Introduction to
Classification & Ocean
Life
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Introduction
• When you go shopping in the grocery store, similar
items are often placed on the same aisle. Why? They
are most often related to each other.
• In science, classification is the arrangement of
organisms into orderly groups based on their
similarities.
• In this chapter you will learn how scientists classify
living things.
• You will also learn about the six kingdoms into which
all living things are classified.
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• Scientists classify the
Taxonomy diverse number of organisms
on the planet in order to
learn and study from them.
• Taxonomy is the field of
biology that identifies (gives
organisms a name) and
classifies organisms based on
shared characteristics.
http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan893l.jpg
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Binomial Nomenclature
• Scientists give animals Latin names during
classifications which consists of two parts; the genus
and species names put together.
• They use Latin because it is universal (worldwide) and it
is not widely spoken and, therefore, the meanings of
the word are not likely to change.
• Means “two-part naming”
– EX Tyrannosaurus rex translates to “tyrant
lizard” and “king.”
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Rules for
Binomial Nomenclature
• Always written in Latin and in italics.
• Genus name is written first and is
capitalized.
• Species name is written second and is
NOT capitalized.
• Correctly written scientific names
– Homo sapien sapiens (modern man)
– Felis domesticus (common
housecat)
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Purpose for Classification
1. A Latin name
eliminates confusion
caused by common
name differences.
– EX: crayfish,
crawdad, mudbug
are all common
names for….
– Cambarus bartoni
http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/People/Grad_Students/hui
fangq/food/HuifangCookings/edited/crawfish.jpg
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– Mountain
lion,
panther,
cougar and
puma are all
common
names for...
– Felis
concolor
http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/game/cougar/graphics/cougar4.jpg
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Purpose for Classification
http://www.imagequest3d.com/stock/taxon/taxonomy_r2_c1.gif
2. Classification
organizes large
amounts of
information into
manageable levels.
3. Classification also
reveals (or shows)
evolutionary
relationships between
organisms.
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Carl von Linne
(Carolus Linnaeus)
• Von Linne was the
Swedish biologist who in
the mid-1700‟s
developed the biological
system of classification
with 7 taxonomic levels
(kingdom, phylum, class,
order, family, genus, &
species).
http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/images/linne06d.jpg
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Modern Levels of Classification
• Domain is the most recently added 8th
taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive
than a kingdom.
• Video
https://eapbiofield.wikispaces.com/file/view/classi6.jpg
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Levels of Classification
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/entomology/images/p4large.gif
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Mnemonic Device
• D=… Directions:
• K=… • Create an mnemonic device
• P=… to remember the levels of
• C=… classification.
• O=… • Use the first letter for
• F=… each level to create a
• G=… poem or saying to
• S=… remember the order.
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Levels of Classification
• Kingdom is the
second level. (EX
Plants or Animals)
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/139427_Five_Kingdoms.jpg
• These organisms have similar characteristics such
as: cell structure, level of specialization and method
of obtaining nutrients.
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Levels of Classification
• Species is the
LAST, most
specific unit of
classification
where members
can interbreed
and produce
fertile offspring.
http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/lab/TaxonomyLab.html
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Dichotomous Key
• Taxonomists have
developed special
guides called
dichotomous keys to
help to identify
organisms.
• A dichotomous key
consists of several
pairs of descriptive
statements to help
identify an unknown
organism(s).
http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/wat
ercritter/images/keymap_template.gif
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Review of Ecology - Energy
Flow
• All life depends on
energy in order to
function and
survive.
• The cells in your
body are constantly
using energy.
• The source of all
energy on Earth is
the sun.
http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photos/pod-
sunrises-sunsets/victoria-coast-sunset_pod_image.html; Photograph by R.
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Ian Lloyd
Producers/Autotrophs
• Organisms that capture
energy from sunlight are
called autotrophs (they
automatically make their
own food); EX plants &
bacteria
• They are also called
producers.
• All other organisms
somehow depend on the
producers for food.
Producers
http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm
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Consumers/Heterotrophs
• Organisms that – Omnivores – obtain energy by eating
have to eat are both plants and animals (humans, bears)
called heterotrophs – Detritvore – obtain energy by eating
(or consumers). dead plants & animals
Types of consumers – Decomposers – obtain energy by
include: breaking down organic matter (bacteria,
– Herbivores – fungi)
obtain energy
by eating plants.
(manatee)
– Carnivores –
obtain energy
by eating
animals.
(sharks)
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Feeding Relationships
Food chains show the pathway for the transfer of energy.
A producer always starts a food chain.
Arrows show where the energy goes (from the grass, to
the grasshopper) Sketch the EX in your notes.
http://www.jenningsk12.net/WE/peimann/Science/FoodChains/food_chain.jpe
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Feeding Relationships
• Food webs are
the
interconnected
food chains in a
community.
• They usually
show more
detailed
relationships.
• Snakes eat how http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_28/40_07.GIF
many types of • Many organisms in a food chain can
organisms? eat more than one type of food.
(Follow
Arrows) • Many organisms are also food
source for more than one organism.
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Energy (Ecological) Pyramids
• Energy pyramids show how
energy moves through an
ecosystem.
• Producers are always at
bottom (closest to the sun
with the most energy).
• Animals gain only a partial
amount of energy from the
food they eat – most is lost
as heat.
• In this example, tertiary
consumers are at the top –
they have the least amount
of energy available in the
system.
http://www.etap.org/demo/biology_files/lesson6/kep26.jpg
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Earth’s Life
• Two domains contain
all bacterial life http://www.biocentrum.dtu.dk/upload/institutter/bic/biocentrum/studievalg/his_arch
(prokaryotes) on the
aea_fot3_380.jpg
planet (Domain
Archaea and Domain
Bacteria).
• All of the organisms „
cells have a nucleus
(eukaryotes) in
Domain Eukarya.
• This domain includes a
variety of life forms
in the kingdoms
Protista, Fungi,
Plantae and Animalia.
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Kingdom Protista
• Single and
Multicellular
Eukaryotes
(nucleus & http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.G
regory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/p
organelles)
rotists/amoeba_proteus_X_100.jpg
• Some
autotrophs
and some
heterotrophs http://www.dirtworks.net/
Images/NeptunesHarves
t/Kelp.jpg
• EX: amoebas,
algae, kelp
http://www.bioremediate.com/lyngbya.jpg
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Kingdom Fungi
• Molds, mildews, and
mushrooms are examples
of the kingdom Fungi.
• Unicellular or
multicellular eukaryotes
with cell walls of chitin
• Decomposing
heterotrophs – they do
not use photosynthesis to
create food!
http://www.shutterfreaks.com/albu
ms2/album225/mushroom.jpg
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• Plants are complex multicellular
eukaryotes that have cell walls
Kingdom and create their food using
photosynthesis (thus the green
color!).
Plantae • Non-motile (do not move)
• EX: mosses, ferns, flowering
and cone-bearing plants
http://byandlarge.net/scuttlebutt/images/neighbourh
ood/bird-of-paradise.jpg
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Kingdom Animalia • The kingdom
Animalia contain
multicellular
eukaryotic
heterotrophs.
• At the
microscopic level,
animal cells are
different
because they do
NOT have cell
walls.
• EX: sponges,
jellyfish, worms,
http://www.mccullagh.org/db9/d30-20/jellyfish-7.jpg
insects, animals
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