Vitamin K
By Future Dieticians
Ashley Clark
Morgan Gentry
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Title Page
Background Information 3-D Structure
Dietary Sources
Line Structure
Recommendations for
Infants & Children Effects of Vitamin K
Overload
Recommendations for
Adults & Elderly
Vitamin K Deficiency
Recommendations for
Pregnant and Lactating Metabolic Reactions
Women
Vitamin K’s
QUIZ
Metabolic/Biochemical
Functions
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VITAMIN K SYNOPSIS
There are 3 forms of Vitamin K
Vitamin K1= principle natural dietary source
of Vitamin K found in green leafy vegetables
also called phylloquinone
Vitamin K2= sources include chicken, egg
yolk, butter, certain cheeses, and fermented
soybeans also; this form includes bacteria
produced by the intestine also called
menquinone
Vitamin K3= used in animal feed and cat
and dog food also referred to as meadione
DIETARY SOURCES OF
VITAMIN K
Collard Greens Lentils
Spinach Egg Yolks
Salad Greens Whole wheat
Kale Fruits
Broccoli Cheese
Brussels Sprouts Ham
Cabbage Beef
Olive Oil Liver
Asparagus Green tea
Okra Tomatoes
Green Beans yogurt
§ Freezing foods may destroy vitamin K, but heating has no affect
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
INFANTS & CHILDREN
Newborn infants are usually injected with Vitamin K
to prevent against hemorrhagic disease of the
newborn (HDN)
Most infants born to well-nourished mothers have
adequate vitamin stores at birth
– Vitamin K is naturally produced by intestinal bacteria
which newborn’s lack resulting in the deficiency
– Suppression of intestinal bacteria by various antibiotics is
responsible for this deficiency
– Infants receive Vitamin K either orally or intramuscularly
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
INFANTS & CHILDREN
Infants 0-6 months = 2 mcg
Infants 7-12 months = 2.5 mcg
Children 1-3 years = 30 mcg
Children 4-8 years = 55 mcg
Children 9-13 years = 60 mcg
Adolescents 14-18 years = 75 mcg
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
ADULTS & ELDERLY
Males Ages: Females Ages:
9-13 = 60µg 9-13 = 60µg
14-18 = 75µg 14-18 = 75µg
19-30 = 120µg 19-30 = 90µg
31-50 = 120µg 31-50 = 90µg
51-70 = 120µg 51-70 = 90µg
> 70 =120µg > 70 = 90µg
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
PREGNANT & LACTATING
WOMEN
1000 times the
recommendation)
Excess doses can promote thrombogenesis,
hemolysis, and increase risk of jaundice
Vitamin K3 is the only form known to have
any degree of toxicity
There isn’t a defined upper limit intake of
Vitamin K
VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY
Since Vitamin K is obtained easily from the
diet and synthesized in the body deficiencies
are rare
Antibiotics will interfere with the normal
production of Vitamin K in the intestine
Health problems that may lead to Vitamin K
deficiency are:
– Gallbladder or biliary disease
– Liver disease
– Ongoing diarrhea
– Heavy menstrual bleeding
METABOLIC REACTION
OF VITAMIN K
METABOLIC REACTION
OF VITAMIN K
As a cofactor to the carboxylase that generates
gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, Vitamin K undergoes
a cycle of oxidation and reduction that allows its
reuse
– Vitamin K is reduced to Vitamin KH2
– Oxygenation of vitamin KH2 provides the energy to drive
the carboxylation reaction, leading to formation of
gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues and Vitamin K oxide
– Vitamin K oxide is reduced by another reductase back to
Vitamin K, ready to enter another cycle. Anticoagulants
block the reduction of Vitamin K oxide to Vitamin K,
explaining their antagonistic effects on this cycle
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Question 1
Vitamin K controls the coagulation
proteins of which of the following?
a. Protein Z
b. Protein S
c. Factors IX
d. Protein C
KEY POINTERS TO KEEP
IN MIND
Vitamin K is found in three forms: K1, K2,
and K3
– K1 is the natural form known as phylloquinone
– K2 is from the bacteria in the intestine and other
food sources also known as menaquinones
– K3 is used in animal feed and is called
menadione
Aids in blood clotting
Absorbs calcium to prevent osteoporosis,
artherosclerosis, Alzheimers, and kidney
stones
THANK YOU FOR JOINING OUR VITAMIN K
JOURNEY
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