Course: BIO 2514 / A&P I
Science Department
Instructor’s Name: Dr. Chuck Robinson
Prerequisite Courses: Bio 1134/Gen Biology for A&P I
Contact Hours Per Class: Lecture: 3 hours Lab: 2 hours
Textbook: Principles of Anatomy & Physiology by Tortura & Grabowski, 9th
Edition
Supplies & Equipment: STUDENTS WILL NEED TO PURCHASE: Rubber
gloves for lab dissections and 3 packages of Scantron Forms. Turn these in
unopened at the next class.
Students are allowed one hour of absence per semester hour that the course
carries. The instructor is required to drop a student after the student misses
more than the number of absences the course permits. A total of four hours of
absence are allowed during the term. Each lecture hour and each two-hour
laboratory count as one hour toward absences. Three tardies of less than 15
minutes or more will be counted as one hour of absence.
Attendance Policy: “Official Absences” are excused. Lectures cannot be made
up. It is the responsibility of the student to get notes and assignments from
his/her classmates or the instructor.
Labs can not be made up. All assignments must be turned in on the due date.
A grade of zero (0) will be given for missed labs and assignments. Lab exams
can not be made up. A grade of 0 will be given for missed lab exams.
Students are encouraged not to miss chapter exams. Make-up chapter exams
must be taken within one week of the original scheduled date for the exam.
Instructor’s office E-mail: chuck.robinson@mgccc.cc.ms.us
Location & Phone Office: E-14
Number & email: Phone / voicemail: 228-897-3747 / ”Speak slowly
and clearly when leaving a message!”
Students needing additional assistance should make an appointment with the
instructor.
Additional Help: Students needing to utilize the laboratory for out of class study
time should first get approval of the instructor or another faculty member on duty.
Students are encouraged to utilize the Learning Lab and Science Computer Lab.
Operation times can be found posted at each location.
Course Assignments/Projects: All assignments or projects are to be turned in
on time. BEING ABSENT DOES NOT EXCUSE THE STUDENT FROM
TURNING IN THE ASSIGNMENT. NO ASSIGNMENT WIL BE ACCEPTED
LATE. A grade of (0) will be given for any missed lab or assignment.
Course Evaluation / Grading:
NO EXTRA CREDIT IS AVAILABLE OR GIVEN.
GRADES WILL BE ASSIGNED ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING SCALE:
90%-100%=A Chapter exams and final count 75% of the
course grade.
80%-89%=B Lab Exams & Lab time/Projects/Work sheets
count 25% of course grade.
70%-79%=C
60%-69%=D
Below 60%=F
STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES: Students must follow the college policy in
requesting special classroom accommodations. This information is available in
the Student Handbook and in the Guidelines for Students with Disabilities
Handbook. It is the responsibility of the student to provide documentation and
requests for accommodations to the Dean of Student Services.
EATING, DRINKING, AND THE USE OF TOBACCO ARE NOT ALLOWED IN
THE CLASSROOMS. Students are not allowed beverages or food in the
classroom or lab.
Withdrawing from a class: A student may withdraw from a class by following
the procedure established and printed in the Campus Section of the Student
Handbook. Properly completed withdrawal forms shall become part of the
student’s records.
Grievances Related to Classroom/Instructional Activities: The instructor
has authority over all matters affecting conduct of classes including assignments
of grades. Student performance may be evaluated based on written work and/or
other performance standards as determined by the instructor. If a student has a
complaint about classroom activities or grades given by the instructor, the
student may appeal the faculty member’s decision. In all cases, the appeal
process will assure due process for both the instructor and the student. The
student must first discuss the issue with the faculty member involved and explain
the basis for his/her appeal. If the issue can not be resolved, the student
must follow the grievance policy outlined in the student handbook.
Course Description:
A study of anatomy and physiology of the human body as an integrated whole
with more detailed studies of the skeletal, integumentary, muscular and nervous
systems.
CONTENT OUTLINE
LECTURE
1. INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
2. HUMAN HISTOLOGY
3. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
4. SKELETAL SYSTEM
5. ARTICULATIONS
6. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
7. NERVOUS TISSUES
8. THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
9. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
10. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
11. SPECIAL SENSES
COURSE OBJECTIVES/EXIT COMPETENCIES
UPON THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THIS COURSE, THE STUDENT WILL BE ABLE TO:
INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY
1. DEFINE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.
2. DEFINE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION THAT MAKE UP THE HUMAN BODY: CHEMICAL,
CELLULAR, TISSUE, ORGAN, SYSTEMS AND ORGANISMS.
