Slide 1

							Earthquake Hazard in Eastern China




            Source: Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program
          Nature of Seismic Hazard in Sichuan

   Yunnan - Sichuan. 32
    earthquakes with Ms > 7 1500
    years ago (Gu, 1983; Ma, 1989).
   Two events Ms > 8 caused a
    great number of casualties and
    significant economic damage.
   Earthquakes in this region are
    characterized by shallow strike-
    slip faulting (focal depths
    between 10 and 15 km; Allen et
    al., 1989; Zhou et al., 1983).
   The seismicity of the region may
    be divided into two sub-regions
    (figure 3):
     the western Sichuan -
         eastern Yunnan sub-region
         (4)
     and the western Yunnan sub-
         region
                            Sichuan Earthquakes
             Earthquakes with magnitude greater than 7.0
            Name             Date     Magnitude                            Epicenter
Garzê earthquake             1786        7.8       Dardo and Luding County
Garzê earthquake             1786         7        Luding County in the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Luhuo Earthquake             1816        7.5       Luhuo County in the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
Xichang earthquake           1850        7.5       Xichang in the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Region
Diexi earthquake             1933        7.5       Diexi, Mao County

Dardo Zheduo earthquake      1955        7.5       Dardo and Zheduo Dyke
Kangding earthquake          1955        7.5       Dardo County
Luhuo earthquake             1973        7.9       Luhuo County
Songpan-Pingwu earthquake    1976        7.2       Songpan-Pingwu County
Sichuan earthquake           2008         8        Wenchuan County

      Earthquakes with magnitudes between 6.0 and 6.9
             Name              Date    Magnitude                           Epicenter

Mabian earthquake              1935            6   Leshan in the Mabian Yi Autonomous County

Huili earthquake               1955       6.75     Huili County and Yuzha Township

Dardo Jiulong earthquake       1975        6.2     Dardo and Jiulong County
Dawu earthquake                1981        6.9     Dawu County
Garzê earthquake               1982         6      Garzê County
Batang earthquake              1982        6.7     Batang County
Yajiang earthquake             2001         6      Yajiang County

Panzhihua earthquake           2008        6.1     Panzhihua
Number of School Age Children in High
         Earthquake Zones
Near Misses: Long Beach 1933 M6.3
       70 schools collapsed. 120 damaged.
  Schools Disproportionately affected: Field Act
Brief World History of School Collapses
 (Below: Algeria1980, Ecuador 1976, China 1976,Peru 1974)
China’s school designs
             Chinese government revised the building
              code after a major earthquake shattered
              Tangshan, claiming 240,000 lives in 1976.
             The code was upgraded in 1989 and
              dubbed “the 89 standard.”

               The 89 standard spells out detailed
                requirements for construction materials
                and design with a clear goal: Buildings
                should remain intact after minor shaking,
                receive repairable damage after moderate
                shaking, and remain standing after a
                major earthquake.
             Fuxing (Left) school’s blueprint copied
              another school, but with some
              modifications.
             A third floor was added, wall thickness
              was reduced to 24 centimeters from 37
              centimeters, beam sizes were cut back,
              and a slab roof was installed instead of
              tile.
             Most of the changes were made to save
              money.
             Schools after the earthquake




                                   Juyuan Middle School in Dujiangyan city, near
                                   the earthquake's epicenter
  Kindergarten in Chengdu




Xinjian Primary School in Dujiangyan
Desks are seen in the ruins of a
school destroyed Monday's
earthquake, in Dujiangyan, in
China's southwest Sichuan
province Saturday May 17, 2008.
China is to launch an investigation
into why almost 7000 schoolrooms
were destroyed and thousands of
children killed in the earthquake,
after accusations that the schools
were shoddily built. (AP
Photo/Greg Baker)
A student from another school looks through books found in the ruins of the Juyuan Middle
 School, in Dujiangyan, in China's southwest Sichuan province Saturday May 17, 2008. All
but a handful of the school's 900 students were killed when the school collapsed in Monday's
                                         earthquake.
    Parents hold photos of their children during a memorial service for students killed in last week's
earthquake at a primary school in Mianzhu, in China's southwest Sichuan province Wednesday May 21,
2008. Parents held a memorial ceremony Wednesday for the more than 130 students killed when their
             school collapsed in a massive earthquake on May 12. (AP Photo/Vincent Yu)
This kindergarten
was among the
many schools in
the disaster region
that suffered heavy
structural damage.
 Friday May 16, 2008, photo, distributed by the official Chinese news agency Xinhua, shows a dead
student's hand holding a pen tightly in the debris site of Dongqi Middle School in Hanwang Town of
  quake-hit Mianzhu City, southwest China's Sichuan province. (AP Photo/Xinhua, Liu Zhongjun)
                      Best Practices
 Ye Zhiping is the principal of Sangzao
  Middle School Sichuan, saved thousands
  of his students.
 Concerned over the structural integrity of
  school buildings, especially when facing an
  earthquake, he undertook special
  measures, collecting funds to strengthen
  existing structures.
 As a result, all 2,323 students emerged
  unharmed.
 This was in stark contrast to many other
  schools structures, which took a
  disproportionate damage compared to
  other buildings, leading to criticisms of
  government standards for educational
  facilities.
      Some numbers and stuff from the UK’s
            Telegraph- May 12, 2008

