November | December 2011
Feature title: Algal concentrates in hatchery culture
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F: Algal concentrates Aquaculture UK 2012 F: Algal concentrates
Such algae can then be concen- 23-24 May 2012 Feeding robots
trated via centrifuge then packaged
and stored prior to use.
Aviemore, Scotland
"Anectodal evidence Single feeders
Such a system is flexible in terms suggests that Zoea 2 Centralised feeding
of algal composition in that formula-
tions for fish and shrimp larvae can Syndrome commonly
be tailored to meet the require-
ments of the larvae.
experienced in
These concentrates are easily many hatcheries is
stored and applied to tanks and can
also be used to enhance and enrich nutritional in origin
living feeds such as rotifers and
Artemia nauplii. Its use reduces
but complicated by
the need for mass culture tanks secondary invasion
which can then be turned over to
larval and nursery rearing and also by bacteria or viruses
reduces demand on labour time and
Algal concentrates
equipment.
(Li. Pers. Comm.)"
Larval quality is improved and
development is accelerated, result- Professional Feeding Technology
in hatchery culture
ing in healthier, stronger larvae • Suitable for many types of fish farms
which can be sold at a premium, • Robot feeding unit for up to 240 tanks
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investment. • Centralised pipe feeding system
The UK’s major Aquaculture exhibition and conference • Export/import for production size was five tonne and stocking
Shrimp ZM) as food sources for larvae of group, tank
by John S Clark PhD, Aquatic Animal Health and Nutrition Technical Consultant, Bangkok, Thailand featuring the latest aquaculture products and innovations. white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in
Materials and methods the management systems density at nauplius was 200/litre. As well
Visit www.aquacultureUK.com for further information or
A trial was run comparing live Thailand. as their conventional feeds the test groups
contact info@aquacultureUK.com
Chaetoceros with a commercially available There were three control our website www.arvotec.fi Shrimp ZM two times/day
See treatments were fed on
algal concentrate (Meridens Phyconmmix and three test treatments in each study to Mysis 3 and then three times/day to
Fish_Farming Int_1/8_107X146.indd 1
Your partner in technology, 17/10/2011 12:45
equipment and plants for animal-
C
Good
and aqua feed and petfood.
ulture of uni-cellular composition; the major expense in algal nutrient requirements would seem a logical Agricultural
algae is a pre-requisite culture comes in the nutrient component. progression. Said species of algae can be Practice
for successful operations Algae can require up to 17 different grown in a sterile, hermetically sealed, V AI C UI U M C O A T IE R
I I I I
New Delhi Mexico City Cape Town Sao Paulo Cairo Warsaw Atlanta Bangkok
in hatchery practices for trace components in their culture medium. bio-secure environment, then harvested at
shrimp, crab and most fish. The cost of production is further pre-determined times during the log phase
Providing proficient tools to achieve cost-effective
increased due to the requirement for of growth to optimize nutrient quality and and sustainable aquaculture practices
Problems with algal culture and inherent specialist technicians. Large-scale culture consistency.
disadvantages are described here, with their increases the likelihood of
advantages in many cases being overcome breaches in bio-security, as
by these disadvantages. The current study pathogens can easily be trans-
describes a novel, industrialised approach mitted from nearby culture
to negate these disadvantages and to place tanks or via inadvertent intro-
hatchery culture methods on a more con- duction of insects etc.
sistent and stable platform. Generally speaking, only one Coming Your Way
This strategy was designed and imple- algal species tends to be cul- Everything you need to know about ECOBIOL Aqua
mented by Meriden Animal Health of the tured per single farmed species, Good Agricultural Practice Certification a highly effective single strain probiotic
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The important factors decline and death phases, and
It is estimated that over 40 species of composition can therefore vary
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in low light (cloudy) or rainy conditions. ents required by larval shrimp
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algal culture are temperature, salinity, pH, range of algal species which Bangkok – Thailand, 22/23
6666 ZG Heteren November 2011
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light intensity, photoperiod and nutrient cover the spectrum of larval The Netherlands www.wynveen.com
30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | november-December 2011
10 november-December 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31
11
AN. REV. 90X132.indd 1 02/08/11 13:13
F: Feature
than a single species diet and this will aid in
the protection of target animals.
The improved water quality using
concentrates may simply be a function
of improved shrimp larval health lead-
ing to improved vigour and appetite; it
was noted feed consumption rates were
higher but were non-detrimental to the
larval environment. In such an environ-
ment and with a much more complete,
nutritionally balanced dietary regimen,
it is not surprising that survival, growth,
feed intake and resistance to stress are all
significantly improved.
