Pee
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
The hearts were irradiated
IEEE Trans from the bottom of
pulsed organ
Abbate, M.; EVALUATION OF PULSED Microw the holder by using a tapered
Universita di (heartbeat medical > 10 - 40 (heart of chick, part: organ
1 Abbate, M. Tine, G.; Italy
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Universita di Palermo, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
1996 MW INFLUENCE ON Theory Tech 2.45 2.45 none 2.3 2.3 nn nn nn /3 nn nn nn near-field acute continuous 0 nn nn
Palermo frequency application open coaxial section improved minutes 9 - 12 day old heart (cardio-vascular)
Zanforlin, L. ISOLATED HEARTS 44 with a matching
modulated) embryos)
(10 pt. 2) set-up.
PARTIAL-BODY EXPOSURE
OF HUMAN VOLUNTEERS 1 exp: 3
Adair, E. R.; Bioelectro- horn antenna 6 (36-68 yr
AFRL/HEDR, TO 2450 MHz PULSED OR 27; 27; /5,94; clearly males, pw;
2 Adair, E. R. Mylacraine, K. S.; AFRL/HEDR, 8315 Hawks Rd., Bldg. 1162, Brooks AFB, TX 78235-5324, e-mail:eleanor.adair@he.brooks.af.mil (RR/E.R.A., B.L.C.); Veridian, Inc.,65
USA 2001 magnetics 2.45 2.45 none 10000 10000 65 Brooks AFB, TX (K.S.M.)
pulsed nn nn cw = pw nn Cober Electronics model far-field 45 minutes acute continuous 1 human olsd) + 7 (41- whole body thermo-regulatory
Brooks AFB CW FIELDS PROVOKES 35 35 /7,7 above 2exp: 5 males
Cobb, B. L. 22(4) 6823 Klystron amplifier 68 yr old)
SIMILAR cw
THERMOREGULATORY
RESPONSES
EFFECT OF EM RADIATION
IN DECIMETRE Biophysics cell
Alekseev, S. I.; below /
USSR Academy WAVELENGTH (Engl Transl 0,5 - pulsed (neurones of the cell
3 Alekseev, S. I. Il'in, V. I.; Tyazhelov, USSR
Instit. of Biological Physics, USSR Academy of Sciences, Pushchino (Moscow Region), USSR
1987 0.9 0.9 none 0.5 nn nn nn nn 0,2 - 20 cw = pw close to / nn waveguide chamber near-field 10 minutes acute continuous 0 nn nn cell
of Sciences RANGE ON CALCIUM Biofizika) 1000 (AM) nerve ring of (nervous)
V. V. above
CURRENT OF MOLLUSK 31(2) Limnea stagnalis)
NEURONES
1;
6;
Philippova, T. M.;
MW EFFECT ON CAMPHOR Bioelectro- 16; below / cell
Novoselov, V. I.; USSR Acad. of nn 0,5 - 18 standard waveguide cell: cell
4 Alekseev, S. I. Physics,
Inst. of Biological USSR USSR Acad.BINDING TO142292 Pushchino, Moscow Region, USSR (RR/T.M.P.)
1988 of Science, RAT magnetics 0.9 0.9 none 1 32; nn nn pulsed nn cw = pw close to / nn near-field nn nn nn 0 (olfactory tissue of nn nn
Bystrova, M. F.; Science olfactory tissue (sensoric)
OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM 9(4) 50; above rat)
Alekseev, S. I.
75;
100
1;
Influence of MW on different 6;
Philippova, T. M.; Russian Bioelectro- below / cell
types of receptors and the role 16; pulsed nn e.g. nn cell
5 Alekseev, S. I. Novoselov, V. I.; Academy of Institute of Cellular Biophysics, 1994
Russia Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, Moscow Region.0.9
magnetics 0.9 none 1 nn nn nn 0,5 - 18 nn close to / nn nn e.g. 15 min acute continuous 0 (hippocampus; liver nn nn cell
of peroxidation of lipids on 32; (rectangular) 1,0 (nervous, digestive)
Alekseev, S. I. Sciences 15(3) above of rat)
receptor-protein shedding 75;
100
1;
4;
bilayer lipid
8;
Temple Univ. MILLIMETER MW EFFECT membranes
Bioelectro- 53 - 78 12; rectangular
Alekseev, S. I.; Medical Sch.; ON ION TRANSPORT pulsed clearly (formed from
6 Alekseev, S. I. USSR Temple Univ. Medical Sch., 3400 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA19140 (RR/M.C.Z.); Inst. of Cell Biophysics,nn
Center for Biomedical Physics,1995 magnetics 54 76 (1 GHz 1 16; Acad. of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region,142292 Russia (S.I.A.)
Russian nn / 0,02 nn 2000 cw = pw nn nn 5 minutes acute continuous 0 nn nn model system physical model system
Ziskin, M. C. Russian Acad. ACROSS LIPID BILAYER (square) above waveguide outlet phosphatidylcholine
16(2) step) 32;
of Sciences MEMBRANES. and cholesterol in
60;
decane)
100;
1000
A. N. Marzeev
"P-37" 30 or 45
Research Inst. 0,01; rat organ (endocrine);
Antipenko, E. Antipenko, E. N.; CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS Dokl Biol Sci 2,375 2,75 close to / "Luch-58" apparatus in days
7 of General and USSR
A. N. Marzeev Research Inst. of General and Communal Hygiene, Kiev, USSR
1988 none 300 300 2.7 2.7 pulsed nn 0,05; nn cw = pw nn nn temporary intermittent 0 (3-5 mo old male nn whole body cell
N. Koveshnikova, I. V. OF MW OF NONTHERMAL 296(3) (CW) (PW) above apparatus an anaechoic for 7
Communal 0,5 mongrel) (digestive)
INTENSITY IN MAMMALS chamber hours/day.
Hygiene
45 days,
A. N. Marzeev
CHANGES IN BODY 0,01; 7h/d (2.375
Res. Inst. 0,01; rat
Antipenko, E. Koveshnikova, I. V.; WEIGHT OF RATS DURING Radiobiologiia 0,546 2,75 2,375 0,05; above / "Luch-58" GHz and
8 General and USSR
A. N. Marzeev Res. Inst. General and Communal Hygiene, Kiev, USSR
1988 nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 0,05; nn cw = pw nn P-37 device nn temporary intermittent 0 (random-bred female, male nn whole body whole organism
N. Antipenko, E. N. IRRADIATION WITH MW OF 28(4) (PW) (PW) (CW) 0,06 close to apparatus 2.750) and
Communal 0,06 albino)
NONTHERMAL INTENSITY 14 hours/day
Hygiene
(546 MHz)
Marzeev
THE PARTICIPATION OF rat
Scientific Res. organ (endocrine);
Antipenko, E. Koveshnikova, I. V.; THYROID HORMONES IN Radiobiologiia 2,45 2,75 7 hours/day, (mature, white
9 USSR
Marzeev Scientific Res. Inst. of General and Communal Hygiene, Kiev, Ukraine
Inst. of General 1991 none 400 400 2.7 2.7 pulsed nn 0.5 nn cw = pw above nn nn nn temporary intermittent 0 nn nn whole body cell
N. Antipenko, E. N. MODIFYING THE 31(1) (CW) (PW) 30 days mongrel,
and Communal (digestive)
MUTAGENIC EFFECT OF MW 3 mo-old)
Hygiene
CAN ELECTROMAGNETISM
0,22 -
Balanovski, E.; ACCOUNT FOR Nature 0,001; tuneable RF source;
10 Balanovski, E. Dept. Mathematics, King's Coll., London WC2, UK
King's Coll. UK 1978 0.22 17 0,95; nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn cw = pw nn nn nn nn nn nn 1 human nn nn whole body whole organism
Taylor, J. G. EXTRASENSORY 276(5683) 0,005 tuneable MW source
6 - 17
PHENOMENA?
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 1 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Previous no heartbeat modification; cardiac frequ. shifted Therefore, the authors concluded dragging phenomena of MWs: nn nn ´-(heartbeat ´-(heartbeat
experiments towards pulse rep. rates but maintained its that any heartbeat increase was based on effects on the modification) modification); ↕+
showed that characteristic frequency distribution; not related to temperature sodium-potassium and (dragging effect)
applied modulated variations. Dragging and sodium-calcium exchange
microwaves (MWs) regularization effects, observed processes.
heart frequency (instantaneous, external could capture and when
dragging effects, MW regularization fix Ringer no EXP CVS in vitro entrain the beat of organ function no -/- nn the samples were irradiated for
effects), interbeat fluctuations solution an isolated chicken short periods, appeared during
embryo heart when longer irradiation periods as well
the modulation and lasted through the entire
frequency was exposure time.
slightly faster than
Tes- at the the authors
Theunperturbed Minimal changes in Tes and MHP; no reliable The authors concluded that partial nn sham exposure nn ´- (Tes); ↕+ (Tsk) ´- (Tes); ↕+ (Tsk)
subjective judjements; deep body atrium of examined differences between the effects of CW and PW body exposure of adult humans to
temp(Tes) and average skin temp the heart; thermoregulatory irradiation; Tes did not exceed 0.1 C, which falls CW or PW 2,450-MHz RF
(Tsk) (Luxtron probe).; Tsk- at responses of within the variability range of the Luxtron probe. radiation does not stimulate
ventral humans to partial- Local Tsks showed similar power density dependent increases in Tes. As was the case
Metabolic heat production(MHP) yes at upper body trends for CW and PW irradiation with only one in two previous studies (Adair et al.
(oxygen and carbon dioxide fixed thigh, left RES; in vivo irradiation with exception. The Tsk measured at the upper back 1998 and 1999), the magnitude of
yes EXP thermoregulation no -/- nn
fractions in expired air); ambient upper TMP probands pulsed wave (PW) (facing the antenna) was significantly greater during the measured thermophysiological
T° chest, or continuous wave PW than during CW irradiation. Local sweat rates responses was power density-
local skin blood flow(SkBF) ventral left (CW) and SkBFs were both Ta- and power density- dependent and related to the
(Dopplerflowmeters); forearm, radiofrequency dependent, and showed greater inter-subject prevailing thermal environment.
left upper (RF) radiation. variability than other measures between CW and There is no clear evidence for a
local sweating rates back, Two experiments PW exposure. The subjective judgments made differential response to CW and
central were conducted, during the experiments generally matched measured PW RF radiation. Experiments
A number of Increase in the calcium current were proportional to The temperature The authors calculated the heating nn nn nn ↑+ (calcium current) ↑+ (calcium current)
studies have the SAR only and did not depend on the parameters change values effect of MWF exposure in
suggested that of modulation. A solution flow speed of 2-3 ml/min computed from the comparison to the temperature
calcium flux in abolished any significant response to microwave increment of calcium coefficient (Q10) of the calcium
neural tissue may radiation. current somewhat current, and concluded that the
be very sensitive to exceed the effects of MWF can be attributed
intracellular dialysis to the effects of experimental value for to a thermal effect.
external BMP; amplitude- the change in
follow the calcium current of fix yes EXP in vitro membrane function no -/-
solution CEF modulated, low- temperature which
mollusk neurones
intensity might indicate
microwave fields selective overheating
(MWF). In an of the cells in the
attempt to isolate MWF, but is more
the specific likely only the
components of the consequence of
MWF effect, the measurement errors.
In order to assess MW irradiation markedly decreased specific 3H- The authors conclude that ligand Mechanism for MW binding nn nn ↓++(specific ligand ↓++(specific ligand
possible effects of camphor binding in membrane suspensions while binding inhibition occurs only in inhibition: the formation of field binding) binding)
an electromagnetic nonspecific 3H-camphor binding was not affected. intact membranes in this model. gradients within the ´- (non-specific ligand ´- (non-specific ligand
field on ligand Inhibition of 3H-camphor binding was not modulation- heterogenous regions of the binding) binding)
binding of camphor to the isolated binding to receptor frequency dependent and was not a linear function membranes activates some
BMP; elements, the of SAR. The mean reduction was 44.9% at a SAR membrane enzymes which
membrane fraction of olfactory fix nn no EXP in vitro membrane function no -/- none
SEN effects of of 3 W/kg. Receptor binding inhibition was the induce shedding of specific
epithelium
microwave (MW) same at control temperatures of 10, 20, and 37 C. membrane proteins into
irradiation on solution.
the binding of
camphor to the
isolated membrane
The effects of a Binding of ligands to cell membranes was nn Enzymatic peroxidation of nn nn ↕+ (bindings of ↕+ (bindings of ligands
continuous wave or differentially affected by exposure to microwaves. lipids in localized areas of ligands to cell to cell membranes
pulse-modulated, Under the same field conditions, binding of ligands receptor binding remain a membranes were were differentially
900 MHz depends on the type of ligand and membranne. possibility for a mechanism. differentially affected) affected)
microwave field Binding is not dependent on modulation or on a
were studied by in change in the constant of stimulus-receptor binding
BMP;
binding of ligands to cell membranes nn nn nn EXP in vitro vitro assays of rat membrane function no -/- but depended on a shedding of the membrane's nn
CEF
chemoreceptors. receptor elements into solution. The magnitude
The pulsed field of inhibition correlated with the oxygen
was modulated as concentration in the exposed suspension.
rectangular waves Antioxidants (dithiothreitol and ionol) inhibited the
at rates of 1, 6, 16, shedding of receptor elements. The microwave
32, 75, or 100 pps. exposure did not cause an accumulation of
The effects of capacitance: The capacitance of unmodified BLM The authors concluded that all nn nn nn ↕+ (TPhB) ↕+ (TPhB)
millimeter waves decreased reversibly 1.2 +/- 0.5% after CW MMW-induced changes in ↕(+) (Gramicidin) ´- (Gramicidin) change (cw)
(MMW) on the irradiation (61.22 GHz, 20 mW) for 5 min. BLM membrane capacitance and
capacitance and modified by 2 different concentrations of TPhB currents
conductance of showed a reversible increase of 5 +/- 1% in the were equivalent to heating by
bilayer lipid membrane current. Similar results were obtained approximately 1.1 C, and were
membranes after irradiation for 5 min at other frequencies in the therefore
(BLM), formed from 54-76 GHz range with a 1 GHz step lead. No thermal in nature and without
physical phosphatidylcholine "resonance-like" characteristics.
capacitance; in the resonance-like effects on membrane capacitance,
fix yes EXP PHY model and cholesterol in membrane function -/- yes nn
conductance sample ionic channel currents, or TPhB transport were
system decane, was detected.
reported in this
paper. Consistent with a thermal explanation, PW and
The BLM were 10(- CW irradiation at the same average temporal
5) mm in thickness. powers effected the same changes in TPhB
Some membranes transport.Changes correlated with a temperature
were modified with rise of 1.1 +/- 0.1 C at an output power of 20 mW
gramicidin A or measured at the waveguide outlet. The rate of
amphotericin B,
A direct temperature rise was 0.48 +/- 0.04 C/sec. was
The cytogenetic effect of MW irradiation The authors suggest that it involves nn nn nn ↕+ (cytogenetic ↕+ (cytogenetic
cytogenetic effect found to vary with the intensity. Reduced a stimulation of genetic repair as a effects vary with the effects vary with the
of low-level number of aberrations at 10 or 50 uW/cm2, and an result of enhanced production of intensity; reduction of intensity; reduction of
microwave (MW) increase in aberrant hepatocytes at 500 uW/cm2. thyroid hormones. aberrations and aberrations and
number of cells with chromosomal irradiation would The mutagenic increase is equivalent to an ionizing increase in aberrant increase in aberrant
END; in vivo -> not be expected hepatocytes) hepatocytes)
aberrations (in late anaphase and nn nn nn EXP genotoxicity no -/- radiation dose of 0.5 Gy in rats of the same series. nn
GEN vitro because of the low Removal of the thyroid gland led to the loss of the
early telophase)
energy potential of antimutagenic effect of MW irradiation. The
such radiation, antimutagenic effect of MW radiation cannot be
however an explained by faster removal of damaged cells.
indirect effect may
be possible though
The effects of long- Exposure to MW resulted in growth delay throughout The authors suggest that the nn shelf control nn ↓+(body weight) ↓+(body weight)
term exposure to the entire experiment. The decrease in weight gain observed changes in body weight
microwaves (MW) was observed after irradiation with both the CW and were associated with MW-induced
body weight nn nn nn EXP GRO in vivo of nonthermal growth no -/- PW MWs at all three frequencies over the 10-60 nn stimulation of thyroid gland function.
intensity uW/cm2 PFD range. Significant differences
were studied in (p ´-(mutagenic
chromosome aberrations nn nn nn EXP white mongrel rats. genotoxicity no -/- PW and CW is enhances the mutagenic effect of nn shelf control ↑+(mutagenic effect) ↑+(mutagenic effect)
GEN vitro effect)
(HCAI) In the first series, insignificant microwaves, while normal function
animals were of the thyroid gland is an important
exposed to condition for the stabilization of
continuous 2450 chromosome integrity.
