University of Medicine of Pleven
Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Medicine
Synopsis
for the theoretical examination
in Propaedeutics of inernal medicine
1.History taking – communication with the patient ,headings,used in history taking.
2 History taking - headings,used in history taking,often asked questions.
3.Routine examination,shema for routine examination of the patient.
4.General consideration.
5.Temperature,types of fever
6.The skin,nails and hair.
7.Cutaneous manifestations of internal diseases.
8.Physical examination of the head.
9.Physical examination of the neck.
10.Respiratory failure – definition,classification,common causes of acute and chronic RF.
11.Dyspnoea – changes in rate and rhythm of respiration.
12.Cough and sputum.
13.Chest pain – diagnostic approach to the patient with central or peripheral chest pain.
14.Inspection of the chest – possible pathological changes.
15.Palpation of the chest.Vocal fremitus.
16.Percussion of the chest – normal finding.
17.Percussion of the chest – pathological changes.
18.Auscultation of the lungs – breath sounds.
19.Auscultation of the lungs – added sounds.
20.Lung function testing – ventilatory capacity;lung volumes;gas transfer factor;blood gases.
21.Pleural aspiration and examination of the pleural fluid.
22.Acute circulatory failure – shock,syncope,sudden death.
23.Heart failure – pathophysiology.Types of heart failure.
24.Left-sided heart failure – clinical features.
25.Right-sided heart failure – clinical features.
26.Hypertension.Measurement of blood pressure.
27.Electrocardiography – normal ECG.Method of reading and interpreting the ECG.
28.Supraventricular arrhythmias – sinus,atrial and junctional.
29.Ventricular tachyarrhytmias.
30.Disorders of conduction – types of heart blocks.
31.Physical examination of the arteries and arterial pulses.
32.Physical examination of the veins and venous puls.
33.Inspection and palpation of the praecordium – possible pathological findings.
34.Auscultation of the heart – mechanism of arising of the heart sounds.
35.Abnormal heart sounds and murmurs.
36.Acute renal failure – reversible and established ARF – pathogenesis and clinical features.
37.Chronic renal failure – aetiology,pathogenesis,clinical features.
38.Physical examination of the kidneys and urinary system – inspection,palpation,percussion.
39.Proteinuria.Nephrotic syndrome.
40.Haematuria,bacteriuria – their significance.
41.Measurement of the renal function – concentration of urea and creatinin in the blood;mea-
surement of glomerular filtration rate;renal concentrating ability.
42.Radiological and other investigation of the urinary system – excretion urography,mictura-
ting cystography;radioisotope investigations;ultrasound examination.
43.Physical examination of the abdomen.
44.Examination of a patient with ascites - detection of ascites,aspiation of peritoneal fluid.
45.Symptoms of oesophageal disease.Examination of the oesophagus.
46.Symptoms of stomach disease.Examination of the stomach.
47.Diarrhoea and constipation.
48.Malabsorption.
49.Gastrointestinal bleeding.
50.Physical examination of the small intestine and colon.
51.Hepatic encephalopathy,acute and chronic hepatic failure.
52.Jaundice-aetiology,pathogenesis,clinical features,investigations.
53.Portal hypertension.
54.Examination of the liver – inspection,percussion,palpation.
55.Special techniques in the examination of the liver – tests of function,imaging techniques,
special tests.
56.Examination of gallbladder and bile ducts.
57.Physical examination of the spleen.Splenomegaly.
58.Anaemia – physical and laboratory examination of the patient.
59.Methods for investigation of the pituitary gland.
60.Methods for investigation of thyroid gland.
61.Methods for investigation of the parathyroid and adrenal glands.
62.Methods for examination of the joints
63.Investigation of rheumatic and bone diseases.
64.Upper respiratory tract infections – acute tracheitis,bronchitis,bronchiolitis.
65.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investiga-
tions.
66.Bronchial asthma – definition,aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
67.Bronchiectasis - definition,aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations
68.Pulmonary thromboembolism - definition,aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investiga-
tions.
69.Pneumonias – community acquired - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
70.Pneumonias – hospital acquired - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
71.Suppurative pneumonia/including pulmonary abscess/ - aetiology,clinical features and
X-ray examination.
72.Tuberculosis.Primary pulmonary tuberculosis.
73.Tuberculosis.Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis.
74.Primary tumours of the lungs.Bronchial carcinoma.
75.Tumours of the mediastinum – causes of a mediastinal mass.Investigations.
