History of dentistry
Notice from me :
- what I wrote in Arabic it just translation , and it doesn’t have a new information .
-I bolded some information because I think it important .
- some slides the doctor read as it is , without extra information.
## now we start ,, What is dentistry ?
It is Autonomous ( independent ) branch of biomedical science that deals with
the prevention , diagnosis and treatment of diseases & abnormalities of the
teeth ,jaws , oral cavity and adjacent structures.
So , as a dentist we doesn’t only dealing with teeth , we deal with teeth and
other adjacent structure .
Dentist : a person who is trained & licensed to practice dentistry , to do dental
treatment
Previously, before establishing modern dentistry , in some country some
people that train haphazardly and practicing dentistry without being properly
trained.
##Why we are starting with history of dentistry ?
*According to B.W Weinberger in his book ( dentistry : an illustrated history )
which was established by the Mosby company in 1995 He said that : the
professional the ignorant of its past experiences has lost a valuable asset
because “ it has missed its best guide to the future .
So , dentistry is not a new science as some people may think or it is recent
science because he go to a dental clinic and he see a modern chair and modern
instruments and he say : it very recent . actually it is not . it is very old profession
, it has a long and fascinating history . from the earliest of times , since human
were on the surface on this planet they were affected by dental diseases, and the
most important dental diseases are dental caries ) (تسوس االسنانand periodontal
diseases ( . )أمراض اللثة واالنسجة المحٌطة باألسنان
**More than 100,000 before Christ ( , )قبل المٌالدthere was primitive human “ Homo
Mousteriensis “ they show that the prehistoric man had to contend with impacted
teeth ( )أسنان محشورةthey found on the excavations that these people had
impacted teeth , and retention of deciduous teeth or primary teeth or milky teeth
( , )االسنان اللبنٌةcaries , and they also suffer from fracture and rickets .
**There were dentists practice previously ,There was evidence that more than
9,000 years ago there was tools and instruments that use to drill teeth .it have
been shown that these teeth was drilled on alive human not after they dead .
المقصود أن االسنان كانت تحفر أثناء حٌاة الشخص ولٌس بعد موته
5,000 BC ) (قبل الميالدa Sumerian ) (السومريينtext which is the first book in
dentistry and the name of the book “tooth worms ” and they said that the
worms they ate out the teeth and cause dental caries .
This is an old mandible (lower jaw) it was excavated in Egypt of the Old
Kingdom , this is as old as 2750 BC , this mandible show evidences that had
some surgery because it had abscess (.)خراجُ
About 2500 B.C also form Egypt , the earlier Egyptian or the Pharaohs (الفراعنة
) had prosthesis ) (تعوٌضات سنٌةfound in the Tomb 984 at Gizeh , it was linking
teeth together by gold wire , the old Egyptian was able to use gold in order to fix
the mobile teeth .
Prosthesis is any artificial part use to replace and part of human body. An
artificial leg is called prosthesis , an artificial denture ( )طقم أسنانis called
prosthesis and so on.
2600 B.C it might the death of person called Hesy-Ry, he is Known as the
first true professional dentist ,which was an important Egyptian person , it
was written on his tomb “ the greatest of those who deal with teeth” so he
was the chief of the dentists or the head of the dentists at this time .
We all hear about code of Hammurabi which is “ an eye for an eye and a
teeth for a teeth “ ( )العٌن بالعٌن والسن بالسنand that showed you how important of the
teeth are because as we know . so 1900 B.C code of Hammurabi was
established and it discussed and dealt the civil and penal the responsibility of the
physician and dental penalties , and that mean the dentistry was established as
profession .
Every law of Hammurabi code has a number so ,
200 # : if a man knock out the teeth of his equal , his teeth shall be knocked
out . [A tooth for a tooth ].
201 # : if he knocked out the teeth of a freed man , he shall pay one-third of a
gold mina. So there was a price tag of penalty for knocking out a tooth .
## Mina used to be a unit that use in the past .
1700-1550 B.C , an Egyptian text, the Ebres papyrus ( ,)ورق البرديrefers to
diseases of the teeth and various toothache remedies[methods of treatment] .
Egyptian pharaohs were Known to have suffer from periodontal diseases
(gum diseases) and the radiograph of mummies confirm this fact.
Phoenician ( , )الفٌنٌقٌٌنthey also practice dentistry as you see the bridge , this
are artificial teeth .
In 700-510 B.C , Estruscan – it is just before the Romanian Empire - which is
now in the middle of Italy . there is some twelve examples of their fixed and
removable bridgework have been preserved in various museum. As you see in
slide , this is an example of dental bridgework which made of gold and it is
available in museum.
Do you hear about Hippocrates ? he is “ the father of Greek medicine “ .
he wrote about dentistry , including the eruption of the teeth (sequence of
eruption ),treating decayed of the teeth( ,)تسوس االسنانextraction teeth with
forceps, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured .
**Mayan Dentistry
Dental decoration by filling , dziblchaltun, yucatan, Mexico : postclassic
period.