• More than 107 people have already been confirmed dead
  in the quake, which caused buildings to sway thousands
  of miles away in Beijing, Taiwan and even Bangkok.
• reports of deaths came from Chongqing in Sichuan
  province, where two primary schools collapsed killing
  four students
• In Beijing, almost 1,400 miles away, buildings swayed for
  two minutes, while the effects were felt all over the
  country. In Shanghai, the Jinmao tower, the country's
  tallest building, was evacuated, along with many other of
  the city's skyscrapers, while residents reported feeling
  the tremors even in Taiwan and Hong Kong.
     Some numbers and stuff from LA Times May
                   19th, 2008

•   Officials said that at least 6,898 schoolrooms had collapsed in Sichuan province,
    where the quake was centered.
•   Since 1990, when China’s seismic building codes were already established,
    thousands of schools have collapsed or sustained major damage, primarily in the
    countryside, according to research by Gao Jianguo, a professor at the Institute of
    Geology under the China Earthquake Administration in Beijing.
•   In 2003, the latest year for which Gao compiled data, earthquakes destroyed or
    damaged more than 2,300 schools that served 425,000 students
•   Gao said one major reason schoolhouses in rural China are vulnerable is that they
    have larger rooms lacking interior roof supports to accommodate class sizes
    of 70 to 80 students.
•   In a northern rural district of Chongqing, about 200 miles from the epicenter, a
    four-story building collapsed at Center Elementary School, killing at least five
    students, according to local media accounts. Yet the apartments and houses behind
    the school were still standing.
•   Lianshan Complete Primary School in Shaanxi province isn’t listed as a dangerous
    school. But its eight classrooms for 314 students and 20 teachers are in brick
    buildings with no concrete beams or pillars, said headmaster Chen Yudong.
                                Stats from MCEER

•   A 7.9M earthquake struck Sichuan Province on Monday, May 12, 2008
•   Aftershocks have been felt from Beijing, China to Bangkok, Thailand
•   145 confirmed aftershocks above level 4, 23 above level 5, biggest 6.1
•   Most damaging earthquake since the 1976 Tangshan disaster
•   View a detailed epicenter map
•   (June 13, 2008) Casualties continue to escalate; present official number is 68,620; 17,445 missing; 374,142
    injured
•   Almost five million homeless
•   Public donations rise to 877 million yuan, $125 million US
•   Quake costs firms $9.5 billion, according to government
•   70 billion yuan ($10.14 billion) reconstruction fund primarily for infrastructure
•   6.0M aftershock Sunday, May 25
•   420,000 homes destroyed in Qingchuan County, Sichuan, following two aftershocks (4.5M and 5.7M) on
    Tuesday, May 27
•   160,000 people evacuated from Tangjiashan quake lake
•   Beichuan - an estimated 80% of buildings in the old town and 60% in the new town have been destroyed
•   143 aftershocks between May 27 noon and May 28 noon; total of 8,911 aftershocks since May 12 - according to
    China Seismological Bureau
•   approximately 30 'quake lakes' created from May 12th earthquake
•   more than 7,000 collapsed schoolrooms

•   For more information http://mceer.buffalo.edu/infoService/disasters/china-earthquake-sichuan.asp
                         Links

• http://peer.berkeley.edu/pdf/NCREE-NewsLtr-
  ReconnaissanceReport-JW-0624.pdf
• A report prepared by was created by the National Center
  for Research of Earthquake Engineering in Taiwan (good
  images)

• http://peer.berkeley.edu/pdf/5-12-Wenchuan-mosalam-
  sitar-new.pdf
• provides some examples of good vs. poor performance,
  catalogs some reconstruction materials and procedures,
  and draws some conclusions about the elements that
  caused failure and collapse during the earthquake.
               Shelby County and Sichuan

          Sichaun Province                     Shelby County
Area             485,000 km2         Area         2,031 km²
                 (187,000 sq mi)                  (784 sq mi)
Population       7,250,000 (2005)    Population   909,000 (2005)
                 180 /km²                         1,189/sq mi
                 (470 /sq mi)                     (459/km²)
Geography        Mountainous         Geography    Flat
Schools          Large rooms (80+)   Schools      Smaller rooms (30-
                                                  40)
number           1000+
                                     number       185
Gary’s ability to sum up.