can lead to student confusion.
Ordering tasks
 Almost all ordering tasks are difficult
  to construct because it is not not easy
  to provide words or phrases which
  only make sense in one order.
专题二、考试内容

例31
  We talked to 300 people. One
hundred were aged 11 to 18.
One hundred ere between 19
and 26 years of age. One
hundred were 27 to 35 old. We
asked them what they liked to
do in their free time. The
results are in the chart（图表）.
专题二、考试内容
 例34 阅读下面两篇语言材料，完成第71至75小题。
                    For Children
                                                                  Useful Phone Numbers
Museum: Children‟s Museum, 220 South Main Street,
         492-6363                                       Fire & Police: 911
Story time: Children‟s Library, 141 Catherine Street,
                                                        Fast Food Restaurant: 215-547-0422
         Wednesday at 10 a.m. 678-2817
                                                        Hospital: 215-722-2256
Sports: Football Club, Tuesdays and Thursdays, 4 p.m.
         492-5622                                       Visitor Information Centre: 1-800-925-9847
Basketball Club, Wednesdays and Fridays 9:15 a.m.       Taxi: 215-536-7000
         678-2506                                       Visitor Hotel Information: 1-800-739-7302
Art Club: Sunday at 9:30 a.m. 215-5368
Cinema: New Films for Children, 269 Brick Road, 462-
        9101

71. Where should you go if you are interested in stories?
     ________________________________________.
72. What numbers should you call if you need some information
    about hotels? __________________________________.
 …
专题二、考试内容
 写的技能
1.《课程标准》对初中毕业生英语写的技能的要求:

• 能根据写作要求，收集、准备素材；
• 能独立起草短文、短信等，并在教师的指导下进
  行修改；
• 能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系；
• 能简单描述人物或事件；
• 能根据所给图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。
专题二、考试内容
例35
  根据所给汉语提示，在短文的每个空白处填上一个适当
的词，使句意完整、正确，将答案写在下面的横线上。

  健康非常重要，它意味着一切，因此我们应该照顾好我们自己。但
是一天布朗夫人遇到一个问题，她感到既虚弱又疲劳。当她在花园干
活的时候，不得不每5分钟坐下来休息一次。她担心她的健康，所以去
看医生。医生检查后说她没有什么毛病，只是太胖了，如果想健康、
苗条，最好多做运动，健康饮食，特别要多吃蔬菜和水果，少吃肉。
  在“非典”时期，我们更要按照医生说的去做，确保身体健康。
专题二、考试内容
    Health is very 1 , it 2 everything, so we should
look after ourselves well. But one day Mrs Brown met a
problem, she 3 4_ weak 5 tired. When she worked
in her garden, she 6 7 sit down and rest every five
minutes. She was 8 9 her health, so she went to 10
a doctor. After 11 her 12 , the doctor said there was
13 14 _15 with her, she was only too fat. If she
wanted to be healthier and 16 , she' d better take
enough 17 , eat 18 and have more vegetables, more
fruits, 19_ meat.
    During the SARS, we should do 20 doctors told us
and make sure to keep healthy.
专题二、考试内容

 语言知识的运用能力
 1.语言知识包括：语音、词汇、语法、功能、话题。
 2.在现阶段，语言知识的常见的考试方式有：
  •单项选择 / 单项填空；•完形填空；
  •补全对话；       •动词填空；
  •词语释义；       •单词拼写；
  •句型转换；       •填空（短语、词形等）；
  •改错（句子、短文）。
Error-recognition multiple-
choice items
 In practice, this method does not work too
  well since many students tend to regard
  every sentence as containing an error.
  Indeed, another argument against this type
  of item is that it emphasizes the more
  negative aspects of language learning. It is
  clearly not sufficient for students simply to
  recognize sources of error; they ought to be
  encouraged at all times to concentrate on
  recognizing and producing the correct forms.
  This argument is supported by many
  psychologists and teachers who hold that it
  is undesirable for students to be exposed
  too much to incorrect forms.
专题二、考试内容
例36
  根据英文释义和所给单词的首字母，拼写单词。

V   _ the sound you make when you speak or sing
B     the date on which you were born
R     to give something back
A     nearly but not all
W     the day of the week between Tuesday
     and Thursday
 专题二、考试内容
例37 按括号内要求写出下列单词的相应形式。
 health（形容词）____ sheep（复数形式）________
 die（形容词） _____ terrible（副词） _________
 dry（反义词） _____ hot （比较级）_______

