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							'Generations to
come, it may be,
will scarcely
believe that such
a one as this ever
in flesh and blood
walked upon this
earth'
- Einstein, 1944

One of the greatest
men that ever
walked on the face
of this earth.
Mahatma Gandhi.
The man largely
responsible for
India's freedom
through Ahimsa
from the imperial
British rule after
approximately 190
years.
        GANDHI’S IDEALS


TRUTH
            SATYAGRAHA


    AHIMSA


            SWARAJ
                   TRUTH
• “… 'BEING TRUE' MEANS KEEPING ONE'S IDEALS,
  SOUL, AND THOUGHT INTACT OF ANY
  PROVOCATIONS AND IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCES…”

• WHAT THEN IS TRUTH?

• THAT IT IS WHAT THE VOICE WITHIN TELLS YOU.

• HUMAN MIND IS NOT THE SAME FOR ALL, IT
  FOLLOWS THAT WHAT MAY BE TRUTH FOR ONE
  MAY BE UNTRUTH FOR ANOTHER,
           SATYAGRAHA

• (SATYA) IMPLIES TRUTH
• (AGRAHA) FIRMNESS
• ITS ROOT MEANING IS HOLDING ON TO
  TRUTH, HENCE TRUTH-FORCE.
• GANDHI ALSO CALLED IT LOVE-FORCE OR
  SOUL-FORCE.
• GANDHI ADVOCATED “SELF-SUFFERING”
  AS A MEANS OF PROTEST AGAINST ANY
  WRONG.
              AHIMSA
• LITERALLY SPEAKING, AHINSA MEANS
 NON-VIOLENCE.
• BUT IT HAS MUCH HIGHER, INFINITELY
 HIGHER MEANING.
• NOT TO OFFEND ANYBODY BY ACTION OR
 THOUGHT INCLUDING OWN ENEMY
• WHO FOLLOWS THIS DOCTRINE, THERE
 ARE NO ENEMIES.
                      Swaraj
• If India got freedom from the British by brute force,
  political liberation would be achieved. This is one
  meaning of swaraj or self-rule, a mere absence of
  external rule.
• but there is another deeper meaning which in
  Gandhi's eyes was more important.
•  Another side of Swaraj was a development and
  liberation of self through "self-restraint, self-
  regulation, and self-dependence".
• Gandhi's Swaraj included spiritual freedom.
• For the Indian masses, Gandhi also
  presented Swaraj as "a movement of self-
  purification."
                   Swaraj
• He meant that to achieve spiritual liberation,
  the evils in Indian Society - Hindu-Muslim
  clashes, untouchability, and unequal
  distribution of wealth - would have to be
  conquered and eliminated.
• Swaraj was the banner under which Gandhi
  and his contemporary Indian leaders
  appealed to the minds of the Indian people.
                  Swaraj
• There is another idea that is linked in
  Gandhi's thought to Swaraj and that is
  Swadeshi, which has a range of meaning such
  as self-sufficiency, self-reliance and even
  patriotism.
• Specific expressions of swadeshi during the
  freedom struggle included production of
  khadi to boycott of foreign cloth.
• He also emphasized on the importance of
  change with time and introducing new ideas
  while moving on path of development.
                  Swaraj
• The Swaraj which was achieved at
  independence in 1947 was not true swaraj, in
  a number of respects.
• The greatest disaster was partition of two
  nations on religious basis.
• People who had been neighbours and friends
  became enemies.
• And enmity increased with passage of time to
  a explosive situation
              True Swaraj
• It would be characterised by a relatively
• strong base of nearly self-sufficiency through
  small scale local production activities,
• self-governing villages containing independent,
  well-educated individuals.
• All adults would elect a small body (panchayat)
  to deal with disputes and crime, and also
  relevant political and economic matters.
• Higher education, certain industries and
  services which are desirable but are unable to
  be provided at village level would be provided
  by the larger units.
       Moving away from True Swaraj
• Today most societies are urban,
• In the foreseeable future it seems unlikely that there
  will be a return to the village as the centre of life for
  most people.
• The increasing size of private companies whose
  power extends around the globe and whose purpose
  is primarily to perpetuate their own existence is one
  that Gandhi surely would have been highly critical of.
• The environmental impact of economic activity has
  become much greater in the 50 years since Gandhi's
  death,
• low impact lifestyle is implicit in Gandhi's approach.
• Gandhi's starting point was the individual self
  development to be extended to groups of increasing
  size up to the whole world community.
             Important quotes

