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Road wear
W 0,roadwear (g km-1 veh-1) Studded tyres (st ) Winter tyres (wi )
Heavy (he ) 12 0.5
Light (li ) 3 0.5
Tire wear
W 0,tirewear (g km-1 veh-1) Studded tyres (st ) Winter tyres (wi )
Heavy (he) 0.4 0.4
Light (li) 0.1 0.1
Brake wear
W 0,brakewear (g km-1 veh-1) Studded tyres (st ) Winter tyres (wi )
Heavy (he) 0.04 0.04
Light (li) 0.01 0.01
Reference speeds and temperatures for wear
Reference speed V ref Reference temperature T 2m,ref
Wear parameter (km/hr) (C)
-1 -1
W 0,roadwear (g km veh ) 70 10
W 0,tirewear (g km-1 veh-1) 70 10
-1 -1
W 0,brakewear (g km veh ) 70 10
Pavement type scaling factor
Index(p) Name h pave (p)
1 Reference 1
2 Hard 0.5
3 Soft 2
4 Concrete 1.5
Driving cycle scaling factor
Index(d) Name h dc,roadwear (d)
1 Reference 1
2 Urban 1
3 Highway 1
4 Congested 1
Road suspension
f 0,sus-road (veh-1) Studded tyres (st ) Winter tyres (wi )
Heavy (he) 1.20E-05 1.20E-05
Light (li) 3.00E-06 3.00E-06
Shoulder suspension
f 0,sus-shoulder (veh-1) All tire types
Heavy (he) 4.00E-06
Light (li) 5.00E-07
Reference speeds suspension
Reference speed V ref
Factor (km/hr)
f 0,sus-road (veh-1) 60
-1
f 0,sus-shoulder (veh ) 60
Direct emission factor
Wear parameter All types All types original
f 0,dir-roadwear 0.3 0.5
f 0,dir-tirewear 0.3 0.6
f 0,dir-brakewear 0.3 0.8
Fractional size distribution direct emissions (no tire or vehicle dependence)
Wear parameter PMTSP PM10
f PM,dir-roadwear 0.5 0.2
f PM,dir-tirewear 0.5 0.1
f PM,dir-brakewear 1 0.8
Fractional size distribution suspended emissions (no tire or vehicle dependence)
Wear parameter PMTSP PM10
f PM,sus-road 0.5 0.2
f PM,sus-shoulder 0.5 0.2
Sand paper factor
-1
f sandpaper (veh ) Studded tyres (st ) Winter tyres (wi )
Heavy (he) 1.00E-04 1.00E-04
Light (li) 1.00E-06 1.00E-06
Wind blown dust emission factors
Parameter Value
t wind (hr) 12
FF ref (m/s) 10
FF thresh (m/s) 10
Activity efficiency factors
Efficiency parameter Value
h ploughing 0.1
h cleaning 0.5
Deposition velocity
PMTSP PM10
w x (m/s) 0.001 0.001
Spray and splash factors
Parameter Heavy (he) Light (li)
-1
f 0,spray (veh ) 6.00E-05 1.00E-05
V ref,spray (km/hr) 70 70
FF ref,spray (m/s) 5 Same as heavy
g road,sprayable-min (mm) 0.1 Same as heavy
d spray (m) 10 Same as heavy
Drainage parameters
Dust removal efficiency (h surf-
Time scale (hr) drainage-eff )
Road 1 0.5
Shoulder 2 0.2
Ploughing parameters
Value
Ploughing efficiency 0.8
Ploughing threshold (mm) 5
Energy balance parameters
Value
Roughness length (m) 0.01
Degree hour factor (mm/K/hr)* 0.2 Not used for energy balance with ice
Evaporation time scale (hr)* 48 Only valid for time scale evaporation
Evaporation correction factor
Penman* 0.3 Only valid for Penman evaporation
Surface slab depth (m) 0.05
-1
a traffic (li) (veh ) 5.00E-04
-1
a traffic (he) (veh ) 5.00E-03
g road,evap-thresh (mm) 0.02
g shoulder,evap-thresh (mm) 0.02
Retention parameters
Parameter Direct road Suspension road
g retention-thresh (mm) 0.1 0.1
g retention-min (mm) 0.03 0.03
original 0.4 0.2
4 5
Summer tyres (su )
0.5
0.5
Summer tyres (su )
0.2
0.1
Summer tyres (su )
0.04
0.05
h dc,tirewear (d) h dc,brakewear (d)
1 1
1.5 1.5
0.5 0.5
2 2
Summer tyres (su )
1.20E-05
3.00E-06
PM2.5 PM1
0.02 0.01
0.01 0.001
0.5 0.1
PM2.5 PM1
0.02 0.01
0.02 0.01
Summer tyres (su )
1.00E-04
1.00E-06
PM2.5 PM1
0.0005 0.0001
g drainable (mm) Snow retainment limit (mm)
1 no value
1 2
Suspension shoulder Direct brake
0.05 1
0.02 0.1
0.2 1
DUST 0
road_wear_flag 1
tire_wear_flag 0
brake_wear_flag 0
road_suspension_flag 1
shoulder_suspension_flag 1
sandpaper_flag 0
wind_suspension_flag 0
dust_drainage_flag 1
dust_spray_flag 0
MOISTURE
retention_flag 2
use_obs_retention_flag 1
evaporation_flag 5
water_spray_flag 0
surface_humidity_flag 2
PLOTTING
plot_type_flag 2
save_type_flag 3
RADIATION
canyon_shadow_flag 1
canyon_long_rad_flag 1
ACTIVITY
use_salting_data_flag 0
use_sanding_data_flag 0
use_ploughing_data_flag 0
use_cleaning_data_flag 0
auto_salting_flag 0
auto_sanding_flag 0
auto_ploughing_flag 0
Keep this line and number here
Allows road wear
Allows tire wear
Allows brake wear
Allow road suspension
Allow shoulder suspension
Allows the sand paper effect
Allows wind blown dust suspension
Allows dust and salt to be drained from the road
Allows dust and salt to be sprayed from the road
Allows retention of wear particles on the surface due to surface wetness. 1 is linear, 2 is exponential, 0 is no retention
Uses the observed moisture to determine the surface retention
1 = time scale, 2 = Penman Omstedt, 3 = Penman modified, 4 = energy balance, 5 = energy balance with ice
Allows spray from the road surface. Must be 1 for dust and salt to be sprayed
Sets the method for describing the surface humidty. 1 is linear, 2 is exponential
1 = hourly means, 2 = daily means, 3 = daily cycle
1 = save data, 2 = save plots, 3 = save both, 0 = none
Use the street canyon dimensions to shadow the road
Use the street canyon dimensions to produce long wave radiation at the atmospheric temperature
Allows salting, either from the input data or by rule
Allows sanding, either from the input data or by rule
Allows ploughing, either from the input data or by rule
Allows cleaning, either from the input data or by rule
Allows salting by rule (over rides the input data values)
Allows sanding by rule (over rides the input data values)
Allows ploughing by rule (over rides the input data values)