例38 句型转换 按要求改写下列各句，每空只限填一词。
（1）I can skate well.（改为一般疑问句）
  ________ ________ skate well?
（2）She does the housework every day.（改为否定句）
  She ______ ________ the housework every day.
（3）There was no time for the twins to go shopping.
 （改为反意疑问句）…
专题三、关于命题

 单项选择题

 1．题干的设计原则
•尽量不要在题干句首设空；
•题干设计应力求语言简洁意思清晰、长度适宜；
•题干中语言的难易程度应该与考生水平相适应;
•题干应有一定的语境。
专题三、关于命题
2．选项的设计原则
（1）设计单项选择题选项时，首先需要注意保证答案的唯
   一性。如果出现多种可能的答案，试题就缺乏信度。
例39
If I‘m free, I‘d like to spend _______ holiday in the
   country.
   A. a two-day     B. two days‘ C. two-day    D. two days

例40
 You look hungry. Don‘t you want ________ to eat?
 A. something    B. anything C. nothing D. everything
专题三、关于命题

例41
 Did you borrow the bike     Jim?
 A. with B. from C. to   D. for
   这道题的正确答案是B，但选项D也是合
理的。用选项B时，句子的意思是“你从Jim那
里借的自行车吗？”；用选项D时，句子的意思
是“你为Jim借的自行车吗？”
专题三、关于命题
（2）选项应该基本符合语法规则，不能因为
  是干扰项就忽略其语法的正确性。
例42
  The population of London now is _________ .
 A. seven hundred thousand
 B. seven thousand hundred
 C. seven million
 D. seven millions
专题三、关于命题

例43
  Mr. Green _________ to Ya‘an twice.
  A. has been B. has gone   C. has went
例44
 -- How many _________ would you like?
 -- Two, please.
 A. cups of tea   B. cup of teas
 C. cups of teas  D. cup of tea
专题三、关于命题

（3）正确答案与其它干扰项的外在形式、长度应
  基本一致，不应有过分醒目的特征。
例45
  He began to choke while he was eating the fish.
 A. die
 B. cough and vomit
 C. be unable to breathe because of something in
    his windpipe
 D. grow very angry
 专题三、关于命题
例46
     The cities grew very big because ___________.
  A. more and more people come to work in the
      factories and lived around
  B. villages needed more people
  C. more and more villages grew into cities
  D. life in the villages changed
    这是一道阅读理解题，其正确答案A明显比其他几
个选项长许多，容易引起考生注意，使其他选项失去
干扰作用。
 专题三、关于命题
（4）仅就形式而言，几个选项都应该能分别
   放入题干之中。
例47
  Someone who designs houses is a _____ .
  A. designer B. builder   C. architect

（改题干） Someone who designs houses is a(n) ____.
（改选项） A. a designer B. a builder C. an architect
专题三、关于命题

（5）每一个干扰项都要起到一定的干扰作用，不
  能形同虚设。

例48
 There ________ some apples in the tree.
 A. is     B. are      C. have
 选项C明显起不到干扰作用，很容易被排除掉。
专题三、关于命题
（6） 选项设计不应背离考查目标。
例49
  The woman _________ to the same shop every
  week.
 A. go          B. goes
 C. have gone   D. am going
 本题设计考查动词时态，但是干扰项A、C、D却都可以
通过主谓一致的语法规则来排除，背离了考查目标，因而
效度不理想。
 专题三、关于命题
  要避免多种答案的现象，我们的建议是：
 (a)不要根据僵化的语法规则命题，应该根据语言的 实际使
    用情况设计题干和选项，特别是要充分考虑语言的变化；
（b）要注意考虑语境以及各个选项在所给语境中可能表达的
     意思；
（c）要考虑整个句子的结构及意义，不要只顾及局部结构。
   （注：例41的设计者可能只考虑到了borrow … from …
    的结构，而未考虑用其他介词时可能存在的意思）；
（d）不要基于某些细微的语义和用法区别来设计试题，如上面
   的第一个例子。
 专题三、关于命题
3．设计多项选择题的其他注意事项
• 要合理设计考点。
例50
  -- Do you know when the Party is founded?
  -- ___________
    A. On October 1，1994. B. On August 1, 1927.
    C. On July 1, 1921.        D. In May, 1929.
例51
   -- Can you tell me when _________ is?
   -- Yes. It‘s on the third Sunday in June.
    A. Mother‘s Day            B. Father‘s Day
    C. Tree Planting Day       D. Thanksgiving Day
专题三、关于命题