MHz microwaves
(CMW). The
animals
were divided into
Electromagnetic changes of the no indication on human sensitivity to EM radiation,
sensivity;
(EM) detectors neurological both PW and CW MW or RF, was found in humans ´- (sensitivity to low
EM emission from subjects in vivo ´- (sensitivity to low
nn nn nn EXP HYP covering a wide system; no -/- with extrasensory phenomena nn nn nn nn nn levels of EM
performing probands levels of EM radiation)
range of physiology radiation)
alleged extrasensory phenomena
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. frequencies were Seite 2 von 100
2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
used to search for
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn athermal
nn thermal
nn thermal
nn nn
nn nn
yes thermal
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 3 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAP
HIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL organ
Baranski, S.; Acta Physiol
11 Baranski, S. nn nn Poland 1967 STUDIES ON THE EFFECT 3 3 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 5-7 nn nn above nn nn nn nn chronic nn nn nn nn nn nn (nervous;
Edelwejn, Z. Pol 18(4)
OF MW ON THE CENTRAL thermo-regulation)
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Histological and histochemical
effect of MW irradiation on the Am J Phys
12 Baranski, S. Baranski S. nn nn Poland 1972 nn nn none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn whole organism
central nervous system of Med 51 (4)
rabbits and guinea pigs
RF cavity
Research
amplifier
State Univ. of (model
New York; 10W1000M7) 34 birds (133
Univ. of RESPONSES OF NEURONS driven by an zebra finches neurons) cell:
Beason, R. C.; Neurosci Lett /0,1; 0,5 nn HP 8350A cell
USA Columbus Ave., Sandusky, OH 44870 (present address/R.C.B.); Dept. ofZoology, J. W.217
v. Ave., Monroe, LA 71209, e-mail: beason@ulm.edu (RR/R.C.B.);USDA/APHIS/WS/WRC, 61002002
13 Beason, R. C. Louisiana at TO AN AMPLITUDE 0.9 0.9 none Goethe Univ., Siesmayerstrasse 70, 60054 Frankfurt a.M., Germany (P.S.)
217 nn nn pulsed nn nn nn 0.05 nn below nn nn 10 minutes acute continuous 0 (Taenopygia nn neurons of the
Semm, P. 333(3) sweep (nervous)
Monroe; MODULATED MW STIMULUS guttata) cw: 3 avian brain
J. W. Goethe oscillator neurons
Univ. with an HP
83522A RF
unit set at 900
MHz.
Amplitude
modulation of
Birenbaum L; J Microw
Kaplan IT; Power
part:
14 Birenbaum L Metlay W, Rosenthal nn nn Canada 1969 Effects of MW on the rabbit eye 4 (4); 5.5 5.5 70 nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 rabbit nn nn sensoric
eye
SW; IEEE Trans
Schmidt H; Biomed Eng
Zaret MM 16(1)
Birenbaum L;
MW and infra-red effects on
Kaplan IT; J Microw part:
heart rate, respiration rate and nn clearly nn cardio-vascular
15 Birenbaum L Metlay W; nn nn Canada 1975 Power 2.8 2.8 1000 1000 1.3 1.3 pulsed nn 20 20 cw = pw nn nn nn nn nn 0 rabbit nn nn entire dorsal
subcutaneous temperature of above respiratory
Rosenthal SW; 10 (1) surface
the rabbit
Zaret MM
Pacific
0,0001 -
Northwest human part:
LOW POWER RF AND MW Physiol 0,96 wire rod whole organism
Center for the 9,6 2 on -13 -10 -9 clearly open nn (men and women, torso;
16 Bise, W. Northwest USA OR 97222
PacificBise, W. Center for the Study Non-Ionizing Radiation, Box 22053, Portland, EFFECTS ON HUMAN
1978 Chem Phys 0.0001 (cw) nn nn 2 pulsed nn 10 - 10 10 nn cw pw nn "Romashka" device (Russia) nn 5 minutes acute continuous 0 nn 30,000 cell
A. Lindt, T. A.; Univ. 16; 0,12; 0,24; below (pw) Cantor S.; at (embryo)
IRRADIATION ON 41(4)
Evdokimov, E. V. 22; 0,36; 0.5 / sensitive age: 15 hr,
DROSOPHILA EMBRYOS
40 (second 10 min)
experiment)
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 4 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Es wurde eine Die chronische Exposition bei Mikrowellen innerhalb
Reihe von EEG- des 10 cm Bandes (Leistungsflussdichte 7
und mW/cm²), die nicht die Temperatur erhöht, erzeugt
morphologischen sowohl funktionelle als auch morphologische
Untersuchungen Änderungen. Ihre Stärke nimmt zu, wenn Das Nicht-Vorhandensein
morphological/ histopathological durchgeführt, um Pulsmodulation und keine kontinuierliche Modulation erkennbarer funktioneller und
changes in brain-tissue-cuts rectal; at den Einfluss einer angewendet wird. Das Nicht-Vorhandensein einer morphologischer Änderungen nach
(Hämatoxylin-Eosin-Färbung; Nissl- the Mikrowellen- großen Wirkung einer einzelnen Mikrowellen-
morphological and Exposition bei 3 cm Mikrowellen ist
Färbung); cerebrall EOR; nn Exposition auf das Exposition (Leistungsflussdichte 5-7 mW/cm²) und
pathological ein Nachweis für die Abhängigkeit ↑+ ↑++
effects on the neurologic system yes cortex yes EXP NES; (in vivo; in -/-
Zentralnervensyste yes die gleichzeitige Verstärkung der Änderungen, wenn nn nn nn nn amplification (pw)
changes; der Wirkung von der Wellenlänge. thermal effect athermal effect
(EEG); Thermoregulation surface; TMP vitro) m zu untersuchen. die Dauer der Exposition verlängert wird, deutet auf
thermoregulation Dies wiederum scheint mit der
(Rectaltemp.; Temp. of the surface subcutaneo Es wurde der die Möglichkeit der Kumulation der angewendeten Absorption der Energie über das
of the cerebrale cortex and in us Unterschied der Dosen hin. Der negative Effekt einer einzelnen Oberflächen-Gewebe verbunden
subcutane tissue of the head) Wirkung von einem Mikrowellen-Exposition gleichwertiger Länge hängt zu sein.
gepulsten und von der Leistungsflussdichte und von der Art der
einem konstanten angewendeten Modulation ab.
(kontinuierlichen) Die aufgedeckten Änderungen unter Pulsmodulation
elektromagnetische scheinen unabhängig von der thermischen Wirkung
n Feld untersucht. Diesein. Im Gegenteil dazu scheinen die eineder
zu Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Art
chronische wiederholte Exposition in Mikrowellen,
bei Leistungsflussdichten, die keinen
Temperaturanstieg hervorrufen, zum Auftreten
morphologischer Läsionen führen könnte, indikativ
für metabolische Störungen der Myelinscheiden und
der Glia-Zellen, was durch das Auftreten seltsamer ↓+ ↓++
Enzym-Aktivitäten;
metachromatischer kugeliger Körper in der weißen (Acetylcholinesterase- (Acetylcholinesterase-
morphologische/histopathologische CEF; morphological and attenuation (pw)
nn Substanz des Gehirns und des Kleinhirns zum activity) activity)
Veränderungen des ENA; pathological
ische/histopathologische Veränderungen (morphologische und histologische Bewertung des Gehirn-Gewebes (z.B. Läsionen, sphärische (kugelige) Körper, die metachromatisch anffärbbar sind, Ödeme; verschiedene Färbe-Methoden)); Effekte auf das neurologische System. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass eine chronische wiederholte Exposition in Mikrowellen, bei Leistungsflussdichten, die keinen Temperaturanstieg hervorrufen, zum Auftreten morphologischer Läsionen führen könnte, indikativ für metabolische Störungen der Myelinscheiden und der Glia-Zellen,
nn nn no EXP (in vivo -> -/- yes nn nn nn nn nn
Gehirngewebes; EOR; changes; Ausdruck kommt. Eine proliferative Reaktion der
vitro) Glia-Zellen wurde auch aufgedeckt. Biochemische ↓+ ↓++
Effekte auf das neurologische NES cell function attenuation (pw)
Bestimmungen und Bewertungen der (Bernsteinsäuredehyd (Bernsteinsäuredehydr
System
histochemischen Präparationen zeigen, dass die rogenase-activity) ogenase-activity)
Acetylcholinesterase-Aktivität und die
Bernsteinsäure-Dehydrogenase-Aktivität nach
chronischer Mikrowellen-Exposition abnimmt. Dieser
Effekt ist nach gepulster Mikrowellen-Exposition
ausgeprägter als nach Exposition bei
The authors kontinuierlichen Wellen (CW), was signal
69% showed some response to RFtiefere exposure, The authors concluded that
examined the 52% excitation and 17% inhibitory response. irradiation of nerve cells in the
responses of bird With an unmodulated 900 MHz signal: none of 3 avian brain with a RF signal typical
brain neurons to cells exhibited any response. of a GSM cell phone produced
exposure to Four cells that did not respond to the modulated changes in neural activity for more
cellular phone-type signal at its usual power than half of the measured cells
radiofrequency density (0.1 mW/cm2) were tested at higher power (69% in these experiments). Most ↑++ (52%; excitation, increase (pw)
neuronal
(RF) fields. Thirty- membrane function densities, up to 0.5 cells responded by increasing their incresing firing rate) ;
activity nn nn nn EXP SIG in situ -/- yes nn nn pre-exposure ↑(+); ↓(+) ´-
four zebra finches mW/cm2. Three of these cells showed no response rate of firing (by an average 3.5- ↓+ (17%; inhibitory
(firing rate of the neurons)
(Taenopygia at the higher power fold), while a minority of responding respone) decrease (pw)
guttata) were densities and one cell responded at 0.3 mW/cm2 cells exhibited decreases in
anesthetized with with a depression of its spontaneous firing. Whether similar
an im injection of firing rate. neuronal responses occur in other
0.05-mg/g mammals, including humans,
ketamine:0.01- warrants further study. The
mg/g xylazine and authors noted that a previous study
damage of eye lenses both by PW and CW at 5.5
GHz, recognized at the 4 th day of irradiation Preliminary results with 70
EOR; changes of the MW energy is more harmful at ↑+ (damage of eye ↑+ (damage of eye
histological damage of zwischen kontinuierlichen (CW) undyes gepulsten Mikrowellen-Befeldung gefunden werden. Eine Schädigung der Linse war nahezu immer am vierten Tag nach der Befeldung zu erkennen. Ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse, die bei unterschiedlichen Frequenzen erhalten wurden, weisen darauf hin, dass die Mikrowellen-Energie um so schädlicher wird, umso mehr die Frequenz zunimmt. Vorläufige Resultate der Befeldung bei 70 GHz lassen auf einen thermischen Effekt der Mikrowellen-Befeldung schließen
konnten keine Unterschiede eye lens einer nn nn einer EXP in vivo no -/- nn GHz irradiation suggest nn nn
EYE neurological system lower frequencies. lenses) lenses)
thermal effects of the MW.
Birenbaum et al. no difference between the effects on the parameters
(1975), in another at cw and pw
EKGs, CVS;
subcutaneo endeavor to
respiration rates, subcutaneous yes yes EXP RES; in vivo physiology no -/- nn nn nn nn nn ´- ´-
us replicate the results
temperatures TMP
of Presman and
Levitina,
concurrently
Temporary Frequencies that produced an increased amplitude ↕++ (increased ↕+ (increased
changes in of EEG alpha component, increased slow wave amplitude of EEG amplitude of EEG
electroencephalogr index, and desynchronizations included 200, 350, alpha component, alpha component,
ams (EEG) and 360, and 365 MHz CW radiation, and 9100 and Since the relaxation frequency increased slow wave increased slow wave
behavior were 9150 MHz pulsed radiation. Frequencies that of protein-bound water is index, and index, and amplification (cw)
observed produced decreased amplitude of EEG alpha considered to fall between 0,1- desynchronizations; desynchronizations;
in a pilot study changes of the component, increased slow wave index, and 1 GHz, absorptions and 200, 350, 360, and 9100 and 9150 MHz
EEG; BEH; in vivo
nn nn nn EXP involving the neurological -/- yes desynchronizations ranged from 130-960 MHz for nn nn quantum effects may be the nn nn 365 MHz CW pulsed
behavior CNS probands
exposure of five system; behaviour CW radiation and 9150 MHz for pulsed radiation. mecha-nistic basis for the radiation)
men and five Mental and behavioral changes were also noted and EEG changes. ↓++ (decreased
women (ages, included short term memory impairment followed by It is likely that resonance ↓++ (decreased amplitude of EEG
18-48 yr) to concentration inhibition and irritability, apprehension, absorptions occurred. amplitude of EEG alpha component,
radiofrequency and mental and physical sluggishness. alpha component, increased slow wave
(RF) and The EEG changes seen in most of the increased slow wave index, and
microwave participants were produced by CW RF radiation index, and desynchronizations;
Previous studies Exposure of BP-4 or unidentified neurons to a CW
Because bursting responses to PW
have revealed field at SARs from 0.5 to
irradiation were not due to ionic
differences in the 4.0 W/kg did not change firing rate patterns
current activation by mediators or
response of noticeably. However, PWs
to thermal effects in their system,
molluscan within the same range of SARs caused changes
the authors propose that the
neurons to CW in firing rate and provoked burst-like changes
observed biological effects
and to PW independent of modulation frequency between
electromagnetic might have been caused by
spontaneous electrical 0.5 and 100 pps, but sensitive to SAR at a change (pw)
fields (EMFs). mechanical vibrations in the ´- (firing rate) ↕+ (firing rate)
activity and ionic currents of neurons external threshold near 0.5 W/kg. Bursts occurred at the
yes yes EXP SIG in vitro These investigators membrane function -/- yes nn chamber resulting from nn nn nn nn (interburst interval) ↓+ (interburst interval)
(firing rate, medium very beginning of exposure with a latency of 42 sec
explored the exposure to the pulse- ´- (ionic currents) ´- (ionic currents)
bursting patterns) (+/- 22 sec), and did not reappear over the 10-min
effects of CW and modulated field. There is also no
exposure period. PW exposure (SAR of 2 W/kg,
PW EMFs on the indication of a "window" effect at a
16 pps) also decreased the interburst interval in
bursting patterns specific combination of frequency
neurons with irregular spiking activity from a mean of
(BPs) and and intensity, since the bursting
290 +/- 70 sec (n=50) to 140 +/- 21 sec (n=15). In
receptor systems response to PW exposure was not
these experiments, bursts were not evoked by
of neurons of frequency-dependent over the
conventional heating rates up to 0.2 C/sec, and in
Lymnea stagnalis. range examined.
fact, showed a decrease in firing rate and cessation
Reportedly, the
The authors have The differences between exposed and sham- To explain the frequency
shown earlier irradiated groups appeared significant (at p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
embryo
EFFECTS OF 460 MHz MW 6; (Drosophila melano-
Bol'shakov, M. A.; Radiats Biol
Bol'shakov, M. Tomsk State RADIATION AND ELEVATED 10; above (cw) gaster, cell
19 Tomsk I. R.; Russia physiol@bio.tsu.ru
Kniazeva,State Univ., 36 Lenin Ave., Tomsk 634050, Russia, e-mail: 2002 Radioecol 0.46 0.46 none 6 nn nn pulsed nn nn 6 0,12 / 3 cw > pw nn nn nn 5 minutes acute continuous 0 nn 15,000 cell
A. Univ. TEMPERATURE ON 16; below (pw) Cantor S.,at (embryo)
Evdokimov, E. V. 42(2)
DROSOPHILA EMBRYOS 22 sensitive age: 15 hr,
10 min))
Ogden 0,36;
0,18;
BioServices 10; 7,2 - 160 0,73; Varian
Brown, D. O.; CHARACTERISTICS OF MW Bioelectro- 0,36; nervous
Corp.; 25.000; (CW); 1,45; traveling Cober mouse
g, MD (D.O.B., S-T.L.); Dept. of Microwave Res., Walter ReedArmy Inst. of Res., Washington, DC1994
20 Brown, D. O. Lu, S-T.; USA (E.C.E.); 6 Montgomery Village Ave., Suitemagnetics
222, Gaithersburg, MD20879 (RR/S-T.L.)
EVOKED BODY 1.25 1.25 none 80 80 10 pulsed nn 0,73; nn above nn nn nn nn nn 0 female nn whole body (MW induced body
Walter Reed 2000 160 or 16 0,90; wave tube transmitter (BALB/c)
Elson, E. C.hu MOVEMENTS IN MICE. 15(2) 1.45 movements)
Army Inst. of ms for PW 1,03; amplifier
kJ/kg
Res. 1,05
DIFFERING EFFECTS OF
PULSED AND CW MW IEEE Trans
Walter Reed 5 / 5.000
Brown, P. V. Brown, P. V. K.; ENERGY UPON NERVE Microw clearly nerves cell: cell
21 Army Walter Reed Army Inst. Research, Washington, DC 20012
Dept. Microwave Research,Inst. USA 1980 nn nn nn 1000 1000 1 1 pulsed (PW) nn 123 cw = pw nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn nn
K. Larsen, L. E. FUNCTION AS DETECTED Theory Tech above (crab) nerve (nervous)
Research 5 (CW)
BY BIREFRINGENCE 28(10)
MEASUREMENTS
MW RADIATION, IN THE
ABSENCE OF Cober high power microwave
pulsed; 30 minutes;
Browning, M. Browning, M. D.; The Rockefeller HYPERTHERMIA, HAS NO Neurotoxicol 2 500 (2,8 6000 1; 5; 10; 20; 1; 5; 10; 20; generating system or acute; continuous; histological cut
22 USA
Lab. of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller Univ., 1230 York Ave., New York, NY10021
1988 0.5 2.8 10000 10000 modulated at 16 nn 1; 2 (chronic exp) cw = pw above nn far-field 23 h/daysfor 0 rat nn nn whole body
D. Haycock, J. W. Univ. DETECTABLE EFFECT ON Teratol 10(5) 2,45 GHz) (2GHz) 50 50 Microwave Cavity Laboratory chronic intermittent (nervous)
Hz Model 15022 generator 7 days
SYNAPSIN I LEVELS OR
PHOSPHORYLATION.