• Nature provides enough for everybody's
  needs but not for anybody's greed

• "Recall the face of the poorest and the
  weakest man whom you may have seen and
  ask yourself if the step you contemplate is
  going to be of any use to him.

• In other words, will it lead to Swaraj for the
  hungry and spiritually starving millions?"
        Need for body protection
• Protection of body from the fury of weather (Heat,
  cold, rain) must be need of human being from the
  beginning
• There must be use of animal hides and skin for body
  covering
• Conversion of plant fibres into ropes, twisting of
  plant fibres into yarn and interlacement into fabric
  must have come through creative minds of human
  being.
• These innovations over a period of time led to the
  development of fibre spinning and weaving
  processes for fabric manufacture. Obviously through
  hand spinning and hand weaving operations.
           Rich textile heritage
• Records indicate that cotton was cultivated in
  India 8000 years ago. And the art of spinning
  and weaving was practiced in India 5000
  years ago
• All the fabrics which were produced before
  industrial revolution in 18th century were
  hand spun and hand woven
• India has a very rich a tradition of producing
  exclusive hand spun hand woven fabrics
  even today.
• Such fabrics were named by Mahatma Gandhi
  as khadi fabric during the Swadeshi
  movement for freedom.
           Industrial Revolution
• 1771 first cotton mill in England was established
  followed by dozens of similar mills.
• To keep the mills running cotton was imported from
  India at cheap rates
• In return England exported woven fabric to India at
  high price
• As a result no cotton was available for hand
  spinning and weaving in India.
• millions of spinners and weavers throughout India
  were rendered unemployed.
• Deprived of the only means to earn their livelihood
• Left free to die of starvation.
              Swadeshi Movement
• The unchecked deterioration of Indian economy and
  fast spreading of misery amongst Indian masses,
  specially artisans attracted the attention of patriotic
  leaders
• In 1876 Dadabhai Naoroji published his famous book
  “The poverty of India” exposing the deprivation of
  Indian people by Britishers and the miserable
  existence of Indian people at the verge of starvation.
• All the leaders felt that India’s acute poverty was the
  direct result of destruction of cottage industries by
  British regime.
• The nationalist leaders urged the people to use only
  Indian goods to the exclusion of British goods and
  gave a clarion call for swadeshi.
                         Khadi
• Mahatma Gandhi is not only the father of nation but
  father of khadi.
• In 1908 he discovered Charakha (Spinning wheel) in
  London during discussion with fellow Indians
  regarding the social and political conditions in India.
• “I saw as in a flash that without spinning wheel there
  was no swaraj (Self rule) I knew at once that every
  one has to spin”
• He had a clear vision of his programme of reviving
  ancient industry for economic gains and also as a
  tool of political awakening and achieving freedom.
• He returned to India in 1915 during which swadeshi
  movement and boycott of foreign goods specially
  cloth was going on.
           Khadi (continued…)
• In 1919 Gandhi launched the Khadi programme in
  the country.
• In 1920 Indian national congress decided to
  encourage khadi producing activities.
• 1925 All India spinners association or charkha sangh
  was established.
• Gandhi firmly believed that charkha was his best gift
  to the nation contributing to its all sided
  development economic, political, social and moral
• I may deserve the curse for many mistakes of
  omission and commission but I am confident of
  earning blessings of nation for suggesting a revival
  of charkha, because every revolution of wheel spins
  peace, goodwill and love.
           After independence
• The importance of khadi continued even after
  independence in 1947
• 1948 Government policy on cottage and village
  industries including khadi.
• 1953 All India Khadi and Village Industries Board
• 1957 Khadi and Village Industries Commission
  (KVIC)
• Responsibility: to plan, organize and implement
  the programmes of promoting and developing
  khadi and village industries
                 Present status
• KVIC works under the administrative control of the
  Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries.
• KVIC has a 10 member commission at the policy
  making level.
• one of whom is Chairman),
• Two expert members and
• Two official members (the Chief Executive Officer and
  the Financial Advisor).
• The Chairman, CEO and FA are full time members.
• The head quarters of KVIC is in Mumbai
• It has its State and Regional Offices in all the States.
• It has training, production and Sales centres through
  out the country.
            Present status
• KVIC is having 30 State Khadi and Village
  Industries Board,
• over 3500 institutions and
• over 29000 co-operative societies.
• There are around 14200 sales outlets in the
  country in KVI Sector.
• It is having 46% women participation in its
  activities.
• 30% beneficiaries belongs to SC/ST.
• KVI Boards assist over 5 lakh artisans.
• It has reached 2.35 lakhs villages.
 A COMPARISION OF MILL AND KHADI SECTOR