例52
 What always goes up and never comes down?
  A. air     B. car    C. cat     D. age


  以上几道题都是考查语言知识以外的其他知
识，而且基本上是考查机械记忆方面的内容，因
而干扰项也就没有什么干扰意义。
专题三、关于命题
•听力理解和阅读理解都是接受性语言技能。
例53
 From the story we know that ______ come and then
 there is a heavy rain. (B)
   A. sunshine and snow     B. black clouds
   C. summer and winter     D. spring and autumn
例54
 Who gets food from trees? (C)

 A. Only man. B. Only animals. C. Man and animals.
专题三、关于命题

例55
   According to the passage, we know that we don‟t
have _____ time to work every year.
   A. much too         B. so many
   C. too much         D. too many
   这道题的设计纯粹是从语法角度考虑的，因而任何
人不用阅读文章也可以选出正确答案。这样的设计实际
上偏离了考查阅读理解能力的目的。
专题三、关于命题
• 选项数量的确定问题。
（建议多项选择题以3个选项为宜）


      •
Multiple-choice
 In our experience, too rigorous an
  adherence to what is taught in a textbook
  may lead to items where there is more than
  one acceptable answer.
 Each wrong alternative should be attractive
  to at least some of the students.
 Generally it is a good idea to have at least
  four alternative answers, so that the chance
  of a student guessing an answer is only
  25%, but if it is impossible to think of a
  third attractive wrong answer, then it is
  sensible to have only three alternatives for
  some items.
 Where necessary, multiple-choice items
  should be presented in context. Often the
  item writer has a particular context in mind
  which is not at all obvious to the test
  takers…
 The correct alternative should not look so
  different from the distractors that it stands
  out from the rest.
 Each option should fit equally well into the
  stem.
 Some items do not test what they are
  intended to test. This most frequently
  occurs in comprehension tests, where
  items may turn out to be testing
  background knowledge.
Avoiding problems at the item-
writing stage
 Mixed response
  John _______ flowers to the party last night.
   A. carries B. carried C. lifts D. lifted
• Response cue
• Length cue
   In the story, the merchant was unhappy
  because it _______ .
   A. rained B. was dark C. was windy
   D. was windy and rainy and he had
  forgotten his    raincoat
 Inconsistent cue
   Examine the following set of distracters:
   A. ran    B. runs    C. is running D. fast
• Nonsense distractors
   They said they _______.
    A. had gone        B. had go
    C. have went       D. had went
 Trick questions (double negative)
 Common knowledge responses
  We learn from this passage that
  Napoleon was ______ .
  A. British B. French     C. Polish
  D.German
 Redundancy
   The boy took the newspaper ______.
   A. because he wanted to read it
   B. because he wanted to wrap a gift
  in it
   C. because he wanted to dispose of it
   D. because he wanted to remove it
研讨试题：
1. Does she ________ a dictionary？
   A. has        B. have       C. there is
2. Ted, the radio is too loud. Please _______.
   A. turn it over         B. turn it on
   C. turn it back          D. turn it down
3. - It‘s said all the hotels are filled with tourists.
   - Don‘t worry! I _______ a room in Xianglong Hotel.
   A. have booked          B. will book
   C. bought                D. am asking
4.They do eye exercises twice a day, so ________ of them
    _______ glasses.
   A. few, put on          B. few, wear
   C. a few, put on        D. a few, wear
研讨试题：

5. Mr Brown is a kind-hearted teacher, he ________ with
   his students.
      A. get on well     B. gets on well
      C. got on well    D. is get on well
6. Someone puts something in front of your left ear. What is
    it?
     A. An orange.    B. A pear. C. An apple      D. A pen.
7. Keep ice and water always together and the temperature
    of water is _______.
     A. going higher and higher B. getting lower and lower
     C. below 0                      D. 0
研讨试题：
8. She has been _________ .
    A. very happy all her life
    B. very successful in both her work and personal life
    C. very successful in films
    D. quite beautiful all the time in her life
9. We learn from this passage that Napoleon was
     ________.
   A. British    B. Polish       C. French      D. German
10. Mike is a very careless young man. His carelessness
     _______ him lose his job.
   A. helped       B. deserves       C. helps      D. made
研讨试题：