76.Pleurisy.Pleural effusion - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
77.Spontaneous pneumothorax - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
78.Rheumatic fever - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
79.Infective endocarditis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
80.Mitral stenosis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
81.Mitral regurgitation - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
82.Aortic stenosis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
83.Aortic regurgitation - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
84.Tricuspid valve disease – stenosis and regurgitation - aetiology,pathology,clinical features
investigations.
85.Myocarditis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
86.Pericarditis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
87.Hypertension – definition,types,clinical features,investigations.
88.Atherosclerosis /atheroma/ - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
89.Ischaemic heart disease.Angina pectoris - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investi-
gations.
90.Ischaemic heart disease.Myocardial infarction - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,inves
tigations.
91.Aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations
92.Glomerulonephritis – pathogenesis.Acute post-infection glomerulonephritis.
93.Glomerulonephritis – minimal change nephropathy;membranous nephropathy;IgA-nephro-
pathy.
94.Acute and chronic pyelonephritis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
95.Urinary tract calculi and nephrocalcinosis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investi-
gations.
96.Tumours of the kidney.Renal carcinoma - pathology,clinical features,investigations.
97.Diseases of the oesphagus/gastroesophageal reflux disease,achalasia of the oesophagus,
tumours of the oesophagus/ - pathology,clinical features,investigations.
98.Acute and chronic gastritis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
99.Peptic ulcer disease - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
100.Gastric carcinoma - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
101.Ulcerative colitis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
102.Crohn`s disease - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
103.Colorectal cancer - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
104.Acute viral hepatitis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
105.Chronic hepatitis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
106.Liver cirrhosis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
107.Parasitic cysts of the liver - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
108.Tumours of the liver - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
109.Biliary calculi - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
110.Cholecystitis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
111.Acute and chronic pancreatitis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
112.Tumours of the pancreas - pathology,clinical features,investigations.
113.Iron deficiency anaemia - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
114.Megaloblastic anaemia - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
115.Congenital haemolytic anaemias/membrane abnormalities and red cells enzyme defects/-
pathology,clinical features,investigations.
116.Congenital haemolytic anaemias/haemoglobinopathies/ - aetiology,pathology,clinical fea-
tures,investigations.
117.Acquired haemolitic anaemias - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
118.Polycytaemia.Primary proliferative polycytaemia - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,
investigations.
119.Acute leukaemia - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
120.Chronic myeloid leukaemia – cytogenetic and molecular aspects,aetiology,natural history
clinical features,investigations.
121.Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
122.Hodgkin`s disease - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
123.Coagulation disorders–haemophylia A,haemophylia B,Von Willebrand`s disease-genetics
clinical features,investigations.
124.Platelet functional disorders,thrombocytopenia,idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura –
aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
125.Multiple myeloma - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations;other causes of
paraproteins.
126.Acromegaly,gigantism,short stature - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
127.Adult hypopituitarism - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
128.Diabetes insipidus - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
129.Hyperthyroidism – Grave`s disease,toxic multinodular goitre,toxic adenoma –
aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
130.Hypothyroidism /congenital hypothyroidism,subclinical hypothyroidism,transient hypo-
thyroidism,primary hypothyroidism/ - pathology,clinical features,investigations.
131.Goitrous hypothyroidism,simple goitre - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investi-
gations.
132.Hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcaemia - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investi-
gations.
133.Hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcaemia-aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investi-
gations.
134.Glucocorticoid excess – Cushing`s disease,Cushing`s syndrome – aetiology,pathology,
clinical features,investigations.
135.Mineralcorticoid and catecholamin excess/Phaeochromocytoma/ - aetiology,pathology,
clinical features,investigations.
136.Addison`s disease – acute and chronic presentation- aetiology,pathology,clinical features,
investigations.
137.Diabetes mellitus – aetiology,pathogenesis,pathophysiology.
138.Diabetes mellitus – clinical features,diagnosis.
139.Diabetes mellitus – acute complications - aetiology, clinical features,investigations.
140.Diabetes mellitus – long term complications - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,inves-
tigations.
141.Spontaneous hypoglycaemia – classification,clinical features,investigations.
142.Malnutrition and obesity - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
143.Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism – hyperlipidaemias – pathology,clinical features,
investigations.
144.Gout - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
145.Rheumatoid arthritis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
146.Ankylosing spondylitis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.
147.Osteoarthritis - aetiology,pathology,clinical features,investigations.