The developmental and structural
advantages seen in the harvested post-
larvae are of considerable interest to grow
out farmers. In Plate 1 an examination of
PL15 following the manufacturers feeding (see Figure 2) and significantly heavier (see the carapace by SEM reveals the carapace
instructions. Figure 3) than controls, which results in a to be thin and pliable, and therefore more
Survival, length, weight, length/weight significantly more favourable length/weight prone to damage. By contrast, the carapace
ratio, gut/muscle ratio, feed consumption, ratio (see Figure 4). of animals fed on concentrate appears much
hepatopancreatic Vibrio count, formalin Similarly, feed utilisation seems superior denser and stronger, and would therefore
stress test were all recorded during this in that the gut/muscle ratio favours muscle be capable of resisting much more handling
trial. Scanning Electron Microscope studies in the test groups (see Figure 5) and this is stress. Such considerations are of vital
of the harvested post-larvae were also manifested as an increased Artemia nauplius importance to farmers.
conducted. and flake feed consumption (see Figures 6 Even in the case of the compound eye,
The accumulated data allowed for a and 7). the eye seems incomplete in the controls
return on investment calculation to be The final post-larvae are significantly (Plate 3) and this will of course impact on
stronger and more resistant to for- feeding behavior. It seems in general the
malin stress as evinced by survival concentrate fed animals are more devel-
rates displayed in Figure 8. Scanning oped than controls (Plate 4) and therefore
Electron Microscope studies show more suited to the rigours of pond life.
significant differences in exo-skeletal Advantages are therefore not restricted
structure and strength (Plates 1 and to simple survival and growth; there are
2) as well as in development rate of many subtle advantages that may escape
the compound eye (Plates 3 and 4). direct attention but become evident on
Such differences in stress survival deeper study.
and the structural improvement in This developmental advantage is also
the animals fed concentrates has observed in trials with concentrates in the
significance to the grow-out phase of
farming operations.
Finally, cost and return on invest-
nutrition of larval fish. In a recent study
on larval sea bass (Lates calcarifer) apart
from the advantages in terms of survival
Amino Acids
ment figure prominently in the and growth, significant developmental accel- Headquarters Choosing the right nutrients for your Aquafeed
made between the use of live and concen- vocabulary of any hatchery operator. It can eration was observed in development of Evonik Industries AG
Health & Nutrition
trated algae during larval shrimp culture. be seen from Table 1 that use of concen- dentition (Plate 5), taste bud (Plate 6) and feed additives Our amino acids help to
trates does in fact lead to more profitable buccal microbial flora (Plate 7). Rodenbacher Chaussee 4 • replace costly and scarce raw materials
Results production of post-larvae and that this, When factors such as ease of storage, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
• improve protein balance and production efficiency
phone +49 6181 59-2256
By Zoea 2 an obvious size difference was coupled with the many advantages relating ease of use, nutritional consistency, absence fax +49 6181 59-6734 • reduce environmental pollution
noted (Li, pers. Comm.). to ease of use make algal concentrates very of potential pathogens, reduced labour cost
At the same time, controls experienced attractive to hatchery operators. and freeing of tank space are considered Europe & Middle East Africa +49 6181 59-6766
Latin America +49 6181 59-6761
an outbreak of Zoea 2 Syndrome and a alongside the aforementioned performance feed-additives@evonik.com | www.evonik.com/feed-additives
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significant mortality occurred. It was note- Discussion superiority, the future of algal concentrates Asia North +86 10 85 27-6400
worthy that water quality in the test tanks Anectodal evidence suggests that Zoea 2 as a significant tool in hatchery culture Asia South +65 6890-6861
was viewed as superior to that observed Syndrome commonly experienced in many seems secure.
in live controls. This has been mirrored in hatcheries is nutritional in origin but com-
other trials (Pota, pers comm.; Somhathai, plicated by secondary invasion by bacteria Acknowledgements
pers.comm). or viruses (Li. Pers. Comm.). This study, in The author would like to thank all
Figure 1 shows mean survival in the which no outbreak was experienced in the concerned for their support during the
three concentrate treatments to be sig- test groups, would tend to support that development of the products and those
nificantly higher than in the live controls. premise. The nutritional profile of a multi- involved in the demonstration of the prod-
Animals are significantly greater in length algal species diet will be more complete uct performance.
18 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | november-December 2011
32 november-December 2011 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33
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