11. - What will a city library be like if you are
       asked to build one?
    - I hope it will ________ like a book.
     A. taste B. sound C. look          D. smell
12. Some ________ are flying kites near the river.
   A. child     B. girl     C. boys     D. childs
13. If you don‘t mind , pass me __ orange , please.
    A. /        B. the      C. an        D. a
研讨试题：
14. – Do you often read the English newspaper?
    - Yes, I usually read China Daily for _______
    before supper.
    A. half an hour       B. an hour half
    C. half a hour        D. half hour
15. There are ________ doctors and nurses working
   hard in that hospital.
   A. thousand            B. two thousands
   C. two thousands       D. two thousands of
专题三、关于命题
 填空题
   填空题的设计要遵守两个原则：
  第一，根据所听或所读的信息填空，要填
的信息必须是关键信息，考查内容是获取信
息的能力，不是语法或词汇知识的运用能力；
  第二，根据上下文提供的信息，在进行逻
辑推理的基础上，补全文字，如不给选项的完
形填空题。
例56 阅读下面的广告，然后答题。

                  (A)                                    (B)
Sale（出售）                                 Needed
American-made car                        baby-sitter
Half new                                 5 dollars an hour
$500                                     Speak good Chinese
Charlie Li                               Jenny Wang
Email: Charlieli@yahoo.com               2657891


                  (C)                                    (D)
Roommate Wanted                          Lease（出租）
A female Chinese speaker                 One-bed room flat
Share a Two-bedroom                      From July 1 to Dec. 30
With washing machine, refrigerator,      next to Harvard University
kitchen                                  Call Robert
Flat near Harvard University             2648321
Call Jane, 2641832 any evening after 5
  请根据广告所提供的信息，在答题卷上完成下面中国留
学生Kay所说的一段话。

     Mummy, you needn‘t worry about me at all. I can take care
of myself. I have found a part-time job, to be a 71 . I can
earn 72 dollars for 2 hours every day. I am thinking of buying
a second-hand 73 I have sent an 74 to Charlie to see when
I can have a look at his car. It is too expensive for me to stay
in school apartment. I am looking for a flat 75 the university.
I can share a flat with Jane. There is a washing machine and a
refrigerator. What‘s more, I can cook in the 76 . It seems
nice. But I am wondering whether Jane is a Chinese or an
English speaker who wants to 77 Chinese. I prefer to have an
English speaker as my 78 . It is good for my English. There is
another 79 flat near the school, too. But I can only stay in it
for 80 a year. I will call them this evening.
专题三、关于命题

 完型填空
1．目前常见的有以下三种形式：
•在短文的下方为每一空白处提供若干个选项供学生选择。
•不提供选项，空白处所缺单词由学生自己填写进去。
•把删去的单词打乱顺序随机排列后，置于文章的上方方框
内，供学生选择。也有的设计中多增加几个起干扰作用的
单词。
完型填空主要考查
 １．对于文章上下文的理解和把握能力．