Dental decoration be filling and incrustation methods : Ixtonton,
Guatemale, classic period.
Chinese
2000 years ago B.C also , they was practicing dentistry as well , around the
second century A.D ( ,)بعد المٌالدthe Chinese developed a silver amalgam ,
amalgam means : a metal that dissolve in a mercury . and the filling that we use
in current dentistry is called dental amalgam . it seems that Chinese use it 1000
years before Europe(west).
Ting and Yu Shu described the entire process of swallowing in the eleventh
century , they wrote about physiology of swallowing and you will learn in
physiology course that the swallowing process is very complicated process and
the wrote about it in details.
Now we go to Roman period . 450 B.C . the dentistry was practiced before
medicine, the dentistry preceed medicine.
Here we have the Roman laws of the twelve tables, contain the earliest record
of dentistry in ancient Rome. The permission to bury the dead with gold dental
work with which the teeth may be bound together.
100 B.C , there was a famous Romanian physician his name is Celsus, wrote
extensively in his book “ compendium of medicine and oral hygiene “ about
oral hygiene , stabilization of loose teeth , treatment of toothache, teething
pain, and jaw fracture.
We have a famous Romanian physician his name Galen “ the prince of
physicians “ in 162 he began to practice in Rome and in 168 was appointed
imperial physician. And his treatise or book “ Venice 1490 “ was a standard
textbook for centuries. And his book was a rival of Hippocratic system of
medicine.
He was the earliest to mention the nerves of the teeth.. in removing the
carious defect. He recommended the file mentioned pulpitis (inflammation of the
pulp which is found inside the teeth) and pericementitis,( itis) in medicine mean
inflammation of something ,so plupitis mean inflammation of the pulp of the teeth.
Now the doctor talked about Apllonia story “ boring story that doesn’t belong
to dentistry” so I didn’t mention it
What is important is ,, Apllonia was the patron saint of dentistry , she
had extracted her teeth in Alexandria , and her saint day is commemorated on
February 9th (2/9).
The “worm theory” lasted for many centuries, as you see in the slide this
sculpture in 1780 in France. And until now some people believe that the worm
what eat the tooth , which is not true.
** Islamic Civilization
We all know that Prophet Mohammad (salla allah aleeh w sallam) practiced oral
hygiene and emphasized oral hygiene , and emphasized the use of Miswak,
Miswak is not an Islamic invention , it was known and used in all the civilization,
but the Sonnah ( )السٌنةis emphasized using of Miswak. As you know the Prophet
Mohammad (salla allah aleeh w sallam ) just before he died the last thing he was
do is using the Miswak so he meet allah with clean mouth.
** As you know the revelation of Islam among the Arab, and the Arab at that
time were not highly civilized so the practicing was so limited , and one of the
most of famous of narrator of “ AL hadeeth AL shareef “ is known as Abo
Adardaa and it is mean in Arabic “ the loss of teeth “ so had not teeth.
Even more the Islamic Jurisprudence granted the wife the right of divorce if the
husband has Halitosis () رائحة فم
المعنى : أن االسالم اعطى الحق للزوجة بطلب الطالق اذا كان للزوج رائحة فم
Unfortunately , the destruction of Baghdad library by the Moguls in 1258 A.D , the
library of Baghdad was the capital of science at that time , the Tigris river )(نهر دجلة
was black because of the ink that was dissolve from the books that were thrown
in the river for months .unfortunately so much of the Knowledge at that time was
lost.
However, most of our knowledge of Islamic and civilization comes from Spain
and some of the few books that have survived , there were interested in dental
treatment , AL-Razi for example wrote about it and he died in 925 , the 10th
century or the 4th century A.D ) ,(التارٌخ الهجريIbn cina or as he was known in west
Avicenna died in 1037 and Ali Abbas AL-Majoosi.
In the western of Spain , Abu AL-Qasim Khalaf Ibn AL-Abaas AL-
Zahrawi(abulcasis) , he is the most famous surgeon going to the west and he
consider the father of modern surgery , he was a
famous surgeon and he also wrote about the teeth , and his textbook known as
AL-Tasrif , a thirty-volume collection of medical practice, and imagine a medical
book contain of 30 parts of medical surgery . This man wrote extensively about
all type of surgery, including periodontal surgery
Now , we will talked about Europe in the period between 1308 -1745 A.D in
France there was Guild of Barber-Surgeons was founded , it is something similar
to what we know today as union, the Barber were the surgeon and dentist in the
same time.
** In 1363 A.D , in two manuscripts in the Vatican library we find the
earliest use of the term dentist, in the past some people work as dentist but
they are not called dentist , the dentist word it was used first time in the
Vatican library.
Guy de chauliac complete his celebrated work on surgery published in 1478 and
therein we obtain a clear concise idea of the condition of dentistry during the
fourteen century, coined term dentateors.
Dent : mean a teeth in Latin language ,, and dentateors : mean a person who
have teeth.
** The renaissance
Leonardo Davinci ,, studied human anatomy and sketched every part of human
body, he was the first one to differentiate between molars and premolars.