3. IDENTIFY THE PRINCIPLE SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY, LIST
REPRESENTATIVE ORGANS OF EACH SYSTEM AND DESCRIBE THE
FUNCTION OF EACH SYSTEM.
4. DEFINE HOMEOSTASIS AND EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON
HOMEOSTASIS.
5. DEFINE A FEEDBACK SYSTEM AND EXPLAIN ITS ROLE IN THE
OPERATION AND RESULTS OF A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM.
6. CONTRAST THE OPERATION AND RESULTS OF A NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK SYSTEM AND A POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM.
7. DEFINE THE ANATOMICAL POSITION AND COMPARE COMMON AND
ANATOMICAL TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE VARIOUS REGIONS OF
THE HUMAN BODY.
8. DEFINE SEVERAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS AND ANATOMICAL PLANES
USED IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE HUMAN BODY.
9. LIST BY NAME AND LOCATION THE PRINCIPAL BODY CAVITIES
AND ORGANS CONTAINED WITHIN THEM.
TISSUES
1. DEFINE A TISSUE AND CLASSIFY THE TISSUES OF THE BODY INTO
FOUR MAJOR TYPES.
2. DESCRIBE THE GENERAL FEATURES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE.
3. LIST THE STRUCTURE, LOCATION, AND FUNCTION FOR THE
FOLLOWING TYPES OF EPITHELIUM: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS, SIMPLE
CUBOIDAL, SIMPLE COLUMNAR (NONCILIATED AND CILIATED),
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL, STRATIFIED
COLUMNAR, TRANSITIONAL, AND PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR.
4. DEFINE A GLAND AND DISTINGUISH BETWEEN EXOCRINE AND
ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
5. DESCRIBE THE GENERAL FEATURES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
6. DISCUSS THE CELLS, GROUND SUBSTANCE, AND FIBERS THAT
COMPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
7. LIST THE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND LOCATION OF
MESENCHYME; MUCOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE; AREOLAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE; ADIPOSE TISSUE; RETICULAR CONNECTIVE
TISSUE; DENSE REGULAR AND IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE;
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE; CARTILAGE; BONE; AND BLOOD.
8. DEFINE AN EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE AND LIST THE LOCATION AND
FUNCTION OF MUCOUS, SEROUS, CUTANEOUS, AND SYNOVIAL
MEMBRANES.
9. CONTRAST THE THREE TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE WITH REGARD
TO STRUCTURE, LOCATION AND MODES OF CONTROL.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
1. DESCRIBE THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKIN.
2. EXPLAIN THE BASIS FOR SKIN COLOR.
3. COMPARE THE ANATOMY, DISTRIBUTION AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
HAIR, SEBACEOUS (OIL), SUDORIFEROUS (SWEAT) AND
CERUMINOUS GLANDS.
4. EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF THE SKIN IN HELPING TO MAINTAIN THE
HOMEOSTASIS OF NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE.
5. DESCRIBE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EPIDERMIS, ITS
DERIVATIVES, AND THE DERMIS.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
1. IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF A LONG BONE.
2. DESCRIBE THE HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF COMPACT AND
SPONGY BONE TISSUE.
3. CONTRAST THE STEPS INVOLVED IN INTRAMEMBRANOUS AND
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION.
4. DESCRIBE THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN BONE REMODELING.
5. DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF BONE IN CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS.
6. EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE AND AGING ON THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM.
7. CLASSIFY THE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF BONES, ON THE BASIS OF
SHAPE AND LOCATION.
8. DESCRIBE THE VARIOUS MARKINGS ON THE SURFACES OF BONES.
9. IDENTIFY THE BONES OF THE SKULL AND THE MAJOR MARKINGS
ASSOCIATED WITH EACH.
10. IDENTIFY THE PRINCIPAL SUTURES, FONTANELS, PARANASAL
SINUSES, AND FORAMINA OF THE SKULL.
11. IDENTIFY THE BONES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THEIR
PRINCIPAL MARKINGS.
12. IDENTIFY THE BONES OF THE THORAX AND THEIR PRINCIPAL
MARKINGS.
13. IDENTIFY THE BONES OF THE [PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE AND
THEIR MAJOR MARKINGS.
14. IDENTIFY THE UPPER EXTREMITY, ITS COMPONENT BONES, AND
THEIR MARKINGS.
15. IDENTIFY THE COMPONENTS OF THE PELVIC (HIP) GIRDLE AND
THEIR PRINCIPAL MARKINGS.