 ２．对词汇意义及其用法的理解和运用能力

 ３．根据生活常识进行推理和判断的能力．

 ４．对惯用法和常用搭配的掌握程度．
专题三、关于命题

 完型填空
2．设计完形填空题试题时要注意以下几点：
•   所选语言材料要与《课程标准》所要求的合格初
    中毕业生的英语学业水平的要求相当。
•   所选材料应该含有比较丰富的语言形式和紧凑的
    篇章结构。
专题三、关于命题
•文章长度要适当。
•一般情况下，文章开始的头一两句（尤其是第一句）及最后
  一句不宜设空。
•试题所涉及的各类考点（词汇、语法的运用、上下文的理解
  和篇章结构安排）应均衡分布。
•设计考点时一定要避免某一小题的答案出现在文章的其他地
  方。
•选择考点时应侧重从语言的意义考虑，而不能一味地考查语
  法形式或句子结构。
•考点设计还应考虑到上下文的呼应关系。
•除上述原则外，还应遵循单项选择题的基本命题原则，如：
  每小题只能有一个正确选项；正确选项和干扰项的外在形
  式特征要一致；干扰项要起到一定的干扰作用等。
研讨试题：
例57
   Miss Green was very fat. Her weight was 100 kilos, and she was 1
every month, so she 2      doctor. He said, “ You need a diet(特殊
食品). Miss Green, and I „ve got a good one here.” He gave her a
book and said, “Read this 3     and eat the things on page 11 every
day. Then come back and see me in 4        ”. Miss Green came again
two weeks 5      , but she wasn‟t thinner, she was 6     . The
doctor was surprised and said, “7      the things on page 11 of the
book?” “Yes, I am, doctor.” she answered. The next day the
doctor visited Miss Green 8      . She was surprised to see him.
“ Miss Green ,” he said. “ 9    are you eating potatoes and bread?
They aren‟t your diet.” “But , doctor,” Miss Green answered, “ I
10     my diet at lunch time. This is my dinner.”
1.   A. getting heavier     B. got heavier
    C. get heavier          D. got heavy
2. A. goes and see a        B. went to see her
    C. went and see her D. gone to see her
3. A. slowly       B. slow       C. careful     D. carefully
4. A. two week time         B. two week‟s time
    C. two-week‟s time      D. two week of time
5. A. time            B. before        C. ago      D. later
6. A. more fatter B. more heavy C. fatter D. heavyer
7. A. Do you eat             B. Are you eating
    C. Have you eaten        D. Did you eat
8. A. for her dinner         B. during her dinner
   C. at dinner              D. when her dinner
9. A. What        B. When            C. Where          D, Why
10. A. eating     B. have eated     C. ate          D. eats
例59
    Surfing is 1 of the world‟s most popular water sports. It
first started on the island of Hawaii. Now it is 2 by people
all over the world. Hawaii is famous 3 its beautiful beaches.
Every year, water sports , especially swimming and 4      ,
attract large 5       of tourists to the islands.
 1. A. a        B. one       C. some      D. many
2. A. enjoy     B. enjoys C. enjoyed D. enjoied
3. A. at        B. of        C. in         D. for
4. A. surfing B. surf        C. surfer     D. surfers
5. A. many      B. much      C. number D. numbers
例60

   It is fine today. Lily and Lucy want to go 1     the zoo.
They want to have a look at the 2       there. They are
waiting for a bus. A bus comes and stops at the bus stop.
There are two empty seats there and 3         sit down on them.
The bus stops at the next stop. And an old man gets on the
4      . Lily and Lucy stand up and say, “ Here‟s a seat for
you , grandpa. Please sit here.” The old man says, “ Thank
you very much. It‟s very kind of you to 5 me have your
seats.”
 1. A. in       B. on       C. at     D. to
 2. A. cakes B. pencils        C. pandas D. teachers
 3. A. their      B. they     C. them    D. theirs
 4. A. bus       B. bike     C. car     D. truck
 5. A. let       B. get      C. ask     D, want
（四）阅读理解

 选择适当的阅读材料：

（1）从当前初中毕业学业考试的实际情况来来看，阅读理
   解部分一般应提供3—4篇阅读材料；文字阅读量（不
   含试题部分的内容）应结合当地实际决定，一般应控
   制在600~800词上下的范围。
（2）条件许可的情况下，所选文章的题材内容要丰富，体
   裁应尽可能多样化。应该适当选用一些贴近时代和学
   生生活实际、实用性较强的语言素材，像公告、广
   告、说明、通知、图表、目录以及报刊杂志中一般性
   话题的短文材料。对阅读细节考查可以选用只有几句
   话的简短材料。
（3）为检测寻读/跳读（scanning）技能，选材中应该能
   够蕴含比较丰富的具体信息细节方面的内容。
（4）选材应注意一定的教育性和趣味性，但不应使学
   生感到过度兴奋或不安。应该回避近期刚发生过
   的灾难和悲剧方面的内容。
（5）注意选材的公平性，不应选取对部分学生来说是
   熟悉的常识范畴方面的内容。。
（6）所选材料应该只限于检测学生的阅读理解能力，
   不应含有过多的其他文化或专业背景方面的内容。
（7）不应选用学生已经读过的语篇，或者是与他们阅读
   过的极为接近的内容。