0,5-32
(0.3 Hz tapered, open coaxial antenna
Caddemi, A.; organ
MW EFFECTS ON Bioelectro- higher or connected to a
Tamburello, C. C.; Universita di (heart of chick, part: organ
23 Scienze, 90128 Palermo,Italy (RR/C.C.T.)
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Universita di Palermo, Viale delleItaly
Caddemi, A. 1986 ISOLATED CHICK EMBRYO magnetics 2.45 2.45 none 0.5 lower nn nn pulsed nn 3 0.95 cw = pw close to nn Hewlett Packard up to 3 hours acute continuous 0 nn 39
Zanforlin, L.; Palermo 9 - 12 day old heart (cardio-vascular)
HEARTS 7(4) than the model 8620B microwave
Torregrossa, M. V. embryos)
natural generator
rhythm)
Universita di
Bologna;
Calzoni, G. L.;
Ass. per la WEAK EXTREMELY HF MW cell; (directly
Borghini, F.; CromoStim 2000 unit
Medicina AFFECT POLLEN-TUBE irradiated)
Del Giudice, E.;
Applicata EMERGENCE AND J Altern (PromoPharma, pollen water, used for
Betti, L.; nn nn cw = pw medical Republic of San Marino; cell
M.M.); Associazione per la Medicina Applicataalla Ricerca Italiana sull'Aqua, Roma, ItalyComplement Nazionale di78
peranza@mail.cib.unibo.it (RR/A.S., G.L.C. F.D.R., alla Ricerca
24 Calzoni, G. L. Italy 2003 GROWTH IN KIWIFRUIT: (F.B.); Istituto 40 Fisica 40 - 78 Milano,Italy (E.D.G.); Dipartim nn
Nucleare, 10 10 nn pulsed 0.02 nn nn 30 minutes acute continuous 0 (kiwifruit Actinidia nn nn growth
Dal Rio, F.; (0,02 W) application (reproductive)
Italiana POLLEN GRAIN Med 9(2) device designed for magnetic deliciosa) medium
Migliori, M.; resonance therapy)
sull'Aqua; IRRADIATION AND WATER- (indirectly
Trebbi, G.;
Istituto MEDIATED EFFECTS irradiation)
Speranza, A.
Nazionale di
Fisica Nucleare
Capri, M.;
Scarcella, E.;
Univ. of
Fumelli, C.; IN VITRO EXPOSURE OF
Bologna; TEM cell
Bianchi, E.; HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES TO cell
Telecom Italia (model IFI CC104SEXX) 1 hour/day
Salvioli, S.; 900 MHz CW AND GSM (lymphocytes,
Mobile; fed by a for 3 days;
Mesirca, P.; MODULATED RF: STUDIES Radiat Res peripheral blood 31 volunteers cell: cell culture
Univ. of F.B.); Mobile, Torino, Italy (A.A., A.S.); ICEmB,Centro Interuniversitario Interazione Campi Elettromagnetici e Biosistemi, Univ. nn Genoa, Genova,Italy (F.B.); Dept. Gerontological Res., INRCA, Anacona, Italy (C.Franceschi); CentroInterdipartimentale "L. Galvani," Bologna, Italy (M.C., G.C., F.B., C.Franceschi)
Physics, Univ. of Bologna, Bologna,Italy (P.M., C.A., G.C.,Genoa;TILab, Telecom ItaliaItaly
25 Capri, M. 2004 0.9 0.9 none 217 217 of nn GSM-like nn nn 0,07/ 0,076 / cw = pw below nn nn 30 minutes- acute intermittent 1 nn
Agostini, C.; OF PROLIFERATION, 162(2) PC-controlled mononuclear cells, nn cells lymphocyte (immune)
INRCA; power amplifier and/or a intervalls/day
Antolini, A.; APOPTOSIS AND of human healthy
Centro commercial GSM cell phone
Schiavoni, A.; MITOCHONDRIAL young volunteers)
Interdipartimenta
Castellani, G.; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL.
le "L. Galvani,"
Bersani, F.;
Franceschi, C.
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 7 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
In a previous study Exposures to continuous wave EMR at 24.5 or 40 C
(Bol'shakov et al., resulted in approximately the same dPID values:
Radiats Biol 3.2 +/- 0.7 or 3.8 +/- 1.1%, respectively. Effects of
Radioecol 41:399- exposures with pulse modulation depended on
402, modulation frequency, and were different at
2001; BENER normal incubation temperature and under ↑++ (PID value, 6 and
Abstract No. The authors assume that
number of nonflown imagoes per heating. At frequencies of 6 and 22 Hz, dPID 22 Hz, 24,5 und 40°C)
exposure to pulse EMR at increase (pw)
hundred 23743), the values in exposures without heating were ↑+ (PID value, 10 and
modulation frequencies of 10 sham ↑(+) vs.
ovipositions external authors showed approximately 7%. With heating, the EMR effect sham-exposure and ↑+ (PID value, 24.5 16 Hz, 24,5°C)
yes yes EXP TER in vitro teratogenity -/- yes nn nn and 16 Hz initiates a non- control ´- (PID
= medium that the effect of was insignificantly (by 1-2%) higher. At frequencies shelf control und 40°C) ↓+ (PID value, 10 and
pulse-modulated thermal mechanism values)
percentage of interrupted of 10 and 16 Hz, exposures at 24 C resulted in dPID 16 Hz, 40°C)
electromagnetic that normalizes embryonic contrary effects
development (PID) values approximating 4%, whereas at 40 C, the
radiation (EMR) on development
effect was significantly lower (approximately 1%,
Drosophila embryos with p equal or less than 0.05).
depended on the
modulation
frequency.
Extending that
investigation, the
The characteristics The incidence of MW evoked body movement The authors concluded that
of microwave inceresed with dose. The dose response curves microwave evoked body
induced body appeared to level off at doses higher than 16 J for movements can be considered to
movements in either type of microwave mode. Significant be a special example of a
mice were differences in incidence rate were noted for biological response to a high
investigated. different peak or average power. A 20-W/20-J rate of energy deposition as
Female BALB/c microwave was therefore considered to be the reflected by the high threshold for
rectal or mice were placed requisite for evoking body movements at the sc heating rate
body movements; body and cranial along the in a motion maximum rate in mice. Higher doses or higher (0.24 C/sec). Due to the high sc ↑+(body movement) ↑+(body movement)
yes yes EXP BEH in vivo motor system no -/- nn nn yes nn
sc temperatures middle of resistant test power microwaves did not evoke additional heating rates, the microwaves ↑+ (sc temperature) ↑+ (sc temperature)
the cranium chamber that was responses. The mice also showed evoked body used in these experiments must
placed in a low-Q movements to the acoustic and tactile stimuli. The be perceived by the mouse as
[quality factor] durations of the responses induced by the an intense thermal sensation but
resonant cavity. microwave radiations and the acoustic and tactile not a pain sensation because the
They stimuli did not differ significantly. The maximum temperature increment was
had been increases in body temperature induced by the well below the threshold for
instrumented with microwave exposures were changes of the calcium-dependent absence of hyperthermia, may not `- (synapsin I
yes nn EXP SIG quantitative no -/- no significant effect on nn sham-exposure ↓+(hyperthermic ↓+(hyperthermic
and levels of synapsin I prodiced vitro neurological system synapsin I significantly alter these levels);
indicator of synapsin I levels. reduction of synapsin reduction of synapsin
moderate (1- phosphorylation, but components of synaptic transmitter
neurotoxicity. In levels) levels)
3C) the effect was not release and neuronal function.
order to investigate
hyperthermia statistically significant.
possible neurotoxic
effects of
microwave (MW)
radiation, calcium-
dependent
Based on previous
reports of A preliminary experiment investigating the effects of The authors concluded that
microwave- increasing the temperature on heart rate found that microwave irradiation of isolated
induced the beat rates increased linearly with temperature chick embryo hearts alters cardiac
bradycardia over the 35-40 C range by 0.1 to 0.25 Hz/C. activity. CW irradiation caused a
(decrease in slight bradycardia, while pulsed-
beating rate) in Of the remaining 36, 26 started to pulse normally modulated fields (in the change (pw;
cardiac tissue from within 10 min. The other 13 showed a persistent The locking of the heart rate to
physiological frequency range) depending on
turtles and frogs, strong arrhythmia. In experiments with pulse- the modulation frequency ↕+ (heart rate; ↕
external locked the cardiac frequency to the modulation frequency)
heart beat rates yes yes EXP CVS in vitro the authors organ function -/- yes modulated microwaves, modulation frequencies that nn could reflect a rectification of ´- ↓+ (heart rate) depending on
medium modulation frequency, increased nn (pre-exposure)
examined the were at least 0.3 Hz higher or lower than the natural the MW signal at membrane modulation frequency)
heart rate amplitude, and could
effects of level.
rhythm were used. In 85 of 108 tests, locking of regularize heart rates in cases
microwave the cardiac frequency to the modulation where strong arrhythmias or
radiation on frequency was observed. The synchronization extremely weak activity were
isolated chick was typically delayed by up to 10 min, although in evident. It is not easy to identify a
embryo some cases it was immediate. In the remaining 23 mechanism for the observed
hearts. Fifty one tests, no significant effects were detected. effects.
living hearts In 6 tests, irradiation was performed with an initial
obtained from 9- to
The authors modulation frequency close thethe rate of an pollen
Results were expressed as to percentage of ´- (tube emergence
examined the grains producing a tube. A germination test on ´- (tube emergence and growth, directly
effects of weak basal medium using untreated pollen indicated and growth, directly after direct irradiation)
The authors concluded that either
extremely high germination was 80.0 +/0 3.0%. after direct irradiation)
frequency (EHF) direct or indirect irradiation with ↑+ (tube emergence
The initial level of pollen tube emergence and
EHF microwaves produced by the
microwave growth in directly irradiated pollen grains did ↑(+) (tube and elongation, 2-4
radiation on pollen CromoStim 2000 appear to days after direct
not differ significantly from control values when emergence and
significantly affect pollen growth
growth processes measured just after irradiation with pulsed elongation, 2-4 days irradiation)
in kiwifruit. This processes. In both cases, water
GRO; cell vitality, cell microwaves. The extent of tube growth however after direct irradiation)
tube emergence; tube elongation nn nn nn EXP in vitro -/- yes nn appears to play a primary role, and nn control ´-
REP system was used division appeared to be significantly reduced at this time ↑++ (growth tube
the authors interpreted these
as an objective, (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
INHIBITION OF DNA
SYNTHESIS AND
ENHANCEMENT OF THE
Chang, B. K.; cell
Duke Univ. UPTAKE AND ACTION OF Cancer Res 10 / 111 - cw ≤ pw medical cell: cell
26 Chang, B. K. USA
Div. Hematology & Oncology, Dept. Medicine, Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
Huang, A. T.; 1980 1 1 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 5 - 50 nn nn AIL 125 generator nn 20 minutes acute continuous 0 (L1210 leukemia nn nn
Medical Center METHOTREXATE BY LOW 40(4) 121 cw ≥ pw application L1210 leukemia (haematopoetic)
laJoines, W. T. cells)
POWER-DENSITY MW
RADIATION IN L1210
LEUKEMIA CELLS
EFFECTS OF MW
Microwave
EXPOSURE AT VARIOUS 0,1;
Chiang, H.; Instit., Zhejiang
POWER DENSITIES ON J Bioelectr 2,45 1,0; 0,5; mouse histological cut
27 Chiang, H. Microwave Instit., Zhejiang Medical Univ., Hangzhou, 310006 China
Yao, G. D.; Medical Univ., China 1984 3 (pw) none 935 935 1.2 1.2 pulsed nn nn cw ≥ pw above nn nn 3 hours acute continuous 0 nn > 10 whole body
MITOCHONDRIAL MARKER 3(3) (cw) 5,0 1,0; (C57BL, adult) (nervous)
Zhou, S. Hangzhou,
ENZYMES IN MOUSE 5,0
310006 China
BRAINS
nerves,
IEEE Trans below / muscles
Univ. EFFECTS OF EMF ON / part: organ
Chou, C-K.; Microw nn close to / S-band waveguide (frog;
28 USA
Bioelectromagnetics Res. Lab., Dept. Rehabilitation Medicine RJ-30, Univ. Washington Sch.Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
Chou, C-K. Washington 1978 ISOLATED NERVE AND 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 0,3-1.500 300 - nn nn near-field nn nn nn 0 nn nn nerve; (nervous; muscle-
Guy, A. W. Theory Tech clearly cat;
Sch. Medicine MUSCLE PREPARATIONS. 220.000 muscle sceleton)
26(3) above rabbit;
rat)
Chou, C.K.;
A.W. Guy; Effects of continuous and Radio / 1,64 head, 2 hours/day
29 Chou, C-K. nn nn USA 1979 2.45 2.45 none nn nn 10 10 pulsed nn 1.5 cw = pw below nn nn temporary intermittent 0 nn nn nn nn nn
J.A. McDougall; pulsed MW exposure on rabbits Science. 14 2,1 body for 3 months
L.-F. Han
pulsed; pulsed
Chou, C-K.; Univ. MW RADIATION AND 20 rabbit whole body
J Microw 1; (syncron with R cw = pw; cw > close to /
30 USA HEART-BEAT WA 98195
Bioelectromagnetics Research Lab., Dept. Rehabilitation Medicine RJ-30, Univ. Washington Sch.Medicine, Seattle,RATE OF
Chou, C-K. Han, L. F.; Washington 1980 2.45 2.45 none 700 700 1 nn 5; 80 5 / 7,1; 13,7 0,12 - 1,79 nn nn nn minutes/day temporary intermittent 0 (New Zealand nn 3 (dorsal; cardio-vascular
Power 15(2) 10 wave of the pw above
Guy, A. W.sea Sch. Medicine RABBITS for 10 days albino, adult) ventral)
cardiogram)
Chou, C-K.; 2 hours/day,
Univ. EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS pulse generator rabbit
Guy, A. W.; 5 9 male; 9
31 USA
Bioelectromagnetics Res. Lab., Dept. Rehabilitation Medicine, Univ. Washington Sch. Medicine,Seattle, WA 98195 MW
Chou, C-K. Washington 1982 AND PULSED CHRONIC Radio Sci 17 2.45 2.45 none 100 100 10 10 pulsed 10 1.5 1,5 / nn 1,6 - 2,1 cw = pw above nn far-field temporary intermittent 0 (New Zealand, 3 18 whole body whole organism
McDougall, J. A.; (Applied MW Lab. PH4OK) days/weeks female
Sch. Medicine EXPOSURE ON RABBITS mo old)
Han, L-F. for 90 days
EFFECTS OF PULSED MW J Microw
Yee, K-C.; Univ. 8.55; below (cw)
RADIATION ON THE Power S-band, WR-284 continuous; organ part: organ
Bioelectromagnetics Research Lab., C-K.; Center for Bioengineering, Univ. of Washington Schoolof Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 (RR/A.W.G.)
32 Chou, C-K. Chou, RJ-30, Washington USA 1986 2.45 2.45 none 16 16 10 10 pulsed nn nn 0.003 2; cw or pulsed wave synthesis was a function of power density, with a ↑+ (MTX uptake, ↑+ (MTX uptake, DNA
action of 3H-MTX (methotrexate); nn nn nn EXP cell vitality, cell no -/- nn be improved by nn nn nn
TUM vitro; in vitro (PW) microwave peak effect between 15- 25 mW/cm2 for CW DNA synth inhibition) synth inhibition)
DNA synthesis division the use of MW
(MW) radiation on radiation, perhaps attributable to increased
the cellular uptake membrane permeability in MW-exposed cells. PW
and exposure at 10 mW/cm2 gave a similar inhibition. In
action of vivo, combined treatment with 5 mW/cm2 MW
methotrexate radiation for 20 min and MTX altered the duration of
The effect of Mice exposed to PW microwaves at incident power
continuous wave densities of 0.5 mW/cm2 or more had significantly
(CW) or pulsed decreased amounts of SDH and MAO in both the
wave (PW) hypothalamus and hippocampus. The lowest
microwave levels occurred in the 5 mW/cm2 group. Additional
exposure on groups of mice were exposed at 0, 0.3, and 0.5
brain mitochondrial mW/cm2 to PW microwaves to establish a The authors conclude that PW
brain mitochondrial enzymes: enzymes succinate threshold. Significantly reduced SDH activity was microwaves are more effective
↓+ (at 5 mW/cm2; ↓+ (at 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 attentuation
succinat dehydrogenase (SDH) and in vivo -> dehydrogenase observed only in the 0.5 mW/cm2 group. Mice than CW microwaves in
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
nn nn nn EXP ENA
vitro (SDH) and cell function -/- yes
exposed to CW microwaves showed a significant
nn
decreasing brain SDH
nn sham-exposure nn SDH- und MAO mW/cm2; SDH- und (pw;dependening on
monoamine levels) MAO levels) PFD)
(by microspectrophotometry) reduction in enzyme activity only at 5.0 mW/cm2. and MAO levels under the
oxidase (MAO) in experimental conditions used.