16. IDENTIFY THE LOWER EXTREMITY, ITS COMPONENT BONES, AND
THEIR MARKINGS.
17. DEFINE THE STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND IMPORTANCE OF THE
ARCHES OF THE FOOT.
18. COMPARE THE PRINCIPAL STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
FEMALE AND MALE SKELETONS, ESPECIALLY THOSE THAT
PERTAIN TO THE PELVIS.
19. DEFINE AN ARTICULATION (JOINT) AND IDENTIFY THE FACTORS
THAT DETERMINE THE TYPES AND DEGREE (RANGE) OF
MOVEMENT AT A JOINT.
20. CLASSIFY JOINTS ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.
21. CONTRAST THE STRUCTURE, KIND OF MOVEMENT, AND LOCATION
OF IMMOVABLE, SLIGHTLY MOVABLE, AND FREELY MOVABLE
JOINTS.
22. DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE, TYPES AND MOVEMENTS OF FREELY
MOVABLE JOINTS.
23. DESCRIBE SELECTED ARTICULATIONS OF THE BODY WITH
RESPECT TO THE BONES THAT ENTER INTO THEIR FORMATION,
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION, AND ANATOMICAL COMPONENTS.,
I INCLUDING RHEUMATISM, RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA),
OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA), GOUTY ARTHRITIS, LYME DISEASE,
BURSITIS, ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS, DISLOCATION, SPRAIN, AND
STRAIN.
MUSCLE SYSTEM
1. LIST THE CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE TISSUE.
2. COMPARE THE LOCATION, MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE, NERVOUS
CONTROL, FUNCTIONS, AND REGENERATIVE CAPACITIES OF THE
THREE KINDS OF MUSCLE TISSUE.
3. DESCRIBE THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SLIDING
FILAMENT MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
4. DESCRIBE THE ACTION OF CALCIUM IN THE SLIDING FILAMENT
THEORY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION.
5. IDENTIFY THE SOURCES OF ENERGY FOR MUSCULAR
CONTRACTION.
6. EXPLAIN THE ROLES PLAYED BY MUSCLE IN HOMEOSTASIS OF
BODY TEMPERATURE.
7. EXPLAIN HOW MUSCLE TENSION CAN BE VARIED.
8. DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS
AND COMPARE THEM TO CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBERS.
9. DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BONES AND SKELETAL
MUSCLES IN PRODUCING BODY MOVEMENTS.
10. DEFINE A LEVER AND FULCRUM AND COMPARE THE THREE
CLASSES OF LEVERS ON THE BASIS OF PLACEMENT OF THE
FULCRUM, EFFORT, AND RESISTANCE.
11. IDENTIFY THE VARIOUS ARRANGEMENTS OF MUSCLE FIBERS IN A
SKELETAL MUSCLE AND RELATE THE ARRANGEMENTS TO
STRENGTH OF CONTRACTION AND RANGE OF MOTION.
12. DISCUSS MOST BODY MOVEMENTS AS ACTIVITIES OF GROUPS OF
MUSCLES BY EXPLAINING THE ROLES OF THE PRIME MOVER,
ANTAGONIST, SYNERGIST, AND FIXATOR.
13. DEFINE THE CRITERIA EMPLOYED IN NAMING SKELETAL MUSCLES.
14. IDENTIFY THE PRINCIPAL SKELETAL MUSCLES IN DIFFERENT
REGIONS OF THE BODY BY NAME, ORIGIN, INSERTION, ACTION
AND INNERVATIONS.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. IDENTIFY THE THREE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
IN MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS.
2. CLASSIFY THE ORGANS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM INTO CENTRAL
AND PERIPHERAL DIVISIONS.
3. CONTRAST THE HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND
FUNCTIONS OF NEUROGLIA CELLS AND NEURONS.
4. DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONS OF NEUROGLIA CELLS.
5. DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF NEURONS.
6. DEFINE GRAY AND WHITE MATTER AND GIVE EXAMPLES OF EACH.
7. DESCRIBE THE CELLULAR PROPERTIES THAT PERMIT
COMMUNICATION AMONG NEURONS AND MUSCLE FIBERS.
8. DESCRIBE THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO GENERATION OF A
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL. COMPARE THE BASIC TYPES OF
ION CHANNELS AND EXPLAIN HOW THEY RELATE TO ACTION
POTENTIALS AND GRADED POTENTIALS.
