1790-1848
Chapter 4 sections 1 and 2
• Prefer the Old Order • Promise freedom
• Restore royal families to • Mostly middle class,
throne bourgeoisie
• Lower classes should • Business leaders,
respect and obey social bankers, lawyers,
superiors newspaper editors,
• Established Church writers
• Natural rights and • Written constitution,
constitutional gov’t leads separation of powers
to chaos • Universal manhood
suffrage
• Free Market - capitalism
• Serbia- first Balkan • Greece- 1821 revolt vs.
people to revolt Ottomans
• 1804-13 Karageorge vs, • Years of wars helped
Ottomans, unsuccessful shape a national identity
but fostered sense of • Has support of Britain,
Serbian identity France, Russia- forced
• 1815 – Milos Obrenovic Ottomans to grant
led revolt and turned to independence to some
Russia for help Greek provinces
• 1830 Serbs won • European powers
autonomy (self-rule) pressured Greeks to
accept German king
*Uprisings in Spain, Portugal and Italy were crushed by conservative rulers
• Restored Louis XVIII
to throne
• Issued Constitution-
Charter of French
Liberties
• 2 House legislature,
limited freedom of the
press, King retained
most power
• Louis XVIII died 1824
• Throne inherited by Charles X – absolute
ruler
• July 1830 suspended legislature, limited
vote, restricted the press
• Rebels revolted in Paris barricading
streets
• Charles X fled to England and abdicated
• Moderate Liberals chose constitutional
monarchy
• Louis Phillipe new king, cousin of Charles
X, supported 1789 revolution
• Owed throne to the people, favored middle
class
• Liberal bourgeoisie prospered
• Extended suffrage but only to wealthier
citizens
Spread of Reform
• Belgium wins independence- 1830 inspired by
Paris uprising, students threw up barricades in
Brussels
• Britain and France assisted under the belief that
a separation of Belgium and Holland (united
under Congress of Vienna) would benefit them
• 1831 – independent with liberal constitution
• Poland – uprisings crushed by Russian forces
French Revolt of 1848
• February 1848- Angry crowds to the streets
protesting recession and government
oppression
• Louis Phillipe abdicated, proclaimed Second
Republic (1st from 1792-1804 before Napoleon)
• June Days: upper- and middle-class interests
won control, workers took to the streets with
violence
• 1500 people killed before government crushed
violence
New Napoleon
• National Assembly issued constitution-
created strong president, one-house
legislature, vote to all adult males
• Louis Napoleon, elected president –
presented himself as caring about social
issues
• Used power as stepping stone, declaring
himself emperor in 1852
• People voted to set up Second Empire:
rapid economic growth
Revolutions in Europe
• Austrian Empire: Louis Kossuth in Hungary
demanded independent government, students
protested in many cities – government gave in to
demands temporarily
• Italy: Nationalists wanted to end Hapsburg
power and revolutionaries set up republics.
Austrian and French forces restored order and
Pope in Rome
• German States: University students demanded
national unity and liberal reforms. Republic or
monarchy? Rebellion faded due to military force
and lack of mass support