2
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
2.1
3.
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
6.
7.
7
1.
: 1 )
–
1.1
1.1.1 3
1.1.1.1 (Low temperature glaze) 800 – 1,100
1.1.1.2 (Medium temperature glaze) 1,150 –
1 , 2 0 0
1.1.1.3 (High temperature glaze) 1,230 – 1,300
1.1.2
1.1.2.1 1,100 – 1,180
1.1.2.2 1,250 – 1,300
8
1.1.2.3 1,200 – 1,220
1.1.2.4 1,200 – 1,220
1.1.2.5 1,100 – 1,140
1.1.3
1.1.3.1 ( B o r a x g l a z e )
1.1.3.2 ( L e a d g l a z e )
1.1.3.3 ( F r i t g l a z e )
1.1.3.4 ( W o o d a s h g l a z e )
1.1.3.5 (Copper rad glaze)
1.1.3.6 ( B a i u m g l a z e )
1.1.3.7 ( T i t a n i u m g l a z e )
1.1.4
1.1.4.1 ( C l e a r g l a z e )
1.1.4.2 ( O p a q u e g l a z e )
1.1.4.3 ( M a t t g l a z e )
1.1.4.4 ( S e m i – m a t t g l a z e )
1.1.4.5 ( C r y t a l l i n e g l a z e )
1.1.4.6 (luster glaze)
(Majorica) . 2537 : 1 – 3)
1,250
1.2
3
1 .
RO / R 2 O
K 2 O , CaO , BaO Z O
9
2. (R 2 O 3 )
R2 O3 Al 2 O 3 X
2.
RO 2
(SiO 2 )
. 2 5 3 4 : 3 )
ต 2 . 1
(RO/R 2 O) (R 2 O 3 ) (RO 2 )
Na 2 O Al 2 O 3 SiO 2
K2 O B2 O3 TiO 2
CaO Fe 2 O 3 SnO 2
ZnO Sb 2 O 3 ZrO 2
MgO Cr 2 O 3 AuCl 2
PbO Bi 2 O 3
CuO As 2 O 3
Ag 2 O
MnO
NiO
BaO
ZrO
Li 2 O
CdO
( . 2 5 4 3 : 2 0 0 )
2.1
10
–
. 2 5 4 3 : 2 0 0 )
3. ต
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
2.1.1
2.1.1.1 (Feldspar)
silicate)
( H a r d n e s s )
ต 2 . 2
Mineral Fermula
Potash – Feldspar (Orthoclase) K 2O. Al 2 O 3 . 6SiO 2
Soda – Feldspar (Albite) N a2O. Al 2 O 3 . 6SiO 2
Lime – Feldspar (Anorthite) C aO. Al 2 O 3 . 2SiO 2
Baryta – Feldspar (Celsian) B aO. Al 2 O 3 . 2SiO 2
11
P o l l u c i t e Cs2O. Al 2 O 3 . 4SiO 2
S p o d u m e n e Li2O. Al 2 O 3 . 4SiO 2
( . 2 5 3 4 : 9 5 )
(Soda feldspar) (Calcium feldspar)
O
(K 2 O. Al 2 O 3 .6SiO 2 )
K2 O 1 6 . 9
Al 2 O 3 1 8 . 3
SiO 2 6 4 . 8
–
( . 2 5 4 3 : 9 5 )
(2534 : 6)
K 2 O.Al 2 O 3 .6SiO 2 O
( M i c r o c l i n e )
–
(Soda feldspar)
12
(Silica) 6 5 . 7
(Alumina) 1 8 . 4
(Potassium) 1 6 . 9
–
1,170 – 1,200
1 , 7 1 5
2 . 1 . 1 . 2
O
( M a r l )
CaCO 3
–
13
–
–
. 2534 : 8)
O O2
(Chemical property of lime stone)
CaCO 3
CaO 5 6 . 3 0
CO 2 4 3 . 9 7
( U s e o f l i m e s t o n e )
2 . 1 . 1 . 3
14
B a C O 3
(
. 2534 : 7)
1,923 –
BaO O2
4 . 4 3
BaO 7 7 . 7 0
CO 2 2 2 . 3 0
( . 2 5 3 1 : 7 0 )
2 . 1 . 1 . 4
ZO
1 , 8 0 0
–
. 2547 : 17)
15
. 2531 : 346)
(2531 : 75)
5 . 5
ZnO 8 6 . 9 8
2 . 1 . 1 . 5
O
O
RO
–
Z
ทำกำร
2 . 1 . 2
2 . 1 . 2 . 1 ( A l u m i n a )
Alumina) 2 O3
16
.