mice was studied
using
histochemical
methods. Groups
of
10 adult C57BL
mice in were sciatic
Isolated frog sham- As long as the temperature of the nerves or muscles
nerves, cat was kept constant, no changes in amplitude or
saphenous nerves conduction characteristics or
rabbit vagus in contraction were observed for CW and PW. ´- (stimulation of
nerves, Changes No direct electric field stimulation ´- (stimulation of
2) muscles and axons);
NES; of nerve axons, ganglia, or muscles muscles and axons);
nerve action potential; muscle 1) fix 2) measured superior cervical observed at the highest power levels were due to ↑+
yes EXP MUS; in vitro ganglia, and rat membrane function no -/- associated increases in nn was nn nn nn ↑+
contractile tension yes in ext (thermal stimulation
SIG diaphragm temperature and were duplicated by increasing the observed during microwave (thermal stimulation of
solution of muscles and
muscles solution temperature. irradiation. muscles and axons)
axons)
(maintained at a
constant
temperature by
Ringer's solution) Keine Effekte bei: Körpergewicht, EEG,
Körpergewicht, EEG, nn morphoplogical and
hämatologische Tests, Catarakt-Bildung im Auge
2450MHz, 1,5mW/cm², 2h/d, 3 Monate. Eine Gruppe CW, eine Gruppe 10µs Pulse. Peak vivo ->
hämatologische Tests, Catarakt- nn nn nn EXP EOR (in SAR Kopf: 1,64 W/kg, Körper 2,1W/kg. Keine Effekte bei: Körpergewicht, EEG, hämatologische Tests, Catarakt-Bildung im Auge
pathological no -/- nn nn nn nn nn ´- ´-
Bildung im Auge vitro) changes
The effects of The relative change in heart beat was random in
microwave (MW) nature for ventral and dorsal exposures to both
radiation on heart CW and PW MW energy. With dorsal high-power
rates were studied. CW exposure , the animals were disturbed by heat
Three stress; after exposure, heart rates increased, then
adult New Zealand returned to normal after about 20 min. Exposure to
albino rabbits were PW, synchronized to the R wave peak of the EKG
exposed both lead to random changes in heart rate; Only one
dorsally and rabbit showed a consistent positive chronotropic
heart beats (EKG), SAR nn nn nn EXP CVS in vivo ventrally physiology no -/- nn nn nn nn nn ↕+ (hearbeat) ↕+ (hearbeat)
effect, when the pulse was delayed 100 or 200
to 2450-MHz MW msec. No cumulative effects were observed over a
plane waves for 20 period of 4 mo.
min/day for 10
days under each of
several
field conditions:
continuous waves
(CW) at 5
mW/cm2; pulsed
The effects of No significant differences were observed
exposure to between the exposed and sham rabbits in body
continuous wave wt (measured every other day); EEG and evoked
(CW) and pulsed potentials (recorded 1/wk); blood tests
microwave (MW) (hematological, chemical, and morphological studies,
fields for a 3-mo 1/mo); or cataract examination before and after
period were the 3-mo exposure. However, 5 animals injected
investigated and ´- ( EEG; ´- ( EEG; ´- ( EEG;
EEG; growth; with apomorphine died (1 exposed to CW, 3 pulse-
compared in 18 evoked potentials; evoked potentials; evoked potentials;
evoked potentials; blood; morphological and exposed, and 1 sham exposed) , indicating
nn nn nn EXP EOR in vivo New Zealand no -/- nn nn nn sham-exposure blood; blood; blood;
cataract; pathological sensitivity to it. The remaining 5 rabbits showed no
rabbits (3 mo old; 9 cataract; cataract; cataract;
tissue damage changes histopathological changes.
male, 9 female). tissue damage) tissue damage) tissue damage)
Animals were
placed in Plexiglas
cages and
exposed singly in
miniature anechoic
chambers to CW,
pulsed, or
Contradictory The contractile rates of hearts in the control group
effects of dropped linearly during the 60-min recording period
microwave to about 67% of its initial beat rate. All of the groups
exposure on heart showed no significant alteration in the reduction of
rate have been heart rate with time compared to
reported the control that could be directly attributable to The authors concluded that the
in the literature. microwave exposure. effects of pulsed microwave 1) ´- (nonthermal
Several Significant differences were seen between the 1) ´- (nonthermal
heart radiation on the isolated frog hearts reduction of heart
investigators have controls and the groups where a tempearture reduction of heart
muscle; are purely thermal and no rate);
contractile rates yes yes EXP CVS in vitro organ function no -/- nn nn sham-exposure ´- rate);
external reported effects incease in the ext solution, either due to MWs or bradycardia, as was previously 2) ↑++ (thermal
ranging conventional heating . 2) ↑++ (thermal
solution reported, occurs when hearts are reduction of heart
from bradycardia reduction of heart rate)
isothermally exposed to microwave rate)
to tachycardia, radiation.
including no effects
at all. Soviet
investigators
reported severe
clinical symptoms
including
The effects of Statistically significant and consistent changes were
relatively low noted in glucose, BUN, and uric acid following ↑++ (glucose, BUN,
power density microwave exposure. The response appeared to uric acid; 25
2
microwave be dose-dependent with increases of 44% in mW/cm )
exposures on animals exposed at 25 mW/cm2, continuous
gross and histopathological various wave (CW); 29% in animals exposed to 10 ↑+ (glucose, BUN,
examinations serum components mW/cm2, CW; and 18% in animals exposed at 5 It is concluded that the results of uric acid; 5 and 10
were studied in 6- 2 ?
morphological and mW/cm2, CW. Other serum components did not the blood chemistry and sleeping mW/cm )
serum components (i.e. calcium, HCS; in vivo -> to 10-mo-old Dutch pathological show consistent variation from baseline values. time experiments were consistent nn
yes rectal yes EXP rabbits weighing -/- yes nn nn nn nn increase (cw)
inorganic phosphate, glucose, uric BEH vitro changes; Observed physiologic response, as well as rectal with a dose-dependent response to ´- (other serum ´- ?
2.09 +/- 0.29 kg. changes (cw)
acid etc.) physiology temperature measurements, indicated that the a nonspecific thermal stress at all components)
Both continuous decrease (cw)
thermoregulatory capability of the rabbits was power densities used.
sleeping time wave and pulsed sufficient to compensate for the thermal burden at 5 ↕+ (nephrosis; 25
mode 2-hr and 10 mW/cm2 but could be overridden by a 2-hr mW/cm2)
exposures at exposure at 55 mW/cm2. Pathology findings
2.45 GHz were included a mild, repairable nephrosis in animals ↓+ (sleeping time; 5-
used at power exposed at a power density of 25 mW/cm2. A 2
50 mW/cm )
densities of 25, 10, further investigation of analeptic effects in
and 5 mW/cm2. phenobarbital sedated rabbits at power densities
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 11 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn thermal
nn nn
yes nn
nn nn
nn thermal
athermal (5
and 10
2
nn mW/cm )
thermal (55 (25
2
?) mW/cm )
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 12 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
INVESTIGATION OF THE
cell:
EFFECTS OF CW, PULSE-
Liu, L-M.; Bioelectro- pulsed and cell single cells of
AND cell
34 Cleary, S. F. Garber, F.; nn nn USA 1982 magnetics 2.45 3 2.7 nn nn nn nn sinusoidally- nn nn nn nn nn nn waveguide exposure chamber nn nn nn nn 0 (green alga nn 65 Chara corallina;
AM MW ON SINGLE (algae Chara corallina)
Cleary, S. F. 3(2) modulated Chara corallina) green algae
EXCITABLE CELLS OF
giant cells
CHARA CORALLINA
cell:
RBC
(whole -
Cleary, S. F.; Virginia EFFECTS OF X-BAND MW Bioelectro- 138; waveguide exposure cell
heparinized- cell
35 Cleary, S. F. USA
Dept. Biophys., Med. Coll. Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23298
Garber, F.; Commonwealth 1982 EXPOSURE ON RABBIT magnetics 8.42 8.42 none 138 413; 5 5 pulsed nn nn / 14500 21.7 21.6 cw = pw above nn chambers nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 (rabbit, nn nn
blood sus- (haematopoetic)
Liu, L. M. Univ. ERYTHROCYTES 3(4) 555 adult Dutch)
pensions
or washed
cells)
described by Cleary et al.
(Bioelectromagnetics 6:53-60,
Cleary, S. F.; 1985; BENER Abstract No.
EFFECT OF ISOTHERMAL cell cell culture:
Du, Z.; Virginia 5 - 50;
RF RADIATION ON FASEB J cw ≥ pw; 2418) (T-lymphocytes of cytotoxic cell culture
Bioelectromagnetics Lab., Dept. ofG.;
36 Cleary, S. F. and Biophysics,
Cao, PhysiologyCommonwealth Medical Coll. of Virginia, VirginiaCommonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23298
USA 1996 2.45 2.45 none 50 50 6670 6670 pulsed nn nn 5 5 above nn near-field 2 hours acute continuous 0 nn nn
CYTOLYTIC T 10(8) cw = pw and Liu and Cleary cloned murine T-lympho-cytes (immune)
Liu, L-M.; Univ.
LYMPHOCYTES (Bioelectromagnetics 9:249- cytolytic) (CTLL-2)
McCrady, C.
257, 1988; BENER Abstract
No. 4753)
microscope stage exposure cell:
EFFECTS OF MOBILE
Cranfield, C. G.; system described by cell Jurkat
PHONE TYPE SIGNALS ON Anderson et al. (Development
Cranfield, C. Wood, A. W.; Swinburne Univ. Int J Radiat (human E6-1, cell culture
Australia andrewwood@swin.edu.au (RR/A.W.W., C.G.C., K.G.M., V.A.) 0.915
cal Sciences & Electrical Engineering, Swinburne Univ. of Technology, Melbourne,Australia, e-mail:2001
37 CALCIUM LEVELS WITHIN 0.915 none 217 217 nn nn GSM-like nn nn 1 - 2,1 cw = pw close to nn near-field 10 minutes acute continuous 1 nn nn
G. Anderson, V.; of Technology Biol 77(12) of a new in vitro RF exposure lymphocytes; American Type (immune)
HUMAN LEUKAEMIC T- device for confocal
Menezes, K. G. Yurkat cells) Culture
CELLS (JURKAT CELLS)
microscopy imaging) Collection
Stewart-DeHaan, P.
J.;
LENS CATARACT Invest
Trevithick, J. R.;
Creighton, M. Univ. Western FORMATION IN VITRO: Ophthalmol pulsed cw = pw (same lens part: histological cut
38 Creighton, M. O.; Canada
Univ. Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada1980 0.915 0.915 none nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 20 minutes acute continuous 0 nn nn
O. Ontario THE EFFECTS OF HEAT Vis Sci (high power) average power) (rat) lens (sensoric)
Ross, W. M.;
AND MW IRRADIATION 19(Suppl.)
Larsen, L. E.;
Jacobi, J. H.
Creighton, M. O.;
Larsen, L. E.;
Stewart-DeHaan, P. Univ. of IN VITRO STUDIES OF MW-
J.; Western INDUCED CATARACT.
lens
Creighton, M. Jacobi, J. H.; Ontario; Exp Eye Res 0.5 - 65 / cw = pw (same clearly part: histological cut
Ontario, London,Ontario (RR/ J.R.T., M.O.C.); Baskerville Associates, 319 Piccadilly St, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1,Canada; Dept. of Microwave Res., 0.918 Reed Armynone of Res., Washington, DC (L.E.L., J.H.J.)
estern39 Canada 1987 Walter 0.918 Inst. nn varied 10 10 pulsed nn 5,75 - 750 nn WR975 waveguide nn 6 minutes acute continuous 0 (rat, nn nn
O. Sanwal, M.; Walter Reed II. COMPARISON OF 45(3) 24000 average power) above lens (sensoric)
Sprague-Dawley )
Baskerville, J. C.; Army Inst. of DAMAGE OBSERVED FOR
Bassen, H. E.; Res. CW AND PULSED MW
Brown, D. O.;
Trevithick, J. R.
MW EFFECTS ON THE
Natl. Res. Inst. BLOOD-FORMING SYSTEM 2 hours/day
Ann N Y
40 Czerski, P. Dept. P. Genetics, Natl. Poland
Czerski, of Human of Mother and Res. Inst. of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland
1975 WITH PARTICULAR 2.95 2.95 none 1200 1200 1 1 pulsed nn 3 3 nn cw = pw above nn nn nn for 37 or 79 temporary intermittent 0 rabbit; nn nn nn haematopoetic
Acad Sci 247
Child REFERENCE TO THE days
LYMPHOCYTE.
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 13 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Cells maintained at constant temp during exposure
showed no consistent or statistically significant
MW-dependent alterations in any of the dependent ´- (resting potential, ´- (resting potential,
electrophysiology cell reactions variables. The effects of intensity or pulse amplitude of the amplitude of the
(resting potent., conduction velocity, repetition rate windows, variations action potential, rise action potential, rise
BMP;
waveguide (i.e., under no impressed MW). The dependent variables measured before, during and after exposurein vitro S-band MW fields included: resting potential, amplitude of the action potential, rise and decay time of the action potential, conductionnn
amplitude of action potent., action fix nn nn EXP to the membrane function no -/- in modulation maintained at 22
velocity, and excitability. Cells index, exposure +/- 0.1 C during exposure showed no consistent or statistically significant MW-dependent alterations inand decay time of the variables. The effects of intensity or pulse repetition rate windows, variations in modulation index, exposure temperature, and carrier wave frequency w
nn nn nn and decay time of any of the dependent
CEF
potent. rise time, decay time of temperature, and carrier wave the action potential, action potential,
action potent., excitability) frequency will require further study. conduction velocity, conduction velocity,
and excitability) and excitability)
The effects of Statistically significant increases in K+ efflux
continuous wave compared to water-bath-heated controls were
(CW) and pulsed detected when RBC were exposed in whole blood
microwave (MW) suspensions to either CW or pulse-modulated
heating on the 8.42-GHz MW energy at specific absorption rates Measured differences in
permeability of (SAR) resulting in sample temperatures of 24.6 and sample heating rates and
erythrocyte (RBC) 24.4 C, respectively. Pulsed MW exposure resulted temperature gradients
plasma ↑++ (K+ efflux, whole ↑(+) (K+ efflux, whole
in a small but consistent enhancement of K+ efflux between MW-exposed and amplification (cw)
permeability of erythrocyte plasma membranes were blood suspension) blood suspension)
BMP; in 1:1 red cell suspensions and to a lesser heated control suspensions control (water bath
membranes: yes suspension yes EXP in vitro studied. RBC from membrane function -/- yes nn nn ´-
HCS extent in whole blood, compared with CW may account in part for the heated)
K+ efflux adult Dutch rabbits ´- (K+ efflux, 1:1 red ↑+ (K+ efflux, 1:1 red
exposure. No statistically significant K+ efflux differential effect of MW increase (pw)
were exposed as cell suspension) cell suspension)
occurred in the case of 1:1 red cell suspensions exposure, but such effects do
whole under the same exposure conditions. not appear to fully
(heparinized) blood explain the results of this study.
suspensions
or as washed cells
in 1:1 isotonic
buffered K+-free
saline suspensions
Previous in vitro Exposure to CW and PW had similar effects: it
studies have increased cell proliferation when measured shortly
provided evidence after exposure and decreased cell
that radiofrequency proliferation when measured 24 hr after irradiation.
(RF) The proliferative effects were independent of IL-2 The authors concluded that these
radiation concentration when measured immediately results are consistent with the
modulates after irradiation and cell proliferation decreased with hypothesis that 2,450-MHz RF 1) ↑+ (cell 1) ↑+ (cell
proliferation of cell vitality, cell increasing IL-2 concentration when measured 24 hr radiation affects CTLL-2 cell proliferation proliferation
gliomas, division, post-irradiation. In CLTT-2 cells, cultured without IL-
cell proliferation (measuring uptake external CEF; proliferation by altering membrane immediately after immediately after
fix no EXP in vitro morphological and no -/- nn nn sham-exposure ´-
of tritiated thymidine 3H-TDR) medium IMM lymphocytes, and 2 (which led to mitotic arrest of the cells) prior to signal transduction, a direct effect exp); 2) ↓+ (cell exp); 2) ↓+ (cell
other cell pathological
exposure, irradiation did not effect 3H-TdR uptake that is independent of heating. The proliferation 24h after proliferation 24h after
types but the changes
when measured immediately after exposure. This effect depends on the presence exp) exp)
mechanism of RF suggested that irradiation effects required the during exposure of unoccupied
radiation-induced presence of IL-2 receptors on the CTLL-2 cell high-affinity IL-2 receptors.
cell proliferation membrane. When assessed 24 hr after irradiation,
modulation is not 3H-TdR uptake occurred, but the extent of uptake
well understood. was smaller than in cells that had been cultured with
The authors IL-2 before irradiation. This indicated mitotically
investigated the
The authors arrested CTLL-2 cells retained their ability to
Except for a significant spectral shift in the
examined the frequency of Ca++
effects of cellular spikes in activated cells exposed to a simulated
phone GSM signal, revealed inthe fast Fourier transform of
radiofrequency calcium fluorescence variations over each
calcium ion (Ca++) levels and Ca++ (RF) 600-sec period in sham/exposed minus control
signaling patterns (regression slope fields on calcium period, there were no
ion (Ca++) levels The authors concluded that these
of Ca++ fluorescence, mean Ca++ significant differences in any of the examined Ca++
results provide no evidence that RF
concentration, number of Ca++ and Ca++ signaling parameters between ↑++(spectral shift of
fix nn EXP BMP in vitro patterns in Jurkat cell function no -/- nn emissions from cell phones are nn sham-exposure ´- ´-
spikes in each 10-min period, the cells exposed to either the CW RF fields or the Ca++spikes)
E6-1 cells, a associated with any changes in
mean height of the Ca++ spikes, simulated GSM signal.
human T- Ca++ concentrations or Ca++
and the average frequency of
lymphocyte signaling in lymphocytes.
the spikes)
hybridoma cell line.
