Monsoon Asia: Physical Factors
Introduction
Monsoon Asia lies in both the low and the middle latitude belts.
It has perhaps the most complex mix of climates and landforms
of any of the world regions.
Points of Interest
Areas
Gobi Desert Tibetan Plateau
Deccan Plateau Himalayan Mountains
Tarim Basin Borneo
Sumatra Java
Malay Peninsula
Waterbodies
Indus River Ganges River
Mekong River Yantze River (Chang Jiang)
Yellow River (Huang He) Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal South China Sea
Sea of Japan Indian Ocean
Monsoon Asia and its Subregions
There are three subregions of Monsoon Asia. Outline and label each of the subregions of Monsoon Asia.
South Asia includes Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal,
Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. This single
subregion is almost as complex as all of Monsoon Asia. Rainfall
varies from just a couple of inches in the western deserts of
Pakistan and India to a couple hundred inches in the Cherrapunji
Hills in northeast India. Much of Bangladesh is at or below sea
level while Nepal is home to Mount Everest, the highest
mountain in the world. The human geography is equally
complex.
East Asia is not quite as complex as South Asia. East Asia
includes Mongolia, China, North Korea, South Korea, Japan and
Taiwan. Dominated by alpine landforms with some remnant
mountain and sedimentary cover areas in the interior, this region
has a wide variety of climate zones.
Southeast Asia includes two general regions – the Mainland and
the Rimland. Mainland Southeast Asia includes Burma /
Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Rimland
Southeast Asia includes Malaysia (note that parts of Malaysia
are on the island of Borneo), Singapore, Indonesia, and the
Philippines.
Tectonics. Use the Tectonics Map on pages 8 & 9 of your atlas to answer the following questions.
1. Monsoon Asia has a lot of [convergent / divergent / transform] boundaries.
2. Plate boundaries are typically associated with what natural hazards? (Note: Mount Pinatubo, a volcano on the island of
Luzon, in the Philippines, erupted in 1991. It was the 2nd largest eruption in the 20th Century (in terms of the amount of
material that was blown into the atmosphere). The amount of ash added to the atmosphere changed world weather patterns
for more than two years after the eruption. Only 300 people died because the government evacuated tens of thousands of
people from the area. In 1995, an earthquake near Kobe, Japan, killed 6000 people and caused over $100 billion in
damages. This was the second most destructive earthquake in Japanese history. An earlier earthquake, in 1923, caused
over 100,000 deaths. Tsunamis are also associated with tectonic activity. In December 2004, an earthquake off the
Indonesian island of Sumatra triggered the world’s deadliest tsunami. The earthquake was powerful, causing tectonic
plates to shift almost 100 feet. The energy it released was 10,000 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on
Hiroshima. It caused the magnetic north pole to shift one inch. It caused the earth to spin faster, decreasing the length of
the day by 2.68 microseconds. It actually changed the shape of the earth slightly, making it rounder. The tsunami that
resulted from the quake that occurred off the coast of Sumatra killed 200,000 to 300,000 people.)
3. A long chain of islands is called an archipelago. The Lesser Antilles islands, for example, form an archipelago. Just like
the Lesser Antilles, the Asian island chains are volcanic islands created by [convergent / transform / divergent] plate
boundaries.
4. Three countries comprised almost entirely of island chains are _____________, ______________, and ____________.
5. Peninsular India was once part of Africa. Now it is colliding with the Eurasian landmass, creating a [convergent /
transform / divergent] plate boundaries and some of the highest mountains and plateaus in the world.
6. North of India lies the __________ Plateau. Known as the “Roof of the World,” it is almost three miles high and is the
world’s highest inhabited plateau.
7. South of Tibet are the _________ Mountains, which contains Mount Everest, the world’s highest mountain.
8. ___________ and ___________ are two countries that lie almost entirely in this mountain range.
Landforms (Use the map on pages 6 & 7 of the Atlas.)
