Biochemistry
Lesson 1: Intro to Biochemistry, structure & function
Lesson 2: Plasma Membrane (Lipids & Fats)
Lesson 3: Cellular Structures (Proteins)
Lesson 4: DNA (Nucleic Acids)
Lesson 5: Energy in the cell – Mitochondria (Carbohydrates)
Labs:
Mystery Molecules Lab, Intro to Biochemistry
Lipids/Fats: Oils, soap, & water observations
Proteins: Elodea Cell vs. Cheek Cell Lab
Nucleic Acids – Forensic DNA Lab, Fingerprinting, Forensic Video, Wrongly accused,
& Pg 361 in Glencoe Science Book, Problem Solving lab 13.3
DO NOT DO DNA extraction lab, Betty will do this next year.
Carbohydrates: Mono, Di, & Poly saccaride testing
Projects:
Diagrams of animal and plant cells, including a legend that labels and describes the
function of each organelle
Assessment: Final Exam, Biochemistry & Cellular Structure/Function
Lesson 1: Intro to Biochemistry
Instruction:
Macromolecules; large compounds formed by smaller units joining together.
Monomers: smaller units
Polymers: larger compounds
Ie. pieces of a puzzle put together to make a picture.
Carbohydrates: made of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen. Ratio: 1:2:1
Main function: energy supplier for the cells in our body. Some plants & animals
use it for structural purposes
5 – chain carbon + Oxygen, with OH & CH2OH groups
Lipids: made of carbon, hydrogen, some oxygen. Fatty acid (CH2) + glycerol (CHO)
Main function: energy storage, protective membranes, & waterproof coverings
CH2 chains with double bonded oxygen
Proteins: made of animo acids, Amino (NH2) + carboxyl group (COOH)
20 different amino acids found in nature
control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Used to form bones and
muscles and help with disease control in the body.
Nucleic Acids: nitrogenous base, sugar, & phosphate group
Store & transmit genetic information
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Closing Activity:
Foldable Study Organizer
Fold top & bottom of paper to the mid-point on the page. Fold entire paper in half.
Label each of the four sections: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Under each tab, draw the structure, list examples, and list the characteristics of each.
Use Glencoe Biology pg 157
Lesson 2a: Characteristics of Living things
Have students write down 5 characteristics of a living thing.
Organize list of things in the chart below:
Humans Animals Plants All
1) Reproduce
2) Grow (increase in size)
3) Develop (change in structure as it grows)
4) Need food
5) Use energy
6) Made of cells
7) Respond
8) Adapt to environments
Have students write an example of a living thing that does each. Collect examples &
post.
Lesson 2: Lipids & The Cell Membrane
Warm Up Activity:
Review Lab – identify mystery molecules
Starch is a complex carbohydrate
Sucrose – table sugar, disaccharide
Corn Syrup - polysaccharide
We know that fats and water do not mix together. Lipids are hydrophobic. What would
the consequences be if our cells were not surrounded by a hydrophobic macromolecule?
Instructional Activity:
Review structure of lipid – glycerol & fatty acids
Show a picture of a triglyceride
- Triglyceride is a fat that is necessary for the body. In high amounts
this may contribute to heart disease and strokes by clogging arteries
prohibiting blood flow.
- Foods with high triglycerides – saturated fats (fried foods), transfat
(cookies), sugar (soda, fruit drinks)
- Recommended foods with fats – fruit, vegetables, whole grain breads
and pastas (tortillas too!),
Structure of saturated (most hydrogen atoms fatty acid can hold), & unsaturated
(at least one carbon-carbon double bond)
Ask for 3 examples
Ask for 3 characteristics
Cell Membrane – regulates what enters and leaves the cell; also provides protection and
support.
Lipid bilayer – two lipids (hydrophobic), proteins embedded into the bilayer used
for channels and pumps that help move material across the cell membrane.
Carbohydrates are attached to proteins to act as locks that only allow certain molecules to
pass through.