Jurkat E6-1 cells,
obtained from the
American Type
Culture Collection,
were cultured in
The effect of heat Lenses heated for 5 min were almost as damaged
and microwave as those heated for 20 min at 41 C, suggesting that
irradiation on rat the initial heat shock is the critical factor in heat-
lenses was induced cataract formation.
investigated Controls at 39 C showed very small changes from
in vitro. Intact normal lens morphologic appearance in both
lenses in tissue epithelial and fiber cells, whereas progressive
culture medium damage (greater with PU than CW) occurred
EOR; were exposed to morphological and
depth of degeneration (by scanning external with increasing time of exposure. The maximum
yes nn EXP EYE; in vitro elevated pathological -/- yes nn nn nn controls (heated) nn ↑+ (lens damage) ↑++ (lens damage) amplification (pw)
electron microscopy) medium damage, observed at this temperature, occurred at
SEN temperatures for changes
the maximum PU time of exposure tested (20 min);
periods of up to 1 this involved the production of holes in the equatorial
hr, followed by lens fiber cells to a depth of approximately 80-100
incubation at 35.5 C um below the lens capsule.
for 2 days. The
maximum depth of
degeneration,
observed by
The scanning of
possibility Several kinds of damage were observed including Of several possible mechanisms
nonthermal effects holes in the fiber cells, capsular effects such as discussed, the authors conclude
of radiation in pitting or surface granulation, globular degeneration, that thermoelastic expansion,
microwave foam, and granulation of fiber cells. resulting in pressure waves
cataractogenesis Statistically significant greater damage was induced in the aqueous medium
was investigated observed for all combinations of PW radiation and lens tissue by thermoacoustic
by comparing the except one (23 mW/gm for 6 min) when expansion following each pulse of
effects of pulsed compared to CW radiation of the same average microwave energy, is the
damage of lense (by scanning (PW) morphological and
EYE; power. PW radiation produced 4.7 x the depth of mechanism most likely to
electron microscopy or light fix nn yes EXP in vitro or continuous pathological -/- yes nn nn nn nn ↑+ (lens damage) ↑++ (lens damage) amplification (pw)
SEN damage caused by CW radiation. The separate- explain the greater effects of PW
microscopy) (CW) radiation of changes
effects model provided slightly better fit to variation radiation. These results support
equivalent in depth of damage, but the authors feel the the concept of establishing lower
absorbed average reciprocal-effects model provides adequate fit for occupational exposure limits for
power practical purposes. PW than CW radiation, and may,
(temperature and in part, explain differences in safety
duration are standards established in Western
constant). Lenses and Eastern countries where
of Sprague-Dawley experimental work was performed
Therats
author Hematologic parameters such as hemoglobin mainly with CW and PW
summarized his levels and hematocrits were not affected by any
research on the irradiation. 37 days' exposure to PW caused larger
effects of low-level disturbances in iron metabolism and larger
microwave The author concluded that
decreases in RBC counts compared to CW.
radiation on the responses of blood and the blood-
Comparable changes in iron metabolism and RBC
hematopoietic forming system to microwave
counts due to CW irradiation were seen only after
system in various irradiation may reveal subtle '-(hematologic -(hematologic
Hematologic, such as hemoglobin 79 days of exposure.
experimental effects induced at low power parameters); ↕+ (iron parameters); ↕+ (iron
level and hematocrits; iron
nn nn nn EXP HCS in vivo animals. physiology -/- yes nn density levels. These types of nn sham-exposure nn metabolism); ↓+ metabolism); ↓++
metabolism (uptake of iron-59
Three groups of responses may represent a (RBC counts) after (RBC counts) after attenuation (pw)
(59Fe))
rabbits were convenient model for use in 37 days of exp 37 days of exp
irradiated with cytophysiologic studies and
continuous wave possibly biophysical investigations.
(CW) or pulsed
2,950-MHz
radiation for 2 hr
daily at the same
power density (3
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 14 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
possibly
nn
thermal
nn athermal
nn nn
nn thermal
thermal
nn (thermoelastic
expansion)
athermal
nn
(subtle thermal)
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 15 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Center for
EFFECTS OF CONTIUOUS
Devices and
AND PULSED 2450-MHz
Czerska, E. M.; Radiological S-band wave guide
RADIATION ON
Elson, E. C.; Health; Bioelectro- (WR430, 109.22 mm 54.61 cell
SPONTANEOUS 100 - pulsed close to / cell culture
ockville, MD (E.M.C., M.L.S., P.C.); ElectricalEngineering Dept., Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (RR/C.C.D.); Dept. of Microwave Res., WalterReed Army Inst. of 2.45 Washington, DC (E.C.E.)
41 Czerski, P. Davis, C. C.; Univ. of USA 1992 magnetics 2.45 Res., none 100 1 1 nn nn up to 12,3/ up to 12,3 / cw = pw nn nn nn nn nn 1 (human nn nn cell
LYMPHOBLASTOID 1000 (square) above mm internally) (immune)
Swicord, M. L.; Maryland; 13(4) lymphocytes)
TRANSFORMATION OF fed by a common MW source
Czerski, P. Walter Reed
HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES IN
Army Inst. of
VITRO
Res.
BEHAVIORAL AND 0,4
0,6 0,6 5;
D'Andrea, J. A.; THERMAL EFFECTS OF MW 0,5
Radio Sci (CW (CW 3; 7,5; 0,51; 5,1 rat whole organism
ng, Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City,Gandhi, O. P.;
42 D'Andrea, J. A. Univ. Dept.Biology and Electrical USA
UT 84112 (J.A.D., O.P.G.); Utah RADIATION City, UT 84112
Engineering, Univ. Utah, Salt LakeAT RESONANT(J.L.L.)Radio Sci 12(6S):251-256
1977 0,7 1000 1000 3 pulsed nn nn cw ≥ pw above nn nn nn nn nn continuous 0 nn 3 whole body
12(6S) and and 30 10; /170 (Long-Evans) (behavior)
Lords, J. L. AND NONRESONANT (only
PW) PW) 20
WAVELENGTHS CW)
cell:
Dardanoni, L.; MILLIMETER-WAVE cell
Universita di J Bioelectr pulsed 7 cultures of the cell culture
43 Dardanoni, L. Istituto M. V.; Italy
Torregrossa, di Igiene, Universita di Palermo, Via del Vespro 133, 90127 Palermo,EFFECTS ON CANDIDA
1985 Italy 72 72 nn 1000 1000 nn nn / 0,0002 nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 3 hours multi continuous 0 (yeast, Candida nn 4 - 5 x 10
Palermo 4(1) (square) yeast Candida (colony-forming)
Zanforlin, L. ALBICANS CELLS albicans)
albicans
OPERANT BEHAVIOR AND
COLONIC TEMPERATURE
Naval Air Bioelectro- Styrofoam chair; monkey
OF MACACA MULATTA clearly 60-minutes-
44 de Lorge, J. O. Naval Aerospace Medical Res. Lab., Naval Air Station, Pensacola, FL 32508
de Lorge, J. O. Station, USA 1984 magnetics 1.3 1.3 370 370 3 3 pulsed nn 20-95 20-95 nn cw = pw nn nn temporary intermittent 0 (rhesus, Macaca nn 5 whole body whole organism
EXPOSED TO RF FIELDS AT above free-field radiation sessions
Pensacola 5(2) mulatta)
AND ABOVE RESONANT
FREQUENCIES
2 Generators: rats(30
Crit Rev 1) utilizing a minutes/day
Russian Acad.
Biomed Eng MIRA-2D for 7days);
of Sciences; EFFECT OF LOW-ENERGY
Devyatkov, N. D.; 29(1); pulsed X-ray mice (30 rat
"Extremely High AND HIGH-PEAK-POWER 5,6
Devyatkov, N. Pletnyov, S. D.; Bio- 30 mm 7,1 mm Yav1- unit, and 2) minutes/day (female); 50(rats)+ digestive; respiratory
Electronics, Russian Acad. of Sciences, Moscow, Russia (N.D.D.,O.V.B., V.V.F.); "Extremely2001 Frequency" Medical PULSES OF Assoc., Moscow, Russia (S.D.P.)
and 45 Frequency" Russia High NANOSECOND and Technical mm 6 6 0.01 0.01 pulsed 0.1 10 nn nn nn above nn nn temporary intermittent 0 female whole body
D. Betskii, O. V.; meditsinskay (PW) (CW) generator based for 4days, 1 mouse 77(mouse) (tumor)
Medical and MW RADIATION (CW)
Faikin, V. V. a Radio- on a "Sinus- day break (BDF-1)
Technical ON MALIGNANT TUMORS
elektronika G1" pulsed and for
Assoc.,
(10) accelerator further 5
design days)
NON-THERMAL DNA
BREAKAGE BY MOBILE-
Diem, E.;
Medical Univ. of PHONE RADIATION (1800 4; cell culture
Schwarz, C.; different mobile-
Vienna; MHz) IN HUMAN Mutat Res 1,2; mobile 16; continuous; ((human diploid cell culture
Medicine, Medical Univ. of Vienna,F.;
tional46 Diem, E. Austria
Adlkofer, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090,Austria (RR/H.R., E.D., C.S., O.J.); Verum Foundation, Munich, Germany (F.A.)
2005 1.8 1.8 none 217 217 nn nn phone nn nn cw = pw above nn nn acute 1 nn nn cell culture
Verum FIBROBLASTS AND IN 583(2) 2 telephone 24 intermittent fibroblasts and rat (muscle-skeleton)
Jahn, O.; modulations
Foundation, TRANSFORMED GFSH-R17 hours granulosa)
Rudiger, H.
RAT GRANULOSA CELLS IN
VITRO
cell
Dutta, S. K.; LACK OF MICROBIAL (yeast:
2 hours (cw);
Nelson, W. H.; GENETIC RESPONSE TO J Microw 8,5-9,6 cw ≤ pw Saccharomyces; cell culture
47 Dutta, S.K. USA
Dept. Botany, Howard Univ., Washington, DC 20059
Howard Univ. 1979 2.45 9.6 1000 1000 nn nn pulsed nn 20 1 - 45 40 nn above nn nn nn nn 90 minutes acute continuous 0 nn nn cell
Blackman, C. F.; 2.45-GHz CW AND 8.5 - 9.6- Power 14(3) GHz cw ≥ pw bacteria: (bacteria)
(pw)
Brusick, D. J. GHz PULSED MW Salmonella typhi-
murium)
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 16 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
This investigation There were no significant differences in
attempted to distribution of cell sizes in control and sham-
resolve previous exposed cultures incubated 120 hr. A low level of
contradictory spontaneous lymphoblastoid transformation (1.2 +/-
findings by 37 and 37.5°C: ´-, 37 and 37.5°C: ´-
0.9/100 cells) was evident in pooled or control and
others regarding sham-exposed results. Distribution of cell sizes in ´-
the effects of The authors concluded that PW 38.5°C: ↑++ (cells
conventionally heated cultures subjected to
pulsed (PW) and 2450-MHz and CW 2450-MHz 38.5°C: ↑+, ↑+ 150-200 µm2;
increasing increments of heat showed no significant
of continuous (CW) microwaves delivered at the same (cells 150-200 ↓+ (cells 100-120 37 and 38°C: ↑++
HCS; (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
ULTRASTRUCTURAL
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT
OF LOW FIELD INTENSITY Red kidney bean
Dwivedi, R. S.; MW RADIATION ON THE J Cell Biol 5; plants (Phaseolus whole organism
48 Dwivedi, R. S. Dept. Botany, USA
Howard Univ. Howard Univ., Washington, DC 1979 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 10
nn cw = pw above nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn nn whole body
Vaidya, C. B. MEMBRANES OF LEAF 83(2 Pt 2) vulgaris L., 1-4 wk (plants)
CELLS OF RED KIDNEY old)
BEANS (PHASEOLUS
VULGARIS L.)
Motorola Florida Bioelectro-
clearly rabbit; part: sensoric
49 Elder, J.A. Motorola Florida Research Laboratories, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USAOcular effects of RF energy
Elder, J.A. Research USA 2003 magnetics 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn 150 cw = pw nn nn nn 30 minutes acute continuous 0 nn nn
above monkey eye (ocular system)
Laboratories 24 (6)
standard horn antenna
EFFECT ON THE IMMUNE
powered by a
Natl. Res. Inst. SYSTEM OF MICE pulsed 3 hours/day
Elekes, E.; Bioelectro- TK1 type TR-TK0603
for Radiobiology EXPOSED CHRONICALLY (square wave for 6 mouse
and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary;Natl. Res. Inst. for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, POB 101, H-1775 Budapest, Hungary (RR/E.E.)
rie" Res. Inst. for RadiobiologyThuroczy, G.;
50 Elekes, E. Hungary 1996 magnetics 2.45 2.45 none 50 50 nn nn nn 0,1/ 0,12 - 0,16/ cw = pw close to nn microwave generator coupled nn temporary intermittent 0 female, male nn whole body whole organism
and TO 50 Hz AMPLITUDE- amplitude consecutive (BALB/c)
Szabo, L. D. 17(3) to an OMSZOV
Radiohygiene MODULATED 2.45 GHz modulated) days
type BE-104 function
MICROWAVES
generator
HEART RATE CHANGES
cardio-vascular
Jauchem, J. R.; NASA-Lyndon DUE TO 5.6-GHz RF Proc Soc rat
250; 30; 6; (heart rate, blood
51 Frei, M. Branch, Mail Code SD3, NASA-Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston,RADIATION:
Medical ResearchR.;
Frei, M. R. B. Johnson USA 1984 TX 77058 Exp Biol Med 5.6 5.6 none 250 1 1-2 pulsed nn cw = pw above radar far-field nn acute intermittent 0 (Sprague-Dawley, female 28 whole body
500 60 12 pressure, respiratory
Heinmets, F. Space Center RELATION TO AVERAGE 177(3) adult)
rate)
POWER DENSITY
Trinity Univ. ; PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
J Microw 8,4;
Frei, M.; Sch. of OF 2.8 GHz RF RADIATION: 12,6; cardio-vascular
Power rat
v. (M.F.); Sch. of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Aerospace
52 Frei, M. R. Jauchem, J.; USA Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX (J.J.); Univ. of Texas,Austin, TX (F.H.)
TX (M.F.);Radiation Sciences Division, Sch. of1988 A COMPARISON OF 2.8 2.8 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 30; 45; 60; 75 (pw) / cw membranes. Similar damage was caused by
nn nn nn EXP EOR mW/cm2. Small membrane function no -/- nn susceptibility to microwaves. The nn nn nn membranes of leaf membranes of leaf
chloroplasts vitro continuous and pulsed modes of radiation.
pieces of leaf results suggest that membranes chloroplasts) chloroplasts)
samples selected are the primary targets of
at random were microwave
prepared for irradiatio for nonthermal effects.
electron
microscopy after
glutaraldehyde-
osmium fixation.
The membranes of The nonhuman primate study showed that the
incident power density levels causing cataracts in
rabbits and other laboratory animals cannot be
directly extrapolated to primates, including
human beings (due to different facial structure). It is Clinically significant ocular effects,
reasonable to assume that an SAR that would including cataracts, have not been
induce temperatures 41°C in or near the lens in confirmed in human populations
ocular effects the human eye would produce cataracts by the exposed for long periods of time to
(cataracts, corneal lesions, retinal in or near EYE; changes of the
0 min at power densities causing extremely high dose rates (150 W/kg) yes temperatures (41°C) in or near the lens vivo
yes and EXP were not observed in the monkey eye exposedthat caused
in caused cataracts in the rabbit eye. However, cataracts no -/- same mechanism (heating) to similar exposure conditions, reflecting the different patterns ofThe results of four (SAR, specific absorption rate) distribution, due to their different facial structure. ´- (ocular effects) head is similareffects)
nn low level RF. energy absorption nn nn nn Since the monkey ´- (ocular in structure to the human head, the nonhuman primate study showed that the incident power density levels causing cataracts in rabbits and other laboratory anim
effects, changes in vascular the lens SEN neurological system cataracts in the rabbit lens; however, such an recent human studies show that
permeability) exposure would greatly exceed the currently there is no clear evidence of an
allowable limits for human exposure and would be association between RF exposure
expected to cause unacceptable effects in other and ocular cancer.
parts of the eye and face; some unconfirmed
effects: corneal lesions after CW; retinal effects
after PW;
The immunological Body weights were not affected by any microwave
effects of 50-Hz exposure. Spleen weights and the spleen index
square wave were moderately increased by 15% only in male ´- (spleen weights ↑+ (spleen weights;
amplitude increase (pw)
mice exposed to AM modulated microwaves, but the and index; male and male)
body weight; weight of spleens; modulated (AM) spleen index increase was not quite significant Spleen weights and female)
spleen index (defined 2.45-GHz or CW The authors concluded that 50-Hz
(p=0.0687). No changes in spleen weight or index the spleen index were
as ratio of spleen weight to body AM modulated and CW 2.45-GHz The lack of an effect in female amplification (pw)
2.45-GHz were induced by AM modulated microwaves in moderately increased ↑+ (plaque forming ↑++ (plaque forming
weight); number of splenocytes; microwaves were microwave radiation causes mice may be due to
female mice or by CW microwave radiation in by 15% only in male cell assay response; cell assay response;
hemagglutinin titers; evaluated in mice. moderate increases in antibody differences in
in vivo -> immunological mice of either sex. No exposure-related mice exposed to AM nn only male) only male)
IgG levels nn nn nn EXP IMM Male and female -/- yes production in male, but not female psychoneurohormonal shelf-control
vitro reactions changes in splenocyte counts were seen. modulated (´-)
BALB/c-mice were mice. The small response was regulation or differences in
The splenic PFC response to SRBCs was microwaves, but the ´- (splenocytes
The splenic response to SRBC exposed to attributed to the low power level of situational stress between
increased by 37.07% in male mice exposed to CW spleen index counts) ´- (splenocytes counts)
inoculation radiation 3 hr daily the and short duration of the males and females.
microwave radiation (from 15,343.3 +/- 1700.5 to increase was not quite
was determined using the plaque for 6 consecutive exposure.
