Buscando a vida fora da Terra Além do Sistema Solar

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Shared by: Lingjuan Ma
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Buscando a vida fora da Terra: Além do Sistema Solar Exoplanets Extrasolar planets • Extrasolar planets=Exoplanets= planets around stars other then the Sun • Planets are the environments for the origin and evolution of life. • Giordano Bruno: “There are countless suns and earths all rotating around their suns in exactly the same way as the seven planets of our system..” (1584) • First confirmed planet – 51 Pegasi on October 1995 by Mayor and Queloz (1995) Which type of star? Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) Diagram http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/space/stellardeath/stellardeath_1ai.html Prospects for finding habitable planets • Best candidates are F, G, and early K-type stars, i.e., stars not too different from the Sun • Early-type stars (blue stars) – High UV fluxes – Short main sequence lifetimes • Late-type stars (red dwarfs) – M-class – Tidal locking – Lots of flares Detection of the Extrasolar Planets • Direct detection: Large and hot planets with significant separation from a parent star • Indirect detection: 1) Astrometry (changes in a star’s position) 2) Radial velocity (variation in stellar speed) 3) Transits (changes in stellar luminosity) 4) Gravitational microlensing 348 planets 295 planetary systems 37 systems with multiple planets 59 planets 11 planets 9 systems 1 multiple 1 planet 8 planets 7 systems 1 multiple 321 planets 274 systems 33 multiples 7 planets 4 systems 2 multiple Extra-Solar Planets Catalog (http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php). Last update: 30/05/2009 Detection of PlanetsDirect Imaging 2M1207 e 2M1207b Planets discovered by direct detection Detection of PlanetsRadial Velocity Method Instrumentos utilizados na descoberta de exoplanetas – velocidade radial Telescópio de 3,6m do ESO, em La Silla, Chile, a 2400m de altitude 305 planets were detected by radial velocity technique as of November 2008 Planets discovered by radial velocity Detection of PlanetsTransit Method Instrumentos utilizados na descoberta de exoplanetas – trânsitos 100,000 observed stars, ~150 new telluric planets Planets discovered by transit • Foreground star acts like a lens, magnifying the light of a distant background star. • This effect occurs only when the two stars are almost exactly aligned. • If the foreground lensing star has a planet, then that planet's own gravitational field can affect the lensing effect. 8 planets detected. Planets discovered by gravitational microlensing Primeiro Planeta descoberto por Astrometria (30/05/2009) CoRoT discovers “super Earth” (02/09/2009) CoRoT-Exo-7b R ~ 1.7 REarth T ~ 1000-1500 oC Astrônomos fazem 1ª foto de um sistema extra-solar Folha Online 14/11/2008 - 10h23 Dois grupos independentes de astrônomos anunciam hoje ter conseguido avistar diretamente planetas orbitando outras estrelas. Esses corpos celestiais que orbitam outras estrelas já haviam sido detectados de modo indireto e até fotografados antes, mas as imagens obtidas dependiam de confirmação. Agora, os exoplanetas foram flagrados se movendo ao redor de suas estrelas. Exoplaneta de Fomalhaut Fomalhaut b Exoplanetas de HR 8799 M/MJup <3 HR 8999d M/MJup =10 HR 8999d HR 8999d 10 7 Astrônomos descobrem planeta que pode ser habitável Folha Online 24/04/2007 - 22h44 Astrônomos encontraram um planeta fora do nosso Sistema Solar que é potencialmente habitável, com temperaturas parecidas com as da Terra. A descoberta foi considerada um grande passo na procura por vida extraterrestre. O planeta tem o tamanho certo, pode ter água em forma líquida e, em termos de Universo, está relativamente perto, a cerca de 20,5 anos-luz da Terra. Ele gira em torno de uma anã vermelha --uma estrela muito menor, menos luminosa e mais fria que o nosso Sol-chamada de Gliese 581. O planeta, batizado de Gliese 581c, foi descoberto pelo telescópio do Observatório Europeu do Sul (ESO) em La Silla, no Chile. Sistema planetário de Gliese 581 O novo planeta é cinco vezes mais pesado que a Terra. Não se sabe ainda se ele é rochoso como a Terra ou se é uma esfera de gelo, com água líquida na superfície. Se for