9. The dominant landform of Monsoon Asia is
___________________. This is denoted by the number
_____ on the map at left.
10. Alpine landforms tend to have [good / poor / varying] soil
fertility
11. Alpine landforms tend to be mineral [rich / poor].
12. The archipelagos of the alpine region are of volcanic origin.
This means that the soils of the archipelagos are probably
[fertile / infertile].
13. ___________________ is the only subregion of Monsoon
Asia that is NOT almost completely dominated by Alpine
landforms.
14. Like Africa, the dominant landform of Peninsular India and
Sri Lanka is ______________. Therefore, this region
probably has [fuel / non-fuel] minerals. This is the most
mineral-rich area of India.
15. Sedimentary cover is denoted by the number _____ on the
map. There are two major areas of sedimentary cover in
Monsoon Asia: 1) the Indo-Gangetic Plain; 2) the Tarim
Basin. These areas probably have [fuel / nonfuel] minerals. Based on their landforms, the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the
Tarim probably have [fertile / infertile] soils.
16. The Indo-Gangetic Plain is the combined valleys of the Indus and the Ganges Rivers. This sedimentary lowland forms an
“n”-shaped valley that arches over Peninsular India. Locate and label it on the map above. Desert climates in the west
gradually give way to humid subtropical and tropical rainforest climates in the east. With its high accessibility, the Indo-
Gangetic Plain probably has [low / medium / high] population densities.
17. Which part of Pakistan probably has important fuel minerals? ____________________ Why?
18. The Tarim Basin lies far into the interior, northwest of the Tibetan Plateau, and has no river access. Locate and label it on
the map above. It probably has a _________________ climate. Therefore, in spite of its soils, it probably has [low /
medium / high] population densities.
19. The Sunda Shelf is a raised under-water area between the island of Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. During the ice ages,
sea levels lowered, the South China Sea disappeared, forming a land bridge. It is now filled with sedimentary deposits.
The Sunda Shelf has important reserves of ______________(a mineral). Locate and label this area on the map above.
20. Remnant mountains are found mostly in the interior. These are denoted by the number _____. The country of
_______________ is dominated by remnant mountains. Remnant landforms are [young / old] mountains. They are linked
to [fertile / infertile / mixed] soils. They are linked to [fuel / nonfuel / mixed] minerals.
21. The interior areas of Monsoon Asia probably have _________________ climates and relatively [low / medium / high]
population densities.
Latitudes
22. East Asia lies almost entirely in the low / middle / high latitudes.
23. Southeast Asia lies almost entirely in the low / middle / high latitudes.
24. South Asia lies in the low / middle / high latitudes.
25. Based on its latitude, which subregion of Asia probably has the greatest potential for economic growth?
26. Based on its latitude, which subregion of Asia probably has high rates of malaria?
27. Based on its latitude, which subregion of Asia probably has the highest population densities?
28. Based on its latitude, which subregion of Asia probably has the lowest population densities?
Climates
Monsoons
Monsoons are one of the characteristics associated with the densely populated areas of Asia. Many people think that monsoons
are heavy rains, but this is not the case. A monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction caused by changing air pressure
over a large continent – in this case, Eurasia. Since Eurasia is the largest continent, the changes of pressure over its landmass
are the most extreme. Monsoon Asian winds can bring weeks of heavy rains or cloudless skies. By answering the questions
below, you should develop a basic understanding of Monsoons.
29. Wind flows from _______ pressure to _______ pressure. Low pressure is associated with ____________ temperatures.
High pressure is associated with ___________ temperatures.
30. In the winter, a strong ____________-pressure cell develops over eastern Eurasia because of cold temperatures. The seas
surrounding Asia are relatively warm and are associated with _______-pressure cells. Consequently, in the winter, wind
flows from the land / seas to the land / seas. In most places, this winter air mass is wet / dry because it originates over
land / seas. Therefore, winter monsoons are also called wet / dry monsoons.
31. In the summer, a ______________-pressure cell develops over Central Asia because of hot temperatures. The seas
surrounding Asia are cool relative to the land and are associated with weak ________-pressure cells. Consequently, in the
summer, wind flows from the land / seas to the land / seas. In most places, this summer air mass is wet / dry because it
originates over land / seas so summer monsoons are also called wet / dry monsoons.