21,031.2 +/- 2517.6 PFC/spleen, p=0.0929) and by significant (p=0.0687). ´- (serum ´- (serum
forming cell (PFC) assay. days. 55.41% in males exposed to modulated radiation hemagglutinin titer, hemagglutinin titer,
The time averaged (from 11,980.4 +/- 1437.4 to 18,619.0 +/- 3136.2 IgG, body weight) IgG, body weight)
power density was PFC/spleen, p=0.0918), differences which the
0.1 mW/cm2 and authors considered significant. This parameter was
the whole body
This study was No significantly affected in female mice.
not differences were observed between results
designed to obtained with pulsed and continuous wave
investigate effects exposures. Heart rate increased at exposure to 60
on heart rate, blood mW/cm2, and not to 30 mW/cm2. The time taken
pressure, and to reach a colonic
respiratory rate of temperature of 39.5 C was over twice as long at 30
5.6 GHz mW/cm2 as at 60 mW/cm2,
radiofrequency but the time taken to return to 38.5 C was similar. The authors doubt that exposure
blood pressure; respiration; CVS; radiation (RFR) at No changes in mean arterial blood pressure or to these RFR conditions would ↑+ (heart rate at 60 ↑+ (heart rate at 60
yes colonic yes EXP in vivo power densities of physiology no -/- nn nn nn nn
EKG RES in respiratory rate were observed. have any serious long-term mW/cm2) mW/cm2)
30 and 60 physiological consequences
mW/cm2,
exposure
conditions
characteristic of
high-power
stationary tracking
radars for military
applications and of
The acute No significant difference in heating or cooling ´- (heating or cooling
´- (heating or cooling
thermophysiological responses were seen between the PW- and the responses)
responses)
effects of CW-RFR exposed animals at any of the power
exposure to PW The authors conclude, however, ´- (respiratory rate)
densities tested. Average power density was
that no significant difference was ´- (respiratory rate)
radiofrequency inversely related to the time to achieve the 1 C
radiation (RFR) shown between the effect of acute ↓+ (blood pressure)
colonic temperature increase; however, the time to
Heart rate was slightly CW or PW RFR exposure upon ↓+ (blood pressure)
chamber were compared to recovery of the baseline temperature was increase (pw)
arterial blood pressure; those of exposure decreased but not the anesthetized rat's colonic ´- (heartrate)
unaffected. No linear relationship exists between
respiratory rate; CVS; significantly changed thermal response, heart rate, ↑+ (heartrate; ≥ 30
colonic; to CW RFR in physiology; power density and core temperature increase; this is 2
ECG; yes yes EXP RES; in vivo ketamine- -/- yes during 30-mW/cm2 arterial blood pressure, or nn nn nn mW/cm )
tympanic; thermoregulation in contrast to a cadaver or saline model. Heart rate amplification (pw)
temperature (colonic, TMP anesthetized rats. pulsed irradiation. respiratory rate. The differential in ↑++ (tympanic,
subcutaneo was slightly decreased but not significantly changed
subcutaneous, tympanic)
us Female Sprague- during 30-mW/cm2 pulsed irradiation. Heart rate
the effects of PW and CW RFR on subcut. temperature) ↑+++ (tympanic,
Dawley rats were subcutaneous and tympanic subcut. temperature)
significantly increased during PW-RFR exposure
exposed in the heating did not, it is concluded, ↑+ (colonic
in an inverse relationship to power density at amplification (pw)
far-field to 2.8-GHz significantly alter the colonic temperature) ↑++ (colonic
values greater than 30 mW/cm2. Heart rate was
PW (2 usec, 500 heating and cooling responses. temperature)
not affected significantly during CW RFR
pps) and CW RFR exposure at the different power densities. Mean ↕+ (changes within
at average power blood pressure decreased slightly during the temperature change (cw)
densities ofmale45, 2
Twenty 30, The times required for Tc to increase from 38.5 cycles; 60-mW/cm )
Sprague-Dawley to 39.5 C under each of the exposure conditions
rats, weighing were nearly equal during CW and pulsed
between 304-361 exposure in either orientation; but the time
g, were required for E-orientation exposure was
anesthetized with ↑+ (colonic; ↑+ (colonic;
significantly longer (2-3 times) than for H-
ketamine HCl tympanic; tympanic;
orientation. H-orientation exposure produced faster
(Velatar) and were subcutaneous subcutaneous
ECG; arterial blood press.; colonic; Tc increases (except for the tail), higher local SHR in
CVS; exposed temperatures) temperatures)
respirat. rates; tympanic; physiology; the anesthetized rats, and higher local SAR in the
yes yes EXP RES; in vivo individually in E no -/- nn nn nn nn nn
temp. (left and right sub-cutaneous, subcutaneo thermoregulation rat carcasses. During Tc increases from 38.5 to 39.9
TMP (long axis parallel ↑+ (heart rat, blood ↑+ (heart rat, blood
right tympanic, colonic, tail) us C, heart rate and blood pressure increased, but
to electric field) pressure) pressure)
there were no differences in these changes between
and H (long axis the effects of E- and H-orientation exposure or
parallel to a ´- respiration rate ´- respiration rate
between CW and pulsed irradiation. The respiratory
magnetic field) rate did not change significantly under any exposure
orientations to both conditions.
CW and pulsed
radiofrequency
radiation
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 20 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn athermal
nn thermal
nn nn
nn thermal
yes
(blood thermal
pressure)
nn thermal
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 21 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
model 1326 thermo-regulatory
THERMOREGULATORY Radiat RF power (thermo-regulatory-
Frei, M. R.;
Trinity Univ.; RESPONSES OF RATS Environ 30; 30; 9,3; 9,3; source model 2852 rat regulatory responses
. of Biology, Frei, M. R. 715Jauchem, Dr., San Antonio, TX 78284 (F.H.); RadiationSciences Div.,1989
54 Trinity Univ., Stadium J. R.; USA USAF/SAM, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 (M.R.F., J.R.J.) 9.3 9.3 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn cw = pw above radar far-field nn acute intermittent 0 female 6 whole body
USAF/SAM EXPOSED TO 9.3-GHz RF Biophys 60 60 18,6 18,6 (Cober power source (Sprague-Dawley) and related
Heinmets, F.
RADIATION 28(1) Electron.), physiological
far-field processes)
0,6 / 200
AVOIDANCE BY RATS OF 100 (exp.1)
J Comp
Frey, A. H.; (no affiliation ILLUMINATION WITH LOW (exp. 1); 30 whole organism
55 Frey, A. H. (no affiliation given) USA 1975 Physiol 1.2 1.2 none 100 30 pulsed nn 2,4 (exp.2) nn cw > pw above nn nn nn nn acute continuous 0 rat nn nn whole body
Feld, S. R. given) POWER NONIONIZING EM 1000 5000 0,2 / 2,1 (behavior)
Psychol 89(2)
ENERGY (exp.2) (exp.2)
30 minutes,
standard horn antenna female (1. whole body (1. nervous
NEURAL FUNCTION AND 4 times/day
Frey, A. H.; experiment) experiment) (central
BEHAVIOR: Ann N Y (Model 411A rat
56 Frey, A. H. Feld, S. R.; Randomline, Inc. Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006 1975
Randomline, Inc., USA 1.22 1.22 none 1000 1000 500 500 pulsed nn 2.4 0,2 / 2,1 nn cw > pw above nn Microdot power oscillator was far-field acute intermittent 0 nn nervous system
DEFINING THE Acad Sci 247 30 minutes (Sprague-Dawley)
Frey, B. male (2. head (2. function and behavior;
RELATIONSHIP fed to the antenna) (2.
experiment) experiment) BBB)
experiment)
0,65;
0,2;
EXPOSURE TO RF standard gain
Randomline, 0-0,1 cw = pw (0.2); above / rat 16;
Frey, A. H.; ELECTROMAGNETIC Aggressive 100; horn antenna; 5 whole organism
57 Frey, A. H. USA
Randomline, Inc., County Line and Mann Roads, Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006
Inc., Huntingdon 1986 1.3 1.3 none 1000 1000 100 pulsed nn 0.2 / nn cw pw close to male) 60
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR. chamber
0,4;
0,05 - 0,2
Fritze, K.; Max-Planck-Inst.
EFFECT OF GLOBAL
Sommer, C.; for Neurological
SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
Schmitz, B.; Res.; Acta below / plastic tubes
COMMUNICATION (GSM) rat nervous
eler Strasse 50,D-50931 Cologne, Germany (K.F.,Ruprecht-Karls-
58 Fritze, K. Mies, G.; Germany
B.S., G.M., K.A.H.); Inst. for Neuropathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Univ.,Heidelberg, Germany Neuropathol Novartis Pharma Inc.,none
1997 (C.S., M.K.); 0.9 0.9 Nervous Syst. Res., Basel, Switzerland(C.W.)
217 217 nn nn GSM-like nn nn 7.5 0,3; 1,5(brain) cw > pw close to / nn in a circular carousel, near-field 4 hours acute continuous 0 male 4 x 20 whole body
MW EXPOSURE ON (Wistar) (BBB)
Hossmann, K. A.; Univ.; (Berl) 94(5) above heads facing a central antenna
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
Kiessling, M.; Novartis
PERMEABILITY IN RAT
Wiessner, C. Pharma Inc.
sleeved sleeved dipole
dipole antenna antenna
Fritze, K.; Max-Planck-Inst. whole body: fed by a fed by a
Wiessner, C.; for Neurological EFFECT OF GLOBAL 0,17; signal commercial
Kuster, N.; Res.; SYSTEM FOR MOBILE 0,84; synthesizer GSM phone
1; below /
Sommer, C.; Ruprecht-Karls COMMUNICATION MW Neuroscience 4,2 (HP8656) (Motorola rat histological cut
Germany Germany (C.S.,P.G., M.K.); Lab. of EMF and Microwave Electronics, Swiss Federal Inst. of Tech. 217
rmany (K.F.,C.W., D.M.H., RR/K-A.H.); Inst. of Neuropathology, Ruprecht-Karls Univ., Heidelberg,1997
59 Fritze, K. 0.89 0.915 0,9 (cw) 217 (ETH), Zurich,Switzerland (N.K.)
nn nn GSM-like 5; nn cw = pw close to / nn near-field 4 hours acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
Gass, P.; Univ.; EXPOSURE ON THE 81(3) brain: International (Wistar) (nervous)
25 above
Hermann, D.M.; Swiss Federal GENOMIC RESPONSE OF 0,3; 2000)
Kiessling, M.; Inst. of Tech. THE RAT BRAIN 1,5; controlled by
Hossmann, K-A. (ETH) 7,5 / a GSM RF
test set
(HP8922A)
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 22 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Research on the At both power densities the sc and tympanic
biological effects of temperature increases significantly exceeded the
gigahertz colonic temperature
radiofrequency increase. Furthermore, heart rates increased
radiation significantly during RFR
(RFR) suggests exposure (both CW and pulsed) and returned to The authors
that acute normal upon cessation of interpreted their results as
respiratory rates; arterial blood colonic; exposure to high exposure. Neither blood pressure nor indicative of a marked effect of ↑++ (sc and tympanic ↑++ (sc and tympanic
CVS; levels of RFR in
pressure; tympanic, sc, and colonic tympanic; physiology; respiratory rate changed carrier temp; heart rate); ´- temp; heart rate); ´-
yes yes EXP RES; in vivo this frequency no -/- nn nn nn nn
temperatures subcutaneo thermoregulation significantly during RFR exposure. No significant frequency upon the pattern of heat (blood preassure, (blood preassure,
TMP range may induce
us differences in the distribution and physiological resp. rate) resp. rate)
both morphological effects of CW or pulsed RFR were noted. As responses
and/or functional compared to previous studies elicited in RFR-exposed animals.
changes in diverse conducted at a frequency of 2.8 GHz, the levels of
biological systems. sc heating and heart
Most of this rate change were greater and latencies for 1-degree
research, however, colonic heating and
has utilized RFR in cooling were increased at both power densities at
the spent more
Rats frequency 9.3 GHz.
1. experiment:Rats spent more time in the halves of
time in the halves shuttle boxes that were shielded from illumination by
of shuttle boxes 1.2 GHz microwave energy than in the unshielded.
that were shielded
from 2. experiment: The rats avoided the pulsed energy,
illumination by 1.2 but not the continuous energy.
GHz microwave
energy than in the
unshielded. In nn ´- (time spent in the ↑+ (time spent in the
time spent in
nn nn nn EXP BEH in vivo Experiment 1, rats behaviour -/- yes nn nn nn (shielded shuttle nn shielded halve of the shielded halve of the increase (pw)
the shielded half of the shuttle box
avoided the energy boxes) shuttle box) shuttle box)
when it was
presented as 30-
musec
pulses with a pulse
repetition rate of
100 pulses per
second (pps). The
average power
The authors 1. experiment: No significant differences in time The authors concluded that
examined the spent in the shielded half of the shuttle box were irradiation of small mammals with
effects of seen for the first 2 days of the experiment, however low power RF energy affects
radiofrequency differences emerged by the third and fourth days. BBB integrity. Because parts of
(RF) radiation on The group exposed to the pulsed radiation the body other than the brain were ↑+ (time spent in the
central spent, on average, 30% of its time in the 1. experiment: time irradiated, it cannot be stated shielded half of the
nervous system ´- (time spent in the
unshielded half of the box, the sham irradiated spent in the shielded decisively that the observed shuttle box;
time spent in in vivo (1. (CNS) function and shielded half of the increase (pw)
group spent 52% of its time, and the group half of the shuttle box: changes in BBB permeability differences emerged
the shielded half of the shuttle box BBB; experiment) behavior. The morphological and shuttle box)
exposed to CW radiation spent 64% of its time in the difference between were a direct result of RF by the third and fourth
(1. experiment) nn nn nn EXP BEH; in vivo -> purpose of the pathological -/- yes nn sham-exposure ´-
the unshielded half of the box. The difference the CW group and the exposure. The effects could be a day of experiment)
NES vitro (2. experiments changes; behaviour ↑+ (fluorescein
between the group exposed to the pulsed radiation sham irradiated group secondary to irradiation of some
BBB permeability (2. experiment) experiment) was to determine if staining, BBB amplification (pw)
and the sham irradiated group and between the was not statistically other part of the body. ↑++ (fluorescein
there was an permeability)
pulsed and CW irradiated groups was statistically significant. Nonetheless, it appears that RF staining, BBB
association significant (both at p=0.013) while the difference energy affects brain permeability)
between changes between the CW group and the sham irradiated permeability and behavior and
in CNS group was not. that pulsed RF energy is more
function and effective than CW radiation in
avoidance 2. experiment: The intensity of fluorescein doing this. The results also
behavior and
Based on earlier The EM in the sections and reduced
stainingexposure substantiallythe number of
work which points aggressive behavior at incident average power
to the dopamine densities of 50 and 100
(DA) and opiate uW/cm2, as did the CW exposure; 20 uW/cm2 was
systems not effective. The pulse
of the brain as width did not appear to be critical.
being mediators of the authors hypothesize that
electromagnetic aggression induced by aversive
(EM) irradiation stimulation would be modified ↓++ (aggressive ↓++ (aggressive
aggressive behavior nn nn nn EXP BEH in vivo effects, the authors behaviour no -/- nn nn sham-exposure ´-
by exposure of the animals to behaviour) behaviour)
hypothesize that low-intensity
aggression induced EM energy.
by aversive
stimulation would
be modified by
exposure of the
animals to low-
intensity
EM energy.
The authors In the brains of freely-moving control rats, only 1 The authors concluded that
examined the spot of extravasated serum albumin was seen in a microwave irradiation of the brain
effects of single animal. In the 20 sham- exposed controls, at frequencies and intensities
microwave 4 circumscribed extravasation areas were seen in 3 corresponding to cellular
radiation with the animals. In microwave-irradiated animals, 5 out of telephones produces no or only
characteristics of 10 animals irradiated at SARs of 0.3, 1.5, and 7.5 negligible permeability changes in
global system for W/kg that were killed at the end of exposure showed the BBB. The observed changes
extent of immunohistochemical mobile stat. insignificant are not associated
7, 6, and 14 extravasation areas, respectively. In
staining for extravasated morphological and increase in the
in vivo -> communications the 10 animals in the 0.3, 1.5, and 7.5-W/kg groups with any lasting histological sham exposure/ ↑++ (extravasation ↑++ (extravasation ↑++ (extravasation
serum albumin nn nn nn EXP BBB (GSM) signals on pathological no -/- extravasation areas at damage. These data, therefore, nn
vitro that were killed 7 days after exposure ended, the shelf control areas) areas) at 7.5 W/kg areas) at 7.5 W/kg
=> blood-brain barrier changes 0.3 and 1.5 W/kg do not support the view that use of
total number of
BBB permeability (BBB) permeability exposures cellular phones presents a health
extravasation areas was 2, 0, and 1, respectively.
in rats. Groups of The microwave-induced increases in number of risk to the
20 serum albumin extravasation areas was brain. The authors noted that the
unanesthetized statistically significant only for the group limited extravasation was seen only
male Wistar rats exposed at SAR of 7.5 W/kg. The size and at the highest exposure level (7.5
were irradiated for appearance of the extravasation areas were very W/kg) which is close to the
4 hr with 900-MHz similar regardless of the radiation intensity or the threshold for
microwave
The authors time of investigation. No evidence of histological
In the positive controls, marked induction of the thermal effects, occurred in
The authors concluded that 4-hr
examined the mRNAs was observed, confirming the reliability of exposure to microwave
effects of the in-situ hybridization technique. Immediately after radiation at SARs ranging up to 7.5
microwave exposure, slight induction of hsp 70 mRNA was W/kg did not produce any major
exposures seen in the cerebellum and abnormalities in gene expression in
produced by the hippocampus of rats exposed to the 7.5-W/kg the rat brain. Lasting tissue
hsp 70, c-fos, c-jun, and glial Global System for radiation, but this was not reactions to these types of
fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) Mobile 1) ↑+ (induction of 1) ↑+ (induction of
observed at lower intensities. A slight increase in exposures are, therefore, unlikely. 1) ´- (induction of
mRNA (in-situ hibridization); Communications hsp 70 mRNA at 7.5 hsp 70 mRNA at 7.5
in vivo -> molecular c-fos mRNA expression was seen in the It cannot sham-exposure / hsp 70 mRNA);
expression of C-FOS, FOS-B,C- yes rectal no EXP CEF no -/- nn nn W/kg); W/kg);
vitro (GSM) on gene biosynthesis cerebellum, neocortex, and piriform cortex of all be stated with absolute certitude shelf control 2) ↑+ (induction of
JUN, JUN-B, HSP, KROX-20 expression in rat 2) ↑+ (induction of c- 2) ↑+ (induction of c-
animals that had been immobilized (sham- that mobile telephones do not c-fos mRNA);
(immunocytochemical technique); brain. Male Wistar fos mRNA); fos mRNA);
irradiated controls and irradiated animals); present a
cell proliferation rats were exposed however, there were no differences in c-fos mRNA health risk to the central nervous
to a GSM expression among the different irradiated groups. c- system since the effects of chronic
microwave signal Jun and GFAP mRNA expression was not microwave exposure and of
at antenna increased in any irradiated group. No changes in microwave exposures combined
powers of 1 or 5 W the level of expression with other noxious
or to 25-W 900- of any of the immediate early gene-encoded conditions were not examined.