Cell Wall – found in plants; lies outside the cell membrane. Most cell walls allow water
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances to pass through. Provides support and
protection for the cell.
Have students copy the lipid bilayer from computer picture.
- Sometimes called the fluid mosaic model. WHY?
Lesson 3: Cell Membrane Function
Instruction:
Diffusion: movement of a substance from where there is a large amount of it to where
there is a small amount of it.
Demonstrate: spray body spray/perfume/colgne into the classroom, have students raise
their hands when they smell it.
Concentration gradient: difference between solvent/solute ratio between two
different environments.
Ie. 12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water = 4 g/ liter
12 grams of salt in 6 liters of water = 2 g/ liter
First solution has more solvent, thus more concentrated.
Movement of solute molecules from areas with high concentration to low
concentration; once equilibrium is reached, solute moves at the same rate.
Osmosis: diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Water moves across a membrane until equilibrium is reached.
Isotonic: water and solute are same
Hypertonic: more solute than water (above strength)
Hypotonic: less solute than water (below strength)
Demo: sandwich bag w/ starch solution, dropped into an iodine solution (20 minutes)
Facilitated Diffusion: movement of small molecules through the cell membrane via
protein channels in the cell membrane.
Ex. Glucose specific channels in red blood cells, protein “helps” the glucose move
into the cell.
- still move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Active Transport: movement across the cell membrane that requires energy.
Many times, this occurs against the concentration gradient.
Endocytosis: taking material into the cell by means of pockets of the cell
membrane. The pocket breaks loose from the outer portion of the cell membrane and
forms a bubble inside the cell.
Exocytosis: taking material out of the cell.
Lesson 4: Proteins & Cellular Structures
Instruction:
Proteins: Amino acid chains, give chart of 20 amino acids available.
Review structure – amino group (NH2), carboxyl group (COOH)
Handout 4 different pictures of the animal and plant cell
Cell structures and our school analogy
Nucleus – Central Office, contains chromosomes, which carry DNA, runs all processes in
the cell, handles outgoing messages to other parts of the cell
ER – Rough – contains ribosomes, protein synthesis
- Smooth – used to package and ship off vesicles to the golgi, temporary storage for
proteins, pinch off bubble containing protein
Ribosomes – Assembly line workers, float freely in cytoplasm & attached to ER (rough).
Location of protein synthesis
Golgi Apparatus – vesicle fuses with golgi, prepare and store proteins for secretion
Mitochondria – energy suppliers for the cell, contain enzymes that facilitate the release of
energy stored in food
Vacuoles – storage rooms for the cells, made of mostly water, in plants also contain food
molecules, salt, or pigments, glucose, proteins, fats, water
Lysosomes – Recycling Centers, gets rid of unnecessary materials
Centrioles – aid during cell division – make sure that our DNA is in the divided cell
Differences:
Cell Wall – rigid, non living structure; surround the plasma membrane, composed of
cellulose, adds strength to the frame of the cell, encases the cell
Plastids – produce carbohydrates in the cell
Leucoplast: synthesizes and stores starch
Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis
Chromoplasts – give color to the cells
- Lesson 8: Carbohydrate Structure
Monosaccharide – simplest sugar, ex. glucose
Disaccaharide – fructose + glucose = sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharide – starch – plant cells energy storage, glycogen – animal cells energy
storage, cellulose – plants cell walls,
4 carbons – 1 oxygen
Structure:
Glucose – 5 carbon + 1 oxygen
Fructose: 4 carbon + 1 oxygen
Together make sucrose
Lesson 9:
Energy suppliers for the cell
Chloroplasts – structure
- capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy
- Stacks of thylakoids called granum – sunlight is trapped here.
- Fluid inside the chloroplast is called the stroma, which is where photosynthesis
occurs.
- Chlorophyll is the green pigment that traps light energy and gives the leaves and
stems their green color.
- SHOW AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE PICTURE FOR STUDENTS TO
COPY.