  例题略
专题三、关于命题

 判断正误

 要求：题干设计简单明了，结构不能过分复杂。必须
明确的是，此时考查的是对所听或所读内容的理解以及获
取信息的能力，而不是对语法、词汇知识的掌握程度。
例62

    Lifts are very useful. Why? Think about a tall building. You work on the
thirtieth floor. Maybe you can walk up all the stairs one time. But can you climb
thirty floors to your office every day? Of course not.
   In an old lift, a worker is needed. He or she operates it up and down. In a
modern lift, there is no worker. People can operate it themselves.
   Do you know how to use a lift? OK, let me tell you. For example, you want to
go to the twelfth floor from the ground floor. First, you must press the button
(按键) , then the door opens. After that you can get into the lift. Third, you
press the , and the door closes. Fourth, you press the number 12 , then the
lift takes you up to the twelfth floor. When the door opens again, you can get
out of the lift. If you want to go down to the first floor, you must press
the , then do the same. It takes you down there. It is very easy and fast.
Now can you use it?
  根据短文内容，判断下列句子正误。正确的在括号内
写 “T‖，错误的写 “F‖。
( ) 31. In a modern lift, people can operate it by
       themselves.
( ) 32. If you want to go upstairs, you must press the .
( ) 33. If you want to go down to the first floor, you
       must press the .
( ) 34. In a tall building, it is very easy and fast for you
       to go up and down in a lift.
( ) 35. Lifts are just used for the old people to go up and
       down in a tall building.
 开放题

 几种常见开放题的设计：
• 简短回答
• 信息转换
• 听写与摘记
• 书面表达
Information Transfer
Information transfer is used most in
 reading and listening comprehension
 tasks. Candidates usually have to
 transfer material from the text on to a
 chart, table, form or map. These tasks
 often resemble real-life activities and
 are therefore much used in test
 batteries which try to include
 authentic tasks.
Problems
 The task can be very complicated.
  Sometimes the candidates spend so much
  time working out what should do in a table
  that they do not manage to solve what is
  linguistically an easy problem.
 The task may be culturally or cognitively
  biased. For example, the candidate might be
  asked to listen to a description of someone’s
  journey through a town and to mark the
  route on a map. However, students who are
  unfamiliar with maps or are not good at map
  reading are at a disadvantage with tasks of
  this sort.
书面表达考查要点
 1 根据提示要求运用所学语言知识写出易懂
  的短文。
 2 短文的结构是否有层次、有条理，能清楚
  地表达自己的意思。
 3 能否较为准确地运用语法和词汇，拼写、
  标点基本正确。
 4 是否能使用简单的语句间的连接成分，是
  全文内容连贯。
命制书面表达题时应注意的几个方面
 1 提出一个明确的写作任务，能激发学生
  用英语写作的动机和目的。
 2 尽可能提供接近现实生活的有意义的情景。
 3 尽可能回避一些不能给学生提供实际指导
  意义的写作题目。
 4 可以通过提纲、图画、表格等形式为学生
  提供必要的信息提示，使学生的写作受到一
  定的引导和限制。
 5 文字提示尽可能简要，避免使用完整的句
  子，是书面表达变成连词成句或翻译。
 6 只考查与写作有关的能力，不过多地涉及
  到学生的想象力、智力、常识等方面。
 7 明确词数要求。
 8 注意写作任务与写作时间要匹配。
 9 为确保易于对比和比较，写作任务不宜具
  有选择性。
Testing composition writing
 In the past, test writers have been too
  ambitious and unrealistic in their
  expectations of testees’ performances in
  composition writing:hence the complaint
  that relatively few foreign learners of
  English attain a satisfactory level in English
  composition. Furthermore, the backwash
  effect of examinations involving composition
  writing has been unfortunate: teachers have
  too often anticipated examination
  requirements by beginning free composition
  work far too early in the course. They have
  progressed from controlled composition to
  free composition too early, before the basic
 In the composition test the students should
  be presented with a clearly defined problem
  which motivates them to write. The writing
  task should be such that it ensures they
  have something to say and a purpose for
  saying it.They should also have an audience
  in mind when they write. Thus, whenever
  possible, meaningful situations should be
  given in composition tests.
Example:
Your friend is going to visit your
 country for a few weeks with her two
 brothers. Your house is big enough for
 her to stay with you but there is not
 enough room for her brothers. There
 are two hotels near your house but
 they are very expensive. The third
 hotel is cheaper, but it is at least five
 miles away. Write a letter to your pen-
 friend, explaining the situation.
 Composition titles which give the
  students no guidance as to what is
  expected of them should be avoided.
  Examples of poor titles which fail to
  direct the students’ ideas are A
  pleasant evening, My best friend,
  Look before you leap, A good film
  which I have recently seen.
研究讨论以下例题：
例63听短文，完成下列表格（每空限填一个词）
                 Tom          Father         Mother