MHz continuous proteins and stress proteins,
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 23 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
yes thermal
nn nn
nn nn
yes nn
nn nn
nn nn
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 24 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
THE ABSENCE OF cell:
SIGNIFICANT SHORT-TERM giant internodal
EM IEEE Trans cells of
Gokhale, A. V.; electrolyte
Washington BIOEFFECTS IN GIANT Microw 8,4 - 0,00001; 0,1; close to / cell eukaryotic
60 Gokhale, A. V. Dept. of USA
Brunkard, K. M.; Electrical Engineering, Washington Univ., Saint Louis, MO 63130
1984 8.4 12.4 0.00001 0.1 pulsed nn 0,1 - 10 0,1 - 10 nn cw = pw nn culture near-field nn nn nn 0 nn nn cell
Univ. ALGAL CELLS EXPOSED TO Theory Tech 12,4 0,001 1 above (green alga) green algae
Pickard, W. F. apparatus
CW AND PULSE- 32(8) Chara braunii
MODULATED X-BAND and Nitella
BURSTS flexilis
VHF;
EVIDENCE THAT
UHF; cell
Univ. CHARACEAN MEMBRANE
Gokhale, A. V.; Radiat Res X-band close to / (single giant of the
61 Gokhale, A. V. USA
Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington Univ. Sch. of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
Washington 1985 TRANSPORT IS NOT 0.05 0.917 nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 0,01 - 500 nn cw = pw nn flow channel nn nn nn continuous 0 nn nn cell cell
Pickard, W. F. 102(3) e.g. above algae Chara braunii
Sch. Medicine SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED
147; and Nitella flexilis)
BY INCIDENT EM RADIATION
450
ABSENCE OF MW EFFECT rat
Gruenau, S. P.; 1;
ON BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 10; (Tac:N[SD]sBR,120
Oscar, K. J.; Naval Medical Exp Neurol 5; cw = pw (40); nervous
62 Gruenau, S. P. Naval Medical Research Inst., Bethesda, MD 20014
USA 1982 PERMEABILITY TO 2.8 2.8 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 40 nn above nn nn 30 minutes acute continuous 0 -150 male nn whole body
Folker, M. T.; Research Inst. 75(2) 10; cw > pw (BBB)
[14C]SUCROSE IN THE days old, weighing
Rapoport, S. I. 15
CONSCIOUS RAT 250-300 g)
0,2712
cell cell culture
Anderstam, B.; (CW-
STUDIES OF POSSIBLE 4 (RF); (strains of (mutation of
Hamnerius, Y.; Univ. of Hereditas electric 3,07 2,45
63 Hamnerius, Y. Sweden
Dept. of Radiobiology, Wallenberg Lab., Univ. of Stockholm, Sweden GENETIC EFFECTS IN
1983 nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn 35 - 100 cw = pw above nn nn far-field 1 - 7 hours temporary continuous 0 Salmonella nn 13 strains cell Salmonella
Hussain, S.; Stockholm 98(1) and (PW) (CW)
BACTERIA OF HF EMF (MW) typhimerium and typhimerium and
Ehrenberg, L. magneti
Escherichia coli) Escherichia coli)
c)
0,2712
(CW- cell
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF
electric pulsed or (Salmonella
Hamnerius, Y.; HF EMF ON SALMONELLA Bioelectro- modified version of the Ames
Chalmers Univ. and 3,1 2,45 amplitude typhimurium cell culture
64 Hamnerius, Y. Applied Electron Sweden
Rasmuson, A.; Physics, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, S-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
1985 TYPHIMURIUM AND magnetics 500 500 1 1 nn nn nn nn nn nn test far-field (PW) nn nn nn 0 nn nn cell
of Technology magneti (PW) (CW) modulated (2.45 cultures; Drosophila (genetic damage)
Rasmuson, B. DROSOPHILA 6(4)
c, GHz) melano-gaster
MELANOGASTER.
Drosoph embryos)
ila only)
Nilsson, R.; Univ. of
Hamnerius, Y.; Goteborg; MW EFFECTS ON THE
4
Hansson Mild, K.; Chamlers Univ. CENTRAL NERVOUS
Health Phys 4 hours/day monkey (2 pw
65 Hamnerius, Health, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden (K.H.M.); Inst. ofNeurobiology, Univ. of Goteborg, Box 33031, S-400 33 Goteborg, Sweden (H-A.H.); Dept. of2.45
al Inst. of Occupational Y. Hansson, H-A.; of Technology; Sweden 1989 SYSTEM -- 2.45 Neurology,Univ. of Goteborg, Sahlgren Hosp., S-413 45 Goteborg, Sweden (E.H., L.I.P.); Dept. of PsychiatryIII, Univ.2,6 Goteborg, Lillhagen Hosp., Box 3005, S-422above
none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 10 10 of - 4,8 2,6 - 4,8 cw = pw 03 Goteborg, Sweden (S.O.)
radar nn nn temporary intermittent 0 nn whole body nervous
56(5) on 12 days (cynomolgus) 1 cw
Hjelmqvist, E.; National Inst. of A STUDY OF RADAR
1 control)
Olanders, S.; Occupational MECHANICS
Persson, L. I. Health;
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 25 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
In an attempt to In no instance was a
detect short term significant radiation-correlated offset of the resting
effects of low-level potential observed.
X-band frequency
microwave
irradiation on
cellular function,
the vacuolar The authors conclude that there
resting potential appears to be no simple, rapid,
´- (electrical effect on ´- (electrical effect on
vacuolar resting potential nn nn EXP BMP in vitro of the giant membrane function no -/- nn obvious nn nn nn
the resting potential) the resting potential)
internodal cells of electrical effect of X-band
eukaryotic green irradiation in this preparation.
algae Chara
braunii and
Nitella flexilis was
measured with
glass
microelectrodes.
Cells from Chara
The authors have No radiation-correlated
continued their changes of vacuolar resting potential or noise which
ongoing study of were attributable to
single giant cells of intermediate or long-term irradiation were observed
the at any of the
algae Chara frequencies tested.
braunii and Nitella
flexilis in an
attempt to detect ´- ( vacuolar resting ´- ( vacuolar resting
vacuolar potential nn nn nn EXP BMP in vitro membrane-related membrane function no -/- nn nn nn nn nn
potential) potential)
electromagnetic
bioeffects in a well-
defined cellular
system. The
exposure
apparatus
consisted of a
narrow silver
microstrip
The possible effect Regardless of the power density level of the MW,
of microwave the PA values did
(MW) radiation on not show significant differences from the respective The findings indicate that MW
blood-brain barrier regional values of irradiation
(BBB) sham-irradiated control animals. under the given experimental
permeability was conditions does not damage the
investigated in BBB. It is suggested that the dual
adult male rats compartment technique is
(Tac:N[SD]sBR; morphological and considerably more sensitive than
permeability-capillary surface area in vivo -> ´- (BBB
nn nn nn EXP BBB 120-150 pathological no -/- nn other existing techniques for the nn sham ´- (BBB permeability) ´- (BBB permeability)
product (PA) for [14C] sucrose vitro permeability)
days old, weighing changes measurement of cerebrovascular
250-300 g). The permeability. With [14C]sucrose
permeability- as the test tracer, this technique
capillary surface gives results that are independent
area of regional cerebral blood flow
product (PA) for which may increase in response to
[14C]sucrose was MW exposure.
examined at the
BBB of
Thirteen strains of No difference was seen in pooled mutation
Salmonella frequency between
typhimerium and exposed and control organisms for all exposures
Escherichia coli and strains. Growth
were exposed stimulation was observed in some situations and a
to high frequency weak prophage inducing The authors attempt to extrapolate
electromagnetic capacity was noted. the results to the ´- ↑+ (growth ↑+ (growth
cellular growth rate; (EM) fields in an situation of occupational exposure stimulation; prophage stimulation; prophage
attempt to discover cell vitality, cell
forward mutation, backmutation, or CEF; to EM fields in Sweden and inducing inducing
fix nn no EXP in vitro athermal effects. division; no -/- nn nn sham
prophage GEN estimate a capacity) capacity)
EM fields included genotoxicity
induction cancer risk, and risk of heritable
27.12 MHz damage, of less than 1 case ´- (mutations) ´- (mutations) ´- (mutations)
continuous wave annually.
(CW)
electric field, 27.12
CW magnetic field,
2.45 GHz CW EM
far field, and 3.07
GHz pulsed EM far
Radiofrequency In Drosophila- no effects. In bacteria-
electromagnetic significantly higher cell density after exposure to
radiation (EMR) 27.12 MHz magnetic field, 2.45 GHz CW and 3.10
has been reported GHz pulsed microwave radiation, without a
to induce corresponding increase in mutant cell numbers. The authors conclude that their
genetic damage in results
various types of demonstrate no genetic damage,
eukaryotic cells, cell vitality, cell
but a distinct non-thermal ´- (mutation in ´- (mutation in
somatic mutagenicity (Drosophila); division;
CEF; but questions physiological drosophila); ↑++ drosophila); ↑++
number of reversion mutations fix ext medium no EXP in vitro remain teratogenity; no -/- nn nn sham ´-
GEN effect on bacterial growth with (bacteria cell density; (bacteria cell density;
(bacteria); cell density (bacteria) regarding the genotoxicity
exposure to high frequency EMR, ´- (bacteria mutation) ´- (bacteria mutation)
importance of the as has been
temperature rise in reported by others for other genera
the test system in of bacteria and in yeast.
producing this
genetic effect. The
aim of this study
was to determine if
genetic damage
The possibility of The monkey exposed to 2.45 GHz PW MW at 10 The authors point out that the
central nervous mW/cm2 for 4 hr/day on 12 consecutive days (SAR clinical significance of the CSF
system effects in of 2.6-4.8 W/kg) exhibited an increase in a protein protein difference is not clear, but
radar mechanics band with a pI of 4.5. Only a faint band was seen the surprisingly high time derivative
and in the CSF from the monkey exposed to CW MW of the magnetic fields close to
engineers of the same power density and duration. The band some of the transmitter units
occupationally was absent or weak in CSF from the unexposed indicates that engineers and
exposed to monkey and from the monkey exposed to PW mechanics may be exposed to
EOR; microwaves (MW) morphological and radiation for only 2 days. magnetic flux density levels a ´- / ´- (protein
proteins in cerebrospinal fluid nn nn nn EXP in vivo was investigated pathological -/- yes nn nn shelf control ↑+ (protein band) ↑++ (protein band) amplification (pw)
NES thousand times higher than those band)
clinically in 17 changes
measured in front of video display
subjects (mean terminals. The authors suggest
age 52 yr). that the time derivative factor
Seventeen men should be controlled in future
with probable animal and epidemiological
exposure to studies and the effects of CW and
moderate or high PW MW radiation should be
levels of MW differentiated.
radiation, and 12
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 26 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn athermal
nn athermal
yes nn
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 27 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
THE EFFECT OF 2450-MHz 2 minutes -
National Inst. Hewlett Applied embryo
Hamrick, P. E.; MW IRRADIATION ON THE Health Phys 1 hour, cardio-vascular
66 Hamrick, P. E. National Inst. Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle 1980 NC 27709
Environmental USA Park, 2.45 2.45 none 10 10-50 10 10 pulsed 0.1 - 10 nn 0.3-30 cw = pw above nn Packard Microwave nn acute continuous 0 (Japanese quail, 8- nn nn whole body
McRee, D. I. HEART RATE OF 38(3) typical (heart rate)
Health Sciences mode 18690B PH 49k 13 day old)
EMBRYONIC QUAIL 5-10 minutes
1 sec.
on 1
sec. off;
3 sec.
Haugh, C.; PULSING MW ENERGY: A on, 3
J Interv Card
Davidson, E. S.; Tufts Univ. Sch. METHOD TO CREATE MORE sec. off; cw = pw medical ovine endocardial
67 Haugh, C. USA
Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, New England Medical Center, Tufts Univ. Sch. of Medicine, Boston, MA02111 none
1997 Electrophysiol 0.915 0.915 nn nn nn pulsed 20 nn nn nn nn nn 30 seconds acute continuous 0 nn nn model system physical model system
Estes, N. A., 3rd; of Medicine UNIFORM MYOCARDIAL (20 W) application model
1(1)
Wang, P. J. TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS 5 sec
on, 5
sec off
with 30
sec
CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO 50-
Heikkinen, P.; Hz MAGNETIC FIELDS OR 1,5
Univ. of Kuopio;
Kumlin, T.; 900 MHz EMF DOES NOT Electro Wavetek signal generator; hours/day
Natl. Public mouse neuro-endocrine
Laitinen, J. T.K., J.J.); Dept. ofPhysiology, Univ. of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland (J.T.L.); Lab. NOCTURNAL Natl. Public HealthInst., Kuopio,0.902 (H.K.)
Univ. of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland (RR/P.H.,T.;
68 Heikkinen, P. Finland 1999 ALTER of Toxicology, Magnetobiol 0.902 Finland none 217 217 nn nn GSM-like nn nn 1.5 0.35 cw > pw above nn 5 days/week chronic intermittent 0 female nn whole body
Health rectangular waveguides (CBA/S) (melatonin)
Komulainen, H.; 6-HYDROXYMELATONIN 18(1) lasting 17
Inst.
Juutilainen, J. SULFATE SECRETION IN months
CBA/S MICE.
Heikkinen, P.;
Univ. of Kuopio;
Kosma, V-M.;
Kuopio Univ.
Hongisto, T.;
Hosp.; phone for the 1,5
Huuskonen, H.;
Natl. Public EFFECTS OF MOBILE analog Nordic hours/day
Hyysalo, P.; 6,1 (CW)
Health Inst.; PHONE RADIATION ON X- Radiat Res Mobile 5 mouse whole organism
Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland (P.H.,L.P.); Dept. of Applied Physics, Univ. of Kuopio, and Dept.2001
69 Heikkinen, P. Komulainen, H.; Finland of Radiotherapy, Kuopio Univ. Hosp.,Kuopio, Finland (T.L.); Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland (S.L.);Nokia Res. Center, Helsinki, Finland; Hyysalo, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Espoo, Finlandpw
0.902 0.902 none 217 217 nn nn GSM-like and 1,3 nn 1.5 0,35 / 4 -8 Kuopio,Finland, e-mail: jukka.juutilainen@uku.fi (RR/J.J.)
cw > (currentaddress/S.L.); Dept. of Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 chronic
above nn GSM phone nn intermittent 0 female 200 whole body
STUK Radiation RAY INDUCED 156(6) Telephones/9 days/weeks (CBA/S) (tumori-genesis)
Kumlin, T.; (PW)
and Nuclear TUMORIGENESIS IN MICE 00 (NMT900) for 78 weeks
Lahtinen, T.;
Safety Authority; network
Lang, S.;
Nokia Res.
Puranen, L.;
Center;
Juutilainen, J.
Pilot experiments on
Physiol
temperature cycling in rats clearly
70 Heinmets, F. Heinmets F nn nn USA 1982 Chem Phys 2.06 2.06 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 50 - 200 nn cw = pw nn nn nn 1 day nn nn 0 rat nn nn nn thermo-regulatory
exposed repetitively to above
14 (6)
radiofrequency radiation (RFR)
described in Heinmets et al.
(Temperature Cycling in Rats
Technology Inc.; A NEW METHOD OF SAR living: living:
Heinmets, F.; Physiol Exposed Repetitively to RF
Trinity Univ.; DETERMINATION IN 2,8 15,4; 15,8 -16.3; Radiation.
Frei, M. R.; Chem Phys 5,6
Stadium Dr., USA Radiation Physics Branch,Radiation Science Div., USAF Sch. of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 (W.D.H.)