Sunlight + CO2 + H2O O2 + cellulose (CH2O)
Light reactions vs. Dark reactions (Calvin Cycle)
During photosynthesis light energy is converted into chemical energy that is used to
reduce Carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates.
Light Dependent Reactions: ATP and NADPH are formed in the thylakoid membranes
within chloroplasts as electrons in chlorophyll molecules are transported through an
electron transport chain. These molecules are used to drive the Calvin Cycle during the
formation of sugars. Water is also split forming O2.
Light Independent Reactions: Carbon dioxide is reduced using electrons from NADPH
and the energy provided by ATP. The reactions of the Calvin Cycle convert inorganic
carbon to organic carbon (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or PGAL) and therefore "Fix" the
CO2.
Mitochondria – structure
- Breaks down glucose molecules to produce energy
- Double membrane, inner and outer
- Inner folds is where glucose is broken down and converted to chemical energy
- SHOW ELECTRON MICROSCOPE PICTURE FOR STUDENTS TO
DIAGRAM
Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Respiration
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate carries energy released by the breakdown of glucose
Energy released when phosphate group breaks off ATP making ADP + P.
Cellular Respiration – 3 stages, Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
(Carbohydrate) Glucose + O2 Carbon Dioxide, water, ATP (Energy)
Breakdown of glucose into 2 Pyruvic Acid 38 ATP, Carbon Dioxide, & water
Glycolysis – anaerobic stage, occurs in cell cytoplasm,
Glucose + 2 ATP 2 Pyruvic Acid, 4 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle or Kreb’s Cycle – aerobic state, begins and ends with citric
acid. Objective is to build NAD+ & FAD+ to carry electrons to Electron Transport Cycle
Pyruvic Acid enters outer membrane of mitochondria and breaks down into CO2 &
Acetic acid.
Acetic acid enters the citric acid cycle. Picks up
Electron Transport Chain – NAD & FAD pass electrons to inner membrane of
mitochondria. Produces 32 ATP.
Fermentation – prevents cell from dying in the absence of oxygen. Results from
exertion, lack of oxygen. So that muscles will continue to work. ATP still produced.
Stops when oxygen becomes available again.
Alcoholic Fermentation
ie. Yeast ferments the sugar in grape juice to produce, ethanol
Yeast is used in bread. CO2 released causing the bread to rise
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Breakdown of glucose into 2 Pyruvic Acid 2 ATP, Carbon Dioxide, & Ethanol
or Lactic Acid
Lesson 6: Nucleic Acids
Review structure of lipids (saturated & unsaturated), proteins (amino acids), & nucleic
acids (nucleotide)
Nucleic Acid structure
Sugar: Deoxyribose & Ribose (5 carbon sugar)
Nitrogen Bases: Purines & Pyramidines
Phosphate Group:
Show how all attach together to make DNA & RNA
Lesson 7: DNA structure & Function
Warm up Activity
De-code this message:
deoxyribonucleic acid dna is like a code that reveals the genetic makeup of every person
Using the following key:
a=b=c=d=e=f=g=h=i=j=k=l=m=
n=o=p=q=r=s=t=u=v=w=x=y=
z=
Nucleotides in DNA are joined together in a long chain, see Fig. 7-2, bonded to a
phosphate group and sugar (deoxyribose).
Structure of DNA
Double Helix: twisted ladder, Fig 7-4
Sugar: Deoxyribose
Phosphate Group
Complimentary base pairs: nucleotides: A-T & G-C
Structure of RNA
Single Strand copy of DNA
Sugar: Ribose
Phosphate Group
Complimentary base pairs: A-U & G-C
Closing Activity:
Diagram or flash cards activity
Characteristics of DNA
- Unique to every individual
- Found in all of our cells
-
Forensic Science
What is forensic science?
- Using science in court cases.
List 3 ways forensic science is used in court cases.
- Paternity Tests
- Murder Trials
- Verify deceased people
Difference between physical evidence vs. dna evidence
- Physical – fingerprints, clothes, foot prints,
- DNA – hair, blood, urine, semen
- Advantages of each?
TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)