א
.
ב
.
ג :
1 : 2.5 – 5
1 : 7 – 12
1 : 15 – 20
O
-
2.1.2.1.1
Al(OH) 3 (Al 2 O 3 )
2.1.2.1.2 KNaO.Al 2 O 3 .
6SiO 2
2.1.2.1.3 Al 2 O 3 .6SiO 2 .2H 2 O
.
א
.
ב
.
ג
.
ד
o x i d e )
– (Molecular equivalent)
17
2 . 1 . 2 . 2 ( K a o l i n )
Al 2 O 3 .6SiO 2 .2H 2 O (OH 4 )Al 2 Si 2 O 5
. 2354 :
1 2 )
Al 2 O 3 3 9 . 8
SiO 2 4 6 . 3
H2 O 1 3 . 9
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
18
1. 1 , 2 0 0
2. 2 5 0 5 0
3. 1 , 5 0 0
( R a n o n g k a o l i n )
0 . 0 5 – 1 0 . 0
ทำ
2 . 1 . 3
2 . 1 . 3 . 1 . ( S i l i c a )
SiO 2
1.
2. ( F l u i d i t y )
3.
4.
5.
6. (Bases)
–
. 2 5 4 3 : 1 3 )
19
(2539 : 96)
(Rock crystall)
2.1.3.1.1 ( Q u a r t z )
2.1.3.1.2 ( Q u a r t z )
3 0
20
. 2 5 4 3 : 1 1 3 )
2 . 6 5 1
7
7 . 4 1 0 6
1 . 5 4
(1)
–
(2) -
(3)
2.1.3.1.3 ( F l i n t )
2.1.3.1.4 (Sand stone)
3
3.1
3.2
21
3.3
3.4
3 . 1
3 . 1 . 1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
–
3.2.3
. 2523 : 113)
2 0 – 2 5
22
5 0 – 6 0
2 0 – 2 5
3 . 2 . 4
6 , 1 0
. 2534 : 67 –
6 9 )
3 . 3
80 –
. 2 5 3 1 : 5 2 )
3.4
1 0 0
1. 2
2.
3. 120
4. 100
5. 3
4. ต
4.1
4.1.1
23
3 6
RO/R 2 O (X)R 2 O 3 (Y)RO 2
0.10 K 2 O 0.20 – 0.30 Al 2 O 3 1.00 – 3.50 S 1 O 2
0.10 CaO
0 . 2 0 Z n O
0 . 6 0 B a O
X(Al 2 O 3 )
0.30 31 32 33 34 35 36
0.28 25 26 27 28 29 30
0.26 19 20 21 22 23 24
0.24 13 14 15 16 17 18
0.22 7 8 9 10 11 12
0.20 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 Y(SiO 2 )
ภ พ 2. 1
1
0.10 K 2 O 0.20 Al 2 O 3 1.00 SiO 2
24
0 . 1 0 C a O
0 . 2 0 Z n O
0 . 6 0 B a O
ต 2. 3
(Raw material) K2 O CaO ZnO BaO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2
0.10 0.10 - - - 0.10 0.60
0.10 0.40
0 . 1 0 0.10 - - - -
0 . 2 0 0.20 - - -
0.60 0.60 - -
0 . 1 0 0.10 0.20
0.20
0 . 2 0 0.20
( . 2 5 3 4 : 5 4 )
ต 2. 4
(Raw material (Mole.No) (Mole.wt) (Recipe.wt) (Percentage)
0.10 557 55.7 23.41
0.10 100 10 4.20
0.20 81.4 16.28 6.84
0.60 197 118.2 49.67
0.10 258 25.8 101.84
0.20 60 12 5.04
w = 237 98 100
w
. 2 5 3 4 : 5 4 – 5 5 )
25
10100
= 4 . 2 0
237.98
4.1.2 (Line blend)
(2536 : 16-147)
5
ต 2. 5
A B
1 100 0 100
2 80 20 100
3 60 40 100
4 40 60 100
5 20 80 100
6 0 100 100
( . 2 5 3 6 : 1 6 )
ต 2. 6
A B
26
1 0 100 100
2 20 80 100
3 40 60 100
4 60 40 100
5 80 20 100
6 100 0 100
7 80 20 100
8 60 40 100
9 40 60 100
10 20 80 100
11 0 100 100
( . 2 5 3 6 : 1 7 )
4.1.3 (Triaxial blend)
( 2 5 3 4 : 6 5 )
A
100 0
90 10
80 1
20
70 2 3 30
60 4 5 6 40
50 7 8 9 10 50
27
ภ พ 2
2.