16 (F.H., J.R.J.); TrinityUniv., Dept. of Biology, 715USAF Sch. of San Antonio, TX 78284 (M.R.F.); 1984
71 Heinmets, F. ANIMALS EXPOSED TO (CW, none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 60 60 16,8; cw = pw above nn nn nn acute intermittent 0 rat nn nn whole body thermo-regulatory
Jauchem, J. R.; Med NMR (CW) SAM-TR-82-48, School of
Aerospace MW/RF RADIATION PW) dead: dead: Aerospace Medicine, Brooks
Hurt, W. D. 16(1)
Medicine (MW/RFR) 15,1-15,4 14,8-15,6
AFB, Texas, 1982; BENER
Abstract No. 0935)
Inst. of
Pharmacolo
gy and
Huber, R.; Toxicology,
Treyer, V.; Univ. of
Borbely, A. A.;
Univ. of Zurich; Zurich, EMF, SUCH AS THOSE
Schuderer, J.; Winterhurers
Univ. Hosp.; FROM MOBILE PHONES,
Gottselig, J. M.; head between two plates part:
Foundation for trasse 190, ALTER REGIONAL J Sleep Res GSM- human
72 Huber, R. Landolt, H. P.; Switzerland 2002 0.9 0.9 none nn GSM-like nn GSM-like nn nn 1 /1 nn close to nn with respect to two planar nn 30 minutes acute continuous 1 male 2 x 16 head; nervous
Res. on Inform. CH-8057 CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW 11(4) like (volunteers)
Werth, E.; antennas left side
Technol. in Soc. Zurich, AND SLEEP AND WAKING
Berthold, T.; Switzerland,
(IT'IS) EEG
Kuster, N.; e-mail:
Buck, A.; acherman@
Achermann, P. pharma.uniz
h.ch
(RR/P.A.,
R.H.,
Huber, R.;
EXPOSURE TO PULSE-
Treyer, V.;
MODULATED RATIO
Schuderer, J.;
FREQUENCY Eur J pulsed part:
Berthold, T.;
73 Huber, R. Switzerland
Univ. of Zurich; Inst. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. of Zurich, Winterhurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich,
2005 ELECTROMAGNETIC Neurosci. 21 0.9 0.9 none nn nn nn nn base-station-like, nn nn nn 1 /1 nn close to nn nn nn nn 30 min acute continuous 1 human male 12 head nervous
Buck, A.;
FIELDS AFFECTS (4) handset-like (unilateral)
Kuster, N.;
REGIONAL CEREBRAL
Landolt, H. P.;
BLOOD FLOW.
Achermann, P.
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 28 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors briefly No significant differences in heart rate were
review studies on detected between
the effects of the embryos exposed to CW and SARs of 15 and
microwave (MW) 30 mW/g, or to pulsed MW. These results suggest
radiation on the that the heart rate of the in vivo
heart and heart quail embryo is not greatly affected
rate. In order to by
clarify those short acute exposures to CW or
sometimes pulsed 2450 MHz radiation and
heart rate fix nn nn EXP CVS in vivo conflicting reports, organ function no -/- nn that the nn nn nn ´- (heart rate) ´- (heart rate)
the in vivo effect of window effect or optimum
2450 MHz MW exposure intensities observed in
radiation on the calcium efflux in
heart rate of 8-13 the brain of chicken is not operative
day old Japanese in this system. The importance of
quail embryos was accurate dosimetry is stressed.
studied. Two MW
sources were
used: one for
Microwave energy Maximum temperatures at 0.5 mm were Thus, microwave pulsing achieves nn nn nn ↑++ (temperature ↑+ (temperature amplification (cw)
has been proposed significantly lower at 63.2 +/- 5.89 degrees C for a lower endocardial temperature increase, 0.5 mm increase, 0.5 mm
as a possible the 1-sec pulse compared with 83.5 +/- 7.31 and results in a more uniform depth) depth)
technique to create degrees C for the continuous-energy delivery. Pulse temperature gradient. These
large configurations 3 sec on-3 sec off and 5 sec on-5 sec techniques may prevent the ↑+ (temperature ↑+ (temperature
tissue CVS; physical myocardial lesions. morphological and off also resulted in a significantly lower surface excessive increase, 2.0, 3.5 increase, 2.0, 3.5 mm
tissue temperature at 0.5, 2.0 and Achieving a temperature than continuous-energy delivery. endocardial damage that may mm depth) depth)
yes (myocardial) yes EXP PHY; model pathological -/- yes nn
3.5 mm depth uniform myocardial However, temperature at the 2.0-mm and 3.5-mm result in an increased risk of
TMP system changes
temperature depth created by the pulsing delivery were thrombus formation and
gradient similar to those achieved during continuous- embolization.
during microwave energy delivery.
ablation may
prevent excessive
endocardial
The authors Nocturnal excretion of aMT6s on a per animal basis
examined the showed no significant differences between The authors concluded that
effects of chronic, long-term exposure to 50-Hz
exposed and sham
long-term 50-Hz magnetic fields and RF radiation of
exposed groups in either experimental series,
EMFs and the type associated with cellular
although there was a significant increase in
900-MHz phones does not alter urinary
aMT6s excretion in all 3 RF groups (sham,
radiofrequency excretion of aMT6s,
continuous, and pulsed RF) compared to cage
(RF) radiation the primary melatonin metabolite,
controls and the 50-Hz groups (p purpose of the and 20%, respectively) compared to the cage sham exposure/ ↑++ (nonneoplastic
feed and water consumption; nn nn nn EXP TUM study was to no -/-
cancer nn The nn benign tumors); ´- changes- dilated
vitro controls. RF radiation did not increase significantly shelf control changes- acinar cell
hematological evaluate the role of results, therefore, do not provide (nonneoplastic glands in the
the incidence of any neoplastic lesion but causes hypertrophy in the
evaluations; histopathological low-level evidence for cancer promotion by changes stomach, dilatation of
some significant nonneoplastic changes (CW led pancreas; decreased
analyses of all lesions radiofrequency RF the uterus
to dilated glands in the stomach (p=0.022) and incidence of
(RF) radiation of radiation emitted by cell phones. and decreased
dilatation of the uterus hyperplasia in the
the type incidence of liver
(p=0.038), and decreased the incidence of liver cervical lymph)
emitted by cellular inflammation)
inflammation (p=0.017) relative to the sham-
telephones as a exposed group; PW increased
tumor promoter. the incidence of acinar cell hypertrophy in the
Ionizing radiation pancreas (p=0.022) and temperature regulation of of
no observable effect on decreased the incidence
rats in terms of heat dissipation efficiency.
are
agnetic energy into biological systems while the systems nn maintained at physiologically acceptable temperatures. Experiments were carried out at various power densities (50-200-/-
temperature regulation nn nn EXP TMP in vivo thermoregulation no mW/cm2) using continuous wave (CW) and pulsed radiation while the carrier frequency was maintained at 2.06 GHz. It was observed that single-day RFR exposures at power levels used in this series produced no observable effect on temperature regulation of rats in terms of heat dissipation efficiency.
nn nn nn nn nn ´- (thermoregulation) ´- (thermoregulation)
The authors There was relatively close
proposed a new agreement between the SARs determined by the 2
method for techniques. SARs obtained
determining SARs for CW and pulsed RF radiation exposures did not
in laboratory differ significantly from
animals each other. The authors concluded that the
exposed to proposed method is a simple, less
microwave and time-consuming procedure for
colonic;
radiofrequency determining SARs in live animals.
SAR by temperature (subcutan.; tympanic;
yes yes EXP TMP in vivo (RF) radiation. thermoregulation no -/- nn The method nn nn SAR value SAR value
colonic; tympanic membrane) subcutaneo
The method was is very reliable and can be used in
us
based on a acute, repetitive, and chronic
temperature microwave and RF radiation
cycling procedure, exposure experiments.
described in detail
in Heinmets
et al. (Temperature
Cycling in Rats
Exposed
The authors Exposure to the GSM-like signal in the second The authors concluded that nn sham-exposure nn ´- ↑+ (EEG power in the increase (pw)
conducted two experiment enhanced EEG power in the alpha exposure to a GSM-like RF field alpha band and in the
experiments band and in the spindle frequency range during alters awake rCBF and brain spindle frequency
examining the stage 2 sleep. The effect showed an increasing electrical activity during sleep. range and spindle
effects of cell trend in the course of the night, and enhancement of The health consequences of these amplitude)
regional cerebral blood flow by phone-like power in the spindle frequency range by GSM-like effects are unknown. The authors
positron emission tomography radiofrequency ´- (duration and
RF exposure paralleled a general increasing trend of suggested that future studies
(PET) scans (only pw) (RF) fields on number of sleep
in vivo changes of the spindle frequency activity though the night, being should not focus only on
nn nn nn EXP CNS regional cerebral -/- yes nn spindles; REM sleep
probands neurological system largest in the fourth and fifth non-REM sleep possible harmful effects of
blood flow episodes. Spindle amplitude was significantly pulse-modulated RF field latency, duration of
sleep EEG activity, EOG, EMG (pw (rCBF) and sleep the non-REM/REM
increased in the exposed condition, by 5.4 +/- 1.4% exposure, but examine its
and cw) EEG activity in sleep cycles)
relative to the unmodulated 900-Hz signal exposure potential as a noninvasive
human volunteers. and by 2.9 +/- 1.5% relative to sham-exposed method for modifying brain
In the first controls (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
1. (pw) and
2.(cw and
0,915
0,8 pw)
for 2,5;
(for 0,01; experiment:
Iurinskaia, M. M.; REACTION OF THE BRAIN experi 3;
experim 0,05; cage, from an open end of a 5minutes
Iurinskaia, M. Kuznetsov, V. I.; Acad. of RECEPTOR SYSTEM TO Biofizika ments 5; pulsed close to / rat organ
74 Physics,
Inst. of Biological Russia Russian Acad. of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142292, Russia
1996 ents none 2.5 nn nn nn nn cw = pw nn nn acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
M. Galeev, A. L.; Sciences THE EFFECT OF LOW 41(4) with 7; (rectangular) 0,1; above waveguide (Wistar, 150-200 g) (nervous)
with 3H- 3.
Kolomytkin, O. V. INTENSITY MW 3H- 16; 1
muscim experiement:
glutam 30
ol) 1 - 60
ate)
minutes (nur
pw)
COMPARISON OF THE
Jamakosmanovic,
EFFECT OF CW AND
A.;
PULSED 2450-MHz MW 0,172 / 0,179 rat
Jamakosmano Jevric, A.; Univ. of Period Biol 8,26/ waveguide system daily organ
75 Yugoslavia
Dr. Alexander Sabovljev Inst. of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Univ. ofSarajevo, Mose Pijade 6, 71000 Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
1983 IRRADIATION ON THE 2.45 2.45 none 100 100 2 2 pulsed / 2.500 J/kg J/kg cw = pw above nn nn temporary intermittent 0 (albino, nn >8 whole body
vic, A. Nakas, M.; Sarajevo 85(2) for 28 days (nervous)
LEVEL OF ATP, ADP AND body weight body weight 7 day old)
Drecun, M.; ch
AMP IN DEVELOPING RAT
Shore, M. L.
BRAIN.
Utsunomiya
Univ.; Nippon
oscillator (Wiltron, model
Veterinary monkey
Kamimura, Y.; EFFECT OF 2.45 GHz MW 610D with 6213), a TWT
and Animal Sci. IEICE Trans (cynomolgus,
Saito, K.; IRRADIATION ON MONKEY 5,3-7.,8; amplifier (Hughes, model
Y.K.); Nippon Veterinaryand Animal Sci. Univ., Musashino-shi, 180, Japan (K.S.); Nippon Medical Sch., Tokyo, 113, Japan(T.S.); Faculty of Engineering, Kanazawa Inst. of Technology, Ishikawa-ken, 921, Japan (Y.A.)
76 Kamimura, Y. Univ.; Japan 1994 Commun 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 15,9 - 43,0 cw = pw above nn near-field 4 hours acute continuous 0 Macaca nn 5 whole body sensoric
Saiga, T.; EYES 2.6 1177H) and an applicator (HP-
Nippon Medical E77B(6) fascicularis, adult,
Amemiya, Y. (LETTER) S281A),
Sch.; unanesthetized)
near-field
Kanazawa Inst.
of Technology
THE ACTION OF MW
Sechenov First 13;
RADIATION ON POTASSIUM organ
Khitrov, Iu. A.; Moscow Inst. of Radiobiologiia 17; nn 100 - 5000 clearly nn organ part:
77 Khitrov, Iu. A. Russia
Sechenov First Moscow Inst. of Medicine, Moscow, Russia
1990 ION TRANSPORT AND 2.45 2.45 none 13 nn nn pulsed nn cw = pw nn near-field nn nn nn 0 nn nn (digestive:
Kakushkina, M. L. Medicine, 30(2) 21; above (liver of rat) liver
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN liver)
Moscow, Russia 25
THE PERFUSED RAT LIVER
Komatsubara Y,
Effect of high-frequency
Hirose H, 5;
electromagnetic fields with a
Sakurai T, 10;
Komatsubara Hirosaki wide range of SARs on Mutat Res. cw ≤ pw cell cell:
artment of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan.
78 Koyama S, Japan 2005 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn 20; 100 / 900 above nn nn nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 nn nn cell
Y, University chromosomal aberrations in Sep 29 (average) (mouse) mouse m5S
Suzuki Y, 50;
murine m5S cells.
Taki M, 100
Miyakoshi J.
DELAYED EFFECTS OF
MODULATED AND NON- Radiats Biol GSS-12M generator 5 rat
Konovalov, V. Konovalov, V. F.; Russian Acad. 4;
79 Serikov,
Konovalov, V. F.;Russia I. S.Inst. of Cell Biophysics, EMF ONAcad. of Sciences, 142292 Pushchino, Moscow Region, 4
2001 MODULATED Russian Radioecol 0.88 0.88 none 142292Russia, e-mail: admin@mars.ibioc.serpukhov.su nn
nn nn pulsed 1 1 nn cw = pw above nn described by Tygranyan and nn minutes/day acute intermittent 0 (Wistar, initial body female 40 whole body sensoric
F. Serikov, I. S. of Sciences 16
EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY IN 41(2) Mashkin for 5 days weight 180 to 200 g)
RATS
Kubinyi G, Natl. "(Frederic Effect of CW and amplitude- standard horn antenna
Thuroczy G, Joliot-Curie"( modulated 2.45 GHz MW powered by an
Bioelectro- HP 8616 microwave 100 mouse
Bakos J, Res. Inst. for radiation on the liver and brain pulsed cw = pw (PFD); cell
Hungary
nst. for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary; Natl. "(Frederic Joliot-Curie"( Res. Inst. for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, H-1775 POB 101, Hungary (RR/G.K.) 50
80 Kubinyi G, 1996 magnetics 2.45 2.45 none 50 nn nn nn 3 4.23 8.46 above nn nn minutes/day, chronic intermittent 0 (CFLP, pregnant female 948 whole body
Boloni E, Radiobiology aminoacyl-transfer RNA (square) cw effect of low- changes of the frequency 16 Hz) decrease (pw)
nn nn nn EXP NES intensity -/- yes
density vitro neurological system 2. experiment (cw and pw): Neither CW nor
microwaves on the modulated regimens produced a statistically ↑+ (glutamate binding, increase (pw)
2. experiment: role of modulation, state of significant change in 3H-muscimol binding, modulation frequency
modulation frequencies were varied glutamatergic and except for 16-Hz modulation which decreased its 16 Hz)
GABA-ergic binding to 70 +/- 5%. Maximum increases in the
3. experiment: exposure duration systems was 3H-glutamate binding (to 200-220%) also occurred
was varied from 1-60 min studied at 16-Hz modulation.
in male Wistar rats
(150-200 g body 3. experiment (nur pw): Maximum decrease in the
weight). Animals
Seven day old 3H-muscimol binding (toirradiated controls, CW
When compared to sham 45-50%) occurred after nn nn sham-exposure nn ↑+ (AMP-level) ´- (AMP-level) increase (cw)
albino rats were repetitive irradiation decreased average brain ADP (´-) ↓+ (ADP-level) ↓+ (ADP-level)
exposed daily for levels by 48% and increased AMP levels by 23%, ´- (ATP-level) ´- (ATP-level)
28 days to 2450 but had no significant effect on ATP levels. PW
ATP, ADP and AMP levels MHz
ENA; in vivo -> repetitive irradiation decreased ADP levels by 55%
(using the Boehringer enzymatic nn nn nn EXP continuous wave cell function -/- yes nn
NES vitro but had no significant effect on AMP or ATP
method)
(CW) or pulsed levels.
wave (PW)
microwave
irradiation to
evaluate effects
The ocular Slight conjunctivitis in 1 monkey was the only The authors concluded that no
of irradiation with abnormality seen. No corneal epithelial microwave irradiation-associated
2.45-GHz abnormalities, cataracts, or vitreous humor, retinal, eye bnormalities were observed
The authors
microwaves were orcorneal endothelial anomalies were detected. even though greater power
suggested that
studied in densities were used, compared to
halothane
monkeys. The by Kues et al. The most significant
anesthetic may have
abnormities of anterior parts purpose of the differences between the studies
EYE; changes of the compromised the
of the eyes, the vitreous humor, and nn nn nn EXP in vivo study was to no -/- was the use of anesthetic nn nn nn ´- (ocular effects) ´- (ocular effects)
SEN neurological system patterns of circulation
retina attempt to replicate (halothane) by Kues et al., and the
in the eye and
the findings use of daily or weekly exposures
altered metabolism,
of Kues et al. rather than the single acute
contributing to a MW
(Bioelectromagnetic exposure used in these
effect.
s 