Pierre Fauchard” father of modern dentistry” ,, was the founder of modern
dentistry. He developed dentistry as an independent profession from
medicine, in 1728 A.D was the first edition of Pierre Fauchard textbook “ The
surgeon dentist “.
** 1759 A.D there was designation dentist first began to be used.
** 1763 A.D John Baker , M.D. surgeon dentist , was the earliest qualified dentist
to practice in Boston and in America.
المعنً : هو اول طبٌب أسنان رسمً مرخص فً امرٌكا
** 1769 A.D , title of doctor began to be used, so in that year they began called
the dentist as doctor.
** 1774 A.D , the introduction of porcelain (like the porcelain teeth )into dentistry
by French apothecary his name is Duchatenu.
** 1778 A.D Body of General Joseph Warren identified by dental work done in
the mouth by Paul Revere, upon the American revolution Paul Revere was
revolution leader and dentist in the same time, and there was a General Joseph
Warren who was killed in the war and his body was distorted , so they recognize
him by the dental work done in his mouth by Paul Revere. And that what we
called forensic dentistry )ً.(الطب الشرع
** 1801 A.D First dental book to be published in America and the Author was
Richard Corland Skinner .
** 1819 A.D mixing of coin silver filling and mercury and then we got amalgam ,
they use it first in France by TaVenu and in England By Bell.
** 1832 A.D ,, snell – first dental chair was invented .
** 1839 A.D ,, first dental periodical , and its name is The American Journal of
dental science . this is the first journal in dentistry .
** 1840 A.D – the American Society of Dental Surgeons, the world’s first national
dental organization is founded. But the organization dissolves in 1856.
Also in 1840 A.D ,, the first dental college in the world and it was
established by Harris & Harden.
** 1844 A.D Horace Wells, a Connecticut dentist , the first one who discovers
nitrous oxide which can be used in anesthesia and some dentists still use it now.
** 1859 A.D Twenty-six dentists meet in Niagara Falls, New York , and form the
American Dental Association , if you see the toothpaste or toothbrush it is written
on it ADA which is shortcut of American Dental Association .
** 1872 – first foot-engine , invented by Dr. Morrison
** 1874- first electric dental engine by Dr. Green.
** 1877- Hydraulic chair invented by Wilkinson. The hydraulic depend on oil to
raise and descend the chair.
** 1890- W.D Miller describes microorganism of the human mouth , the
father of science of microorganism in dentistry . (VIP)
** 1891 – extension for prevention and scientific cavity preparation promulgated
by G.V. Black who consider “ the grand old man of dentistry” (VIP man)
And in 1893- G.V. Black put the system of dental nomenclature.
** 1895- Roentgen discovers the X-ray (in general medicine ) then G.V. black
develops the balanced amalgam alloys.
** 1896 – C Edward Kells took the first x-ray in dentistry.
** 1945 – the air abrasive drill by Dr. Black
** 1954- the water-turbine hand piece by Dr.Nelson.
** 1957- the air-turbine hand piece by Dr. Borden. That we use it now in dentistry.
Dentistry today is highly specialized,, we have 8 specialties each one is
independent specialties , and they are :
1-1901 orthodontics تقوٌم األسنان
2-1918 oral surgery جراحة الفم واألسنان
3-1918 periodontic امراض وجراحة اللثة
4-1918 prostodontic التعوٌضات والتركٌبات السنٌة
5-1927 pedodontic طب أسنان االطفال
6-1937 public health الصحة العامة بالنسبة لطب األسنان
7-1946 oral pathology علم أمراض الفم
8-1963 Endodontic المعالجة اللبٌة
Now , in Dentistry in Jordan ,, and these are the providers of dental service in
Jordan , which are :
Ministry of health , Jordan university of science and technology J.U.S.T ,,
Jordanian university ,, Dental association ,, Royal medical services ,,
unrwa
Now , about our faculty (faculty of dentistry) was established by royal
decree on the 16th of September 1983 [16/9/1983].
The first group of students was admitted in the academic year 1984/1985.
The faculty grants the Bachelor Degree of Dental Surgery BDS after finishing
successfully 213 credit hours and 5 years of study divided into 3 academic
stages :
1- The first 2 years are mainly of basic science with courses being the faculty
of science.
2- The pre-clinical third year prepares the student to the clinical aspect you
ُ
will train on phantom head ( )دمىand models and making dentures in
laboratories.
3- The courses in the 4th and 5th years are clinical and patient care is givin in
the teaching clinics of the dental teaching center.
Dr. Green Vardiman Black
Known worldwide as G.V.black, he earned the title of the “ grand old man of
dentistry” and he standardize the rules of cavity preparation and filling, he
developed the principle of “ extension for prevention “ ,, and he taught in dental
school , become a dean and wrote more than 500 articles in dentistry .
Finally , Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen , a Bavarian physicist who discovered
the X-ray.
THE END
Done By:
Thamer Al-zahrani
Forgive me for any mistakes …
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marks
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Best wishes ….
I wanna say hi to Ali Al-sayed