( . 2 5 3 4 : 6 5 )
4.1.3.1
A , B , C
a
(
b
(
c
3
5
A = 6 0
B = 2 0
C = 2 0
1 7
A = 3 0
28
B = 5 0
C = 2 0
3 4
= 1 0
B = 3 0
C = 6 0
4.1.4 ( Quadraxia l b lend)
( 2 5 3 6 : 2 5 - 2 9 )
36
5 0
A 0 10 20 30 40 50 D
50 1 2 3 4 5 6 0
40 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 1 0
29
30 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 17 18 2 0
20 3 0
1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 23 24
10 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 29 30 4 0
0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 35 36 5 0
50 40 30 20 10 0
B C
ภ พ 2. 3 A,B,C
( . 2 5 3 6 : 2 5 )
1 6
A = 3 0
B = 2 0
C = 2 0
D = 3 0
4.1.4.1
4.1.4.1.1
4.1.4.1.2
4.1.4.1.3
4.1.4.2
O
30
(Alumina :
Al2O3) (Silica : SiO2)
2 3 O
D
A
B
C
O2
ภ พ 2. 4
( . 2 5 3 6 : 2 7 )
4.1.5
4.1.5.1 (Al2O3) (SiO2)
Al2O3 / SiO2
O
Z ( S n O 2 )
4.1.5.2 (Al 2 O 3 ) (SiO 2 )
31
( B a s i c m a t t g l a z e )
4.1.5.3
(B2O.3H2O) (Sb2O3) (V2O5)
O
(Transparent glaze)
(Matt glaze)
D
g l a z e )
4 . 1 . 6
ต 7
2.
ต SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O LOI
32
1 . 70.2 17.8 0.06 0.11 0.22 8.8 0.16 1.33
( )
2 . 59.70 27.60 0.85 0.13 0.25 0.15 5.85 5.39
3 . - - - 55 - - - -
4 . 99 - - - - - - -
ต 2. 8
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O LOI
60.1 102 160 56 40.3 62.0 94.0 -
1. 70.2 17.8 0.06 0.11 0.22 8.8 0.16 1.33
( )
1.168 0.174 - - 0.005 0.141 0.001
0.142
2 . 59.70 27.60 0.85 0.13 0.25 0.15 5.85 5.35
0.99 0.270 0.005 0.002 0.006 0.002 0.062 -
ต
0.10 KnaO 0.13 Al2O3 1 . 3 2 S i O 2
0 . 2 5 C a O
0 . 6 5 Z n O
ต 2. 9
ต KNaO CaO ZnO Al2O3 SiO2
1. 0.10 0.10 0.25 0.65 0.13 1.32
33
( ) 0.10 0.12 0.82
2. 0.01 0.01 0.50
0.01 0.03
3. 0.47 0.47
0 . 2 5 0.47
4. 0.25 0.25
5. 0.65 0.65
1. K n a O 0 . 1 4 2 = 1 0 0
100 x 0.10
KnaO 0.142 = = 70.42
0.142
2. Al2O3 = 0 . 1 7 4
0.174 x 70.42
Al2O3 = = 0.12
100
1.168 x 7 0 . 42
Al2O3 = = 0.82
100
3. 0 12 Al2O3 0.13 – 0.12
A l 2 O 3 = 0 . 0 1
A l 2 O 3 0 . 0 1
Al2O3 0.27
Al2O3 0.01
100 x 0.01
= 3 . 7 0
0.27
S i O 2 = 0 . 9 9
0.99 x 3.70
SiO 2 = = 0.03
100
34
4. SiO2 0.03 SiO2 = 0.50 – 0.30 SiO2 = 0.47
99
5. = = 1.647
60.1
1.647
100 x 0.47
0.47 = 28.53
1.647
55
6. = = 0 . 9 8 2
56
2
100 x 0.25
0.25 = 2 5 . 4 5
0.982
7. ZnO = 0 . 6 5
ZnO = 8 1 . 4
