o
o
Mind o Two Theories of the Mind o Dualist Hypothesis: Mind and body are separate, there is no interconnection between the two o What is the mind made of? o Materialist Hypo: the Mind is part of the body o What part of the body is the mind part of? Where in the brain? o If you replicate a person o Where is the mind? o Is it in the first one person or the replicated person? o Epistemology: the study or theory of the origin, nature, methods, and limits of knowledge o Sound 1.1 John Locke, Berkley Theoretical Approaches in the Study of Perception, Sound 1.2 o Structuralism The approach to psychology prominent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, that postulated that perceptions result from the summation of many elementary sensations (see p.155) Gestalt Psychology A school of psychology that has focused on developing principles of perceptual organization, proposing “The Whole is different from the sum of it’s parts.” Criticized the structuralist approach (see p 184-191) o Constructivism Theories maintaining that perception may involve the integration of several source of information and may be affected by cognitive factors and experience. Perceptions are constructed by the observer from perceptual “data” obtained during active observation of the stimulus o Ecological/Gibsonian Approach The theoretical premise that all of the information needed for the final conscious percept is in the stimulus (optic) array and requires no computations of inferences to extract the meaning. Calculations or constructions are not necessary (see p.7, 209,302, 324,326) Invariants: aspects of the stimulus that are always present in the stimulus and are good predictors of object properties such as size, shape or distance Affordances: a set of actions that a specific object or environmental situation affords or make available to the perceiver (see p.209) o Cognitive Approach Any account of perception must include a person’s knowledge, experience and expectations Psychophysical and Physiological approaches use different to explore perception at different levels Sound 1.3 o Physiological Approach: studying the relations between stimuli and neural responses, and between neural responses and perception o Psychophysical approach: studying the relations between stimuli and perception o These approaches can be intertwined o “Computed Axial Tomography” (CAT Scan) is the process of using computer X-ray images o MRI (Magnetic Resonance Image) www.med.harvard.edu/aanlib o PET Positron emission tomography: based on blood flow using “radioactively labeled” glucose o fMRI Functional Megnetic Resonance Imaging: based on the Nlood Oxygenated Level-Dependent (Bold response). o
o