Low-Latitude Climates
32. As it passes through Asia, from west to east, the Equator
crosses the islands of _____________ (a country).
33. Located between the Tropic of _____________, in the north,
and the Tropic of _____________, in the south, are the low
latitudes.
34. _____________________________ and
_______________________ are the two climates associated
with the low latitudes.
35. The _____________________________ climate is dominant
in the Rimland countries of Southeast Asia. On the map
above, it is denoted by the letter ____.
36. Two islands of Indonesia,___________________ and
___________________, have interior areas with mountain
climates. Mountain climates are denoted with the letter ____.
37. _______________________________ climate is dominant on
the east and west coasts of Mainland Southeast Asia.
38. ______________________ climate is dominant in the interior
of mainland Southeast Asia. This climate is denoted with the
letter ____.
39. _______________________________ climate is dominant in Bangladesh.
40. _______________________________ climate dominates most of Peninsular India and northeast Sri Lanka.
41. An exception to that rule is the tropical rainforest climate that dominates the east / west coasts of Peninsular India and
southwest Sri Lanka. Another exception is the steppe climate that dominates an interior strip of Peninsular India. Steppe
climate is denoted with the letter ____.
Middle Latitude Climates
42. In Monsoon Asia, winters tend to be relatively [wet / dry] because of monsoons.
43. On the east side of the continent, as you move north across the Tropic of Cancer, the first climate region you encounter is
_____________________________. This climate is found in four general areas: 1) the eastern half of the Indo-Gangetic
Plain; 2) China south of the Yangtze (Chang Jiang) River; 3) much of South Korea; and 4) southern Japan. This is the
primary area of rice production in Monsoon Asia. On the map, it is denoted by the letter ____.
44. Moving toward the poles, the second climate zone is ___________________________. This includes the North China
Plain, which includes the valley of the Yellow River (Huang He). It also includes North East China, which is also known
as Manchuria, North Korea and northern Japan. Wheat production is important in this climate area, which is designated by
the letter ____ on the map.
Arid, semi-arid and highland climate areas follow the expected pattern.
45. From Afghanistan into Western India, the dominant climates are deserts and steppes. Deserts are denoted on the map by
the letter ____ while steppes are denoted by the letter ____.
46. The interior of East Asia is dominated by _____________________ and steppe climates. Except for Tibet, which is so
high that it has ______________________ climates .
Internal accessibility is relatively good.
Look at Plate 29 in The Geography Coloring Book.
47. Most of the rivers of Monsoon Asia begin on the ________________ Plateau.
48. The Indus is the principal river of Pakistan. Like most rivers that flow through deserts, it is an exotic stream. It
corresponds to the letter _____ on the map. What important export crop is probably grown in this area?
49. The Ganges River runs across northern Indian until it flows into the Bay of Bengal. On It corresponds to the letter _____
on the map. Together, these two rivers form the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
50. The Brahmaputra River begins north of the Himalaya Mountains, which span Nepal and Bhutan. It forms a sharp
question mark shape, coming around the mountains. It joins with the Ganges to form a common delta that takes up most
of the country of Bangladesh. It corresponds to the letter _____ on the map.
51. Southeast Asia has a number of rivers that flow from north to south creating a series of ridges and valleys. The Mekong
River is the longest river of Southeast Asia. It flows through all of the countries of mainland Southeast Asia –
Burma/Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. It corresponds to the letter _____ on the map.
52. The longest river of China is the Yangtze (Chang Jiang). It corresponds to the letter _____ on the map. This is the most
important commercial waterway of Monsoon Asia.
53. The Yellow River is also called the Huang He. Chinese civilization began along its banks. It corresponds to the letter
_____ on the map.
54. Describe the physical geography of East Asia and its effects on demography and economics.
55. Describe the physical geography of South Asia and its effects on demography and economics.
56. Describe the physical geography of Southeast Asia and its effects on demography and economics.