9. LIST THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS INVOLVED IN GENERATION OF A
NERVE IMPULSE.
10. EXPLAIN THE EVENTS OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION.
11. GIVE EXAMPLES OF EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND DESCRIBE HOW THEY MAY ACT.
12. LIST FOUR WAYS THAT SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION MAY BE
ENHANCED OR BLOCKED.
13. LIST THE NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR REGENERATION OF
NERVOUS TISSUE.
14. DESCRIBE EVENTS OF DAMAGE AND REPAIR OF PERIPHERAL
NEURONS.
15. DESCRIBE THE PROTECTION, GROSS ANATOMICAL FEATURES, AND
CROSS SECTIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SPINAL CORD.
16. DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL SENSORY AND
MOTOR TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD.
17. DESCRIBE THE COMPONENTS OF A REFLEX ARC AND ITS
RELATIONSHIP TO HOMEOSTASIS.
18. DESCRIBE THE COMPOSITION AND COVERINGS OF A SPINAL
NERVE.
19. DEFINE A PLEXUS AND DESCRIBE THE COMPOSITION AND
DISTRIBUTION NERVES OF THE CERVICAL, BRACHIAL, LUMBAR,
AND SACRAL PLEXUSES.
20. IDENTIFY THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE BRAIN AND DESCRIBE
HOW THE BRAIN IS PROTECTED.
21. EXPLAIN THE FORMATION AND CIRCULATION OF CEREBROSPINAL
FLUID (CSF).
22. DESCRIBE THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN AND THE BLOOD-
BRAIN BARRIER (BBB).
23. COMPARE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN STEM,
DIENCEPHALON, CEREBRUM, AND CEREBELLUM.
24. DISCUSS THE VARIOUS NEUROTRANSMITTERS FOUND IN THE
BRAIN AND THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF NEUROPEPTIDES AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS.
25. DEFINE A CRANIAL NERVE AND IDENTIFY THE 12 PAIRS OF
CRANIAL NERVES BY NAME, NUMBER, TYPE, LOCATION, AND
FUNCTION.
26. DESCRIBE THE CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS.
27. LIST THE LOCATION AND FUNCTION OF THE RECEPTORS FOR
TACTILE SENSATIONS (TOUCH, PRESSURE, VIBRATION), THERMAL
SENSATIONS (HEAT AND COLD), AND PAIN.
28. DISTINGUISH SOMATIC, VISCERAL, REFERRED, AND PHANTOM
PAIN.
29. IDENTIFY THE PROPRIOCEPTIVE RECEPTORS AND INDICATE THEIR
FUNCTIONS.
30. DISCUSS THE NEURONAL COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE
POSTERIOR COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMNISCUS, ANTEROLATERAL, AND
SPINOCEREBELLAR PATHWAYS.
31. DESCRIBE THE INTEGRATION OF SENSORY INPUT AND MOTOR
OUTPUT.
32. COMPARE THE LOCATION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DIRECT AND
INDIRECT MOTOR PATHWAYS.
33. COMPARE THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN THE SOMATIC AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMS.
34. IDENTIFY THE PRINCIPAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
35. COMPARE THE SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS
OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN TERMS OF ANATOMY,
PHYSIOLOGY, AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS RELEASED.
36. DESCRIBE THE COMPONENTS OF A VISCERAL AUTONOMIC REFLEX.
37. EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS TO THE
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
38. LOCATE THE RECEPTORS FOR OLFACTION AND DESCRIBE THE
NEURAL PATHWAY FOR SMELL.
39. IDENTIFY THE GUSTATORY RECEPTORS AND DESCRIBE THE
NEURAL PATHWAY FOR TASTE.
40. LIST AND DESCRIBE THE ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE EYE
AND THE STRUCTURAL DIVISIONS OF THE EYEBALL.
41. DISCUSS IMAGE FORMATION BY DESCRIBING REFRACTION,
ACCOMMODATION, AND CONSTRICTION OF THE PUPIL.
42. DESCRIBE HOW PHOTORECEPTORS AND PHOTOPIGMENTS
FUNCTION IN VISION.
43. DESCRIBE THE RETINAL PROCESSING OF VISUAL INPUT AND THE
NEURAL PATHWAY OF LIGHT IMPULSES TO THE BRAIN.
44. DESCRIBE THE ANATOMICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE EAR.
45. LIST THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HEARING.
46. IDENTIFY THE RECEPTOR ORGANS FOR EQUILIBRIUM AND HOW
THEY FUNCTION