Sr.                    MILL          KHADI       KHADI AS %
         ITEM
no.                   SECTOR        SECTOR        OF MILL


        SPINDLE                     1.86
1.                 28.09 million                 6.6
       INSTALLED                    million
         YARN
                                    211 lac
2.    PRODUCTION   16230 lac kgs.                1.4
                                    kgs.
       (COTTON)

3.    EMPLOYMENT   10.1 lacs        14.93 lacs   146.4
      FABRIC PRODUCTION (MILION SQ. METER)


Sr.                  ALL            KHADI AS % OF
          ITEM              KHADI
no.                SECTOR             ALL SEC


1.       COTTON     16343   89.22       0.55


2.      WOOLLEN      109    10.61       9.73


3.        SILK       211     5.43       2.57
          Village Industries
• Group-I : Mineral based industry
• Group-II : Forest based industry
• Group-III : Agro based and food industry
• Group-IV : Polymer and chemical based
              industry
• Group-V :Engineering & non-
              conventional energy industry
• Group-VI :Textile industry
• Group-VII :Service industry
       Group-I : Mineral based industry
1. Cottage pottery industry
2. Lime Stone, Lime shell and other Lime products industry
3. Stone Crushing, Crushing Carving and Engraving for Temples
   and Buildings.
4. Utility articles made out of stone
5. Slate and Slate Pencil making
6. Manufacture of Plaster of Paris
7. Utensil Washing Power
8. Fuel Bequeathing
9. Jewellery out of Gold, Silver, Stone, Shell and Synthetic
   materials.
10. Manufacture of Gulal-Rangoli
11. Manufacture of Bangles
12. Manufacture of Paints, Pigments, Varnishes and Distemper
        Group-II : Forest Based Industry
13. Hand Made Paper
14. Manufacture of Katha
15. Manufacture of Gums and Resins
16. Manufacture of Shellac
17. Cottage Match Industry, Manufacture of Fire Works&Agarbatties
18. Bamboo and Cane Works
19. Manufacture of Paper Cups, Plates, Bags & other paper
    containers
20. Manufacture of exercise book binding, envelope making register
    making including all other stationery items made out of paper
21. Khus tattis and broom making
22. Collection, Processing and Packing of Forest Products
23. Photo Framing
24. Manufacture of Jute Products (under Fibre Industry)
Group-III : Agro Based And Food Industry
25. Processing, Packing and Marketing of Cereals, Pulses Spices,
    Condiments, Masala etc.
26. Palmgur and other palm products industry
27. Manufacture of Cane gur and khadisari
28. Bee keeping
29. Fruit and vegetables processing, Preservation and Canning,
    including Pickles
30. Ghani oil industry
31. Fibre other than Coir
32. Collection of Forest Plants and fruits for Medicinal purpose
33. Processing of Maize and Ragi
34. Pith work - Manufacture of Pith Mata and garlands etc.
35. Cashew Processing
36. Leaf Cup Making
37. Menthol
Group-IV: Polymer and Chemical Based Industry
38. Flaying, curing & tanning of hides and skins and ancillary
    industries connected with same and Cottage Leather Industry
39. Cottage Soap Industry
40. Manufacture of Rubber Goods (dipped latex products)
41. Products out of Rexins, PVC etc.
42. Horn and Bone including ivory products
43. Candle, Camphor and sealing wax making
44. Manufacture of Packaging items of Plastics
45. Manufacture of Bindi
46. Manufacture of Mehendi
47. Manufacture of Essential Oils