Time to get up   6:15         (1)            6:30

Work place       (2)          Shanghai Car   (3)
                              Factory
how to go to     (4)          by car         by underground
work
Time on the      20 minutes   half an hour   (5)
way
研究讨论下面的听写任务：

例64
     It is 21 to find your way from the station to the
school. When you come 22 of the station, turn left
and walk until you 23 the traffic lights. Turn left
24 . You‟ll be 25 Flower Street. Keep 26 until
you come to the cinema. Just 27 the cinema, there is
a very narrow street on the left. 28 is Stamp
Street. The school is about two hundred metres 29
this street on the right. There is a 30 office
opposite.
例65

 完成表格：听一段对话，根据其内容和以下所给表格的
要求，在横线上填上有关Linda的信息。每空一词。

21    Age next Friday ____________

22    Birthday      ____________ 27th
23    Hobbies       ____________ and listening to
                    popular music
24    Best friend   ____________

25    New present   A ___________
例66 英国男孩Jim Green来信想在北京征询笔友。现在你用英语写
  一封回信，介绍自己的情况。信的开头和结尾已给出，要求单词
  数大约50个左右。回信应包括下面表格中的内容。


 Name: Li Dong    School name: No.18 Middle School
 Sex: boy         Favorite subjects: maths, history

 Age: 15          Sports: basketball, swimming
 Number of        Interests: pop music
 people in your
 family: 3
以下几例供大家研修参考：

例68
  假设你叫李蕾，现在用英文写一封回信（60-80个单
词）给你的英国笔友，介绍你最近去过的一个地方（可以是
公园、名胜古迹、乡村、城市）。回信应包括以下内容：
  where you went,
  when and how you went there,
  what you did and what you saw,
  how you were feeling
例69
   Write at least 60 words on the topic ― My
Favorite Thing(s)‖
 （根据英文提示，以“我的心爱之物”为题写话，不少于
    60
词。内容必须包括英文提示中的三项要求。）
Make sure you:
Introduce what the thing(s) is (are).
When and / or where ,and how you got it (them).
Explain why you like it (them) and why it is (they
  are) special to you.
  研讨试题：
例71以“My Summer Holiday‖为题写一篇短文，字数在100左右。
  内容要求：1.去年暑假你印象较深的经历；
       2. 今年暑假你有什么计划和安排；
       3. 你理想中的暑假生活是什么样子的。
例72    李明的父母都是医务人员，他们因抗击SARS而离家一个月了。某
地电视台《真情互动》栏目准备做个专访，录下李明对爸爸妈妈说的话。
假如你是李明，你会对爸爸妈妈说些什么呢？
栏目主持人提示：1.诉说情感，表达思念。(proud , miss)
             2.简述生活，健康有序。(take care of , wash, clean)
             3. 祝愿父母，如意安康。(wish healthy)
要求：（1）语言必须包含上述提示内容；
     （2）词数在80左右（开始语已给出，不计入词数）。
 Dear Dad and Mum,
例73