rochoso, que é o que a teoria prevalecente propõe, tem um diâmetro cerca de 1,5 vez maior que o do nosso planeta. Se for uma esfera de gelo, seria maior ainda. Instrumentos utilizados da descoberta de Gliese 581c Telescópio de 3,6m do ESO, em La Silla, Chile, a 2400m de altitude Quem descobriu Gliese 581c? Uma equipe de onze astrônomos da Suíça, França, e Portugal. Esta equipe faz parte do grupo liderado por Michel Mayor, do Observatório de Genebra, na Suíça, responsável pela descoberta de 89 exoplanetas (até 4/6/2007) Há 242 exoplanetas descobertos até essa data Michel Mayor O Estranho Sistema Solar de Gliese 581 Planeta Massa “Ano” Distância Gliese 581b 15 MTerra 5,4 dias 6 milhões km Gliese 581c 5 MTerra 13 dias 11 milhões km 38 milhões km  Gliese 581d 15 MTerra 84 dias Distância “certa” para água líquida (temperatura= 0-40 C) Por que Gliese 581c seria habitável? Água Líquida !!!!  Zona Habitável R Mundos Extraordinários Gliese 581c – um mundo aquático? Um planeta de classe Aurélia? Um lado, dia para sempre Outro lado, noite eterna Blue Moon orbiting a Hot Jupiter HD 188753 Ab (2005) •Período(B-C)=156 dias •Período(BC-A)=25.7 anos •Período(P-A)=3.3 dias How Will We Know A Planet Supports Life? Look for evidence of oxygen Look for liquid water Analyze the reflected light from the planet to see if the planet has an atmosphere Look for signs of biological activity (methane) And Rule Out Other Explanations? 17 NIMS Data (from Galileo) (‘A’ band) Sagan et al. (1993)* *But credit Toby Owen for pointing this out (1980) NIMS data in the near-IR • Simultaneous presence of O2 and a reduced gas (CH4 or N2O) is the best evidence for life *Credit Joshua Lederburg and James Lovelock for the idea (1964) Sagan et al. (1993)* Thermal IR spectra Source: R. Hanel, Goddard Space Flight Center Possibility of remote detection of life Explore the contrast star/planet in thermal IR (Des Marais et al. 2002, Segura et al. 2003) Window at 8-12 μ m: Tsurface Porto de Melo et al., Astrobiology, 2006 > 106 H2O 6.3 μm + 12 μm band CH4 7.7 μm O3 9.6 μm CO2 15 μm Darwin Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) Visible or thermal-IR? TPF-C ≈ 1010 TPF-I ≈ 107 • Contrast ratio: 1010 in the visible 107 in the thermal-IR • Resolution:  = /D • Required aperture: ~8 m in the visible 80 m in the IR Courtesy: Chas Beichman, JPL Evolution of the TPF Flight Design Concepts • The original idea was to fly a thermal infrared interferometer on a fixed 80-m boom, similar to SIM, but bigger (and cooled) • Disadvantages: – Vibrations – Fixed baseline TPF-I (or Darwin): Free-flying IR interferometer • This idea has now evolved into a free-flying interferometer, similar to ESA’s proposed Darwin mission • Advantages: good contrast ratio, excellent spectroscopic biomarkers • Disadvantages: needs cooled, multiple spacecraft TPF-C: Visible/near-IR coronagraph • It may be easier, however, to do TPF in the visible, using a single telescope and spacecraft • Advantages: single spacecraft and telescope • Disadvantages: high contrast ratio between planet and star An Integrated Program of Planet KEPLER Finding Science Navigator Survey of distant stars for Earths Program Optical signs of habitable worlds KECK Survey of nearby stars for dust and giant planets TPF-C Cancelled Mid-infrared signs of habitable worlds LBTI ARE THERE OTHER SOLAR SYSTEMS LIKE OUR OWN? PLANET DETECTION • Nearby giant planets • Young, hot Jupiter's 1 Delayed 3 yrs SIM Masses and orbits of large terrestrial planets TPF-I Cancelled ARE THERE OTHER HABITABLE WORLDS? PLANET CHARACTERIZATION • Planet chemistry in visible and infrared • Presence of water • Radius • Surface gravity and temperature • Atmospheric conditions • Biomarkers JWST Overcost •Young Jupiters •Transit Follow-up •Debris Disks 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 TPF summary • NASA’s proposed TPF mission (or ESA’s Darwin mission) may eventually be able to locate Earth-sized planets around other stars and take either visible or thermal-IR spectra of their atmospheres • O2 (or O3) and CH4 have absorption bands in both wavelength regions that may be used as potential indicators of extraterrestrial life But, • We need other bioindicators for reduced, early-Earth type atmospheres

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