48. Manufacture of Shampoos
49. Manufacture of Hair Oils
50. Detergents and Washing Power making (Non-toxic)
   Group-V: Engineering and Non-Conventional
                Energy Industry
51. Carpentry
52. Black-smithy
53. Manufacture of House-hold Aluminum Utensils
54. Manufacture & use of manure & methane (gobar gas from cow dung
   & other waste products as flesh of dead animals, night soil etc.
55. Manufacture of Paper, Clips, Safety Pins, Stove pins etc.
56. Manufacture of decorative bulbs, bottles, glass etc.
57. Umbrella assembling
58. Solar and Wind Energy implements
59. Manufacture of hand made Utensil out of Brass
60. Manufacture of hand made Utensils out of Copper
61. Manufacture of hand made Utensils out of Bell Metal
62. Other articles made out of Brass, Copper and Bell Metal
63. Production of Radios
64. Production of Cassette Player whether or not fitted with Radio
Group-V: Engineering and Non-Conventional
             Energy Industry
65. Production of Cassette Recorder with or without Radio
66. Production of Voltage Stabilizer
67. Manufacture of Electronic Clocks and Alarm Time Pieces
68. Carved wood and Artistic Furniture making
69. Tin Smithy
70. Motor Winding
71. Wire Net Making
72. Iron Grills Making
73. Manufacture of Rural transport vehicles such as Carts, Bullock
    Carts, Small Boats, Assembly of Bi-cycles, Cycle-rickshaw,
    motorized carts etc.
74. Manufacture of Musical Instruments
              Group-VI : Textile Industry
75. Polyvastra (Blended fabric)
76. Manufacture of Lok-Vastra Cloth
77. Hosiery
78. Tailoring and Preparation of readymade Garments
79. Batik work
80. Toys and Doll making
81. Thread Balls and Woolen Balling, Lacchi making
82. Embroidery
83. Manufacture of Surgical Bandages
84. Stove Wicks
             Group-VII : Service Industry

85. Laundry
86. Barber
87. Plumbing
88. Servicing of Electrical wiring & Electronic domestic appliances
    and equipments
89. Repairs of diesel engines, pump sets etc.
90. Tyre Vulcanizing Unit
91. Agriculture servicing for sprayers, insecticides, pump sets etc.
92. Hiring of sound systems like loudspeaker, amplifier, mike etc.
93. Battery charging
94. Art Board Painting
95. Cycle repair shops and
96. Masonry.
                           Achievements

                                 Production

                         1956-                                           1994-
                                 1985-86   1991-92   1993-94   1993-94
                          57                                              95

    Khadi Qty. M. sq.
A                        36.20   104.94    109.11    105.26    98.42     136.90
    mtrs

    Value (In Rs.
                         8.23    195.01    328.64    353.64    357.28    445.50
    Crores)

    Village Industries
B   Value (In Rs.        12.72   929.03    2264.13   2523.45   2876.58   3433.5
    Crores)

    Total value (In Rs.
                        20.95    1124.04   2592.77   2876.95   3233.86   3879.0
    Crores)
                          Employment

                          1956-   1985-   1991-   1993-   1993-   1994-
                           57      86      92      94      94      95



A.        Khadi           8.80    13.47   14.20   14.45   13.87   14.50


B.   Village Industries   6.78    25.61   35.96   38.05   39.41   44.30



           Total          15.48   39.08   50.16   52.16   53.28   58.80