  班会课上，老师要求每位同学用英语介绍自己的一位朋友。请你
根据所提 供的要点以“My Best Friend‖为题写一篇短文。
要点：1. Who is he/ she?
    2. When and where did you get to know him /her?
    3. Why do you like him / her?
注意：1. 文章的开头和结尾已给出（不计入总词数）。
    2. 字数60-80，须包括以上要点，可适当增加细节是短文意思通畅。
    3. 条理清楚，意思连贯，句式规范，字迹工整。
    4. 文中不得出现真实的人员、校名等相关信息。
             My Best Friend
    Hello! I have a good friend….
                                     That‘s all. Thank you.
例74
  请你根据中文意思和英文提示语，写出意思连贯、符合逻辑的英文
语段。中文提示要点不要逐条翻译，可适当发挥。要求字数在60个左
右，开头部分已给出，不计入字数总数。
 中文提示：假设你是LiLei，作为一名导游，现在向你的游客们介绍
一下桂林。要点可包括：
  1．位于广西北部
  2．市区人口60多万
  3．以风景美丽而闻名于世
  4．山清水秀，环境干净、整洁
  5．每年有许多游客
  6．坐船游览漓江风光，免费公共汽车游览市区各景点
  7．在桂林过得愉快
英文提示：population, environment, tourist, scene(风景)，scenic
      point(景点)，on free buses
专题四   组卷原则与试卷结构
 组卷原则
 1. 宏观组卷原则
 •试卷应该涵盖学生听、说、读、写等语言技能以及语法知识
  和词汇知识的灵活运用能力等几方面的内容。
 •试卷结构要做到简约、清晰。应以不同的语言技能而不是以
  题型为依据来规划试卷结构。
 •英语学业考试由口语考试、听力理解、语言知识运用、阅读
  理解、书面表达等五个大部分组成；建议各部分分值所占比
  例分别为15%、20%、20%、30%和15%。当然，具体组卷时也
  可以根据实际情况做细微的调整。
 •各个大部分由若干个小部分组成。
 专题四   组卷原则与试卷结构
2．微观组卷原则
•听力理解部分
（应包含基于事实性信息、观点、意见、日常交际知识的试题）
•语言知识运用部分
（应包含语法、词汇、语用、日常交际用语、固定搭配等方面；
 通常考试形式：单项选择和完型填空）
•阅读理解部分
（应包含关于材料主旨和大意、材料中某些具体信息、根据材料内容进行
 推理和判断、文章题材和结构、从上下文推断生词意义、文章写作意图
 和作者的态度和观点的试题）
•书面表达部分
专题四    组卷原则与试卷结构
3．关于试题的难度和梯度配置
难度：较易题（60%） 、中等题（20%）、较难题（20%）。
梯度：较易题（0.7～0.9）、中等题（0.5～0.7）、较难题（0.4～
  0.2 ）。


 试卷结构
 《命题指导》对英语学业考试的试卷结构提出的建议如
下表所示：
专题四     组卷原则与试卷结构
试题部分        建议题型        建议分值所占比例

 口语考试    对话、访谈、复述、描述、     15%
           讨论、角色扮演等
 听力理解    单项选择、填空。匹配等      20%
语言知识运用   单项选择、完型填空、 填     20%
              空等
 阅读理解    单项选择、匹配、填空等      30%
 书面表达       开放题等          15%
专题五   关于考试成绩等级呈现方案

 关于成绩等级的规定和描述
 《命题指导》指出，英语学业考试的成绩要以等级制的方
式向学生公布和报告。合格标准根据义务教育英语课程标
准的基本要求确定。等级数和等级标准由各地根据考试结
果，并结合当地的实际情况来确定。

 关于等级的折算方法（要因地制宜）
 • 根据卷面得分折算等级；
 • 根据试卷各部分的答题情况确定整卷的等级。
参考文献
Alderson, J., Clapham, C., Wall, D. Language Test
   Construction and Evaluation.
  北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2000。
Heaton, J. B. Writing English Language Tests (New
   edition ).
  北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000。
Henning, G. A Guide to Language Testing: Development,
   Evaluation and Research.
 北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2001。
Hughes, A. Testing for Language Teachers.
 北京:外语教学与研究出版社，2000。
教育部，
 《全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准（实验稿）》。
 北京：北京师范大学出版社，2001。
参考文献
教育部，
  《九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲（试用修订版）》。
   北京：人民教育出版社，2001。
教育部考试中心，《全国公共英语等级考试第二级考试大纲》。
   北京：高等教育出版社，1999。
李筱菊，“怎样测试英语运用能力”，
   《中小学英语》1998年第12期。
刘庆思，“谈中级英语能力测试题设计与命制”，
   《中小学英语》1998年第12期。
全国初中毕业升学考试英语学科评价课题组，
   《2004年中考命题指导丛书-英语》。南京：江苏教育出版社，2004。
全国初中毕业、升学考试评价组，
  《全国初中毕业、升学考试评价2000年度评价报告》。
   北京：北京师范大学出版社，2001。
全国初中毕业、升学考试评价课题组，
  《2002年全国初中毕业、升学考试评价报告》。
  南京：江苏教育出版社，2003。