ZnO = 0.65 x 81.4 = 52.91
ต 1 0
2. ต
1 . 70.42 38.90
2 . 3.70 2.04
3 . 28.53 15.76
4 . 25.45 14.05
5 . 52.91 29.25
181.01 100 %
35
4.2 . 2534 : 69)
4 . 2 . 1
4 . 2 . 2
–
4 . 2 . 3
36
4.2.4
4 . 2 . 5
– 3
–
1.50 –
–
. 2 5 3 7 : 2 5 – 2 7 )
4 . 3
4 . 3 . 1
.2534 : 70 – 72)
4.3.1.1
37
4.3.1.2 (Pouring)
4.3.1.3
( A r t w a r e )
4 . 3 . 1 . 4
(Spray booth)
4 . 3 . 2
4.3.2.1
4.3.2.2
4 . 3 . 2 . 3
5. ต
1. (Firing chamber of capacity)
2. (Fire wall)
3. (Floor)
4. (Main flue)
5.
38
6. (Furnace of firing chamber)
7. (Burner)
8. (Crawn)
9. (Door)
10. (Kiln car)
11. (Damper)
12. (Pyrameter)
13. (Fire hole or peep hold)
5.1 (Clasification of kiln)
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
39
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
. 2523 : 148 –151)
5.2 . 2541 : 288)
1. ( O x i d a t i o n f i r i n g )
(Oxygen)
OF = CH 4 +3O 2 (EXCESS) CO 2 +2H 2 O+O 2 +ENERGY
2. ( R e d u c t i o n f i r i n g )
O
RE = 2CH 4 +3O 2 2CO 2 +4H 2 O+ENERGY
3. ( N e u t r a l f i r i n g )
NF = CH 4 +2O 2 C O 2 + 2H 2 O+ E NER GY
5.3
40
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.1
1. Copper + Nickel = 500 )
2. I r o n = 8 5 0 )
3. Chromel + Nickel = 1,100 )
4. Platinum 87+Rhodium 13 = 1,500 )
5. Platinum 70 +Rhodium 30 = 1,800 )
5 . 3 . 2
41
(P.C.E.)
2 (Large
( S m a l l c o n e )
3
( C o n e p l a q u e )
5 . 3 . 3
ต 2.11 (Temperature equivalents of orton pyrometric cones)
End point, 20. Per hr. End point, 150 C. per hr.
Cone No.
C F C F
022 580 1090 605 1120
021 595 1100 615 1140
020 625 1160 650 1200
019 630 1170 660 1220
018 670 1240 720 1330
017 720 1330 770 1420
016 735 1360 795 1460
015 770 1420 805 1480
42
014 795 1460 830 1530
013 825 1520 860 1580
( . 2 5 2 5 : 1 0 7 – 1 0 8 )
6. ภ ( . 2539 : 352-353 )
6 . 1
6.2
6 . 3
7. ต ต ต ( . 2537 : 31 – 34)
7.1 (Pinholing)
43
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
1.
2.
7.2 Running glaze)
1. 1 . 5
2.
44
1.
2. 20
3. 1
7.3 Crawling)
1.
2.
3.
1. 6
2.
3. 2
( –
7 . 4
1.
45
2.
1.
1.1
1.2
2. 3 0 – 6 0
3.
1,200
4.
7 . 5 ( S h i v e r i n g )
1.
46
2.
3.
7 . 6 ( P e e l i n g )
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
7 . 7 ( C r a w l i n g )
1.
1.1 1 5
1.2
1.3
2.
3.
( C r a w l i n g )
1.
2.
3.
4.
7.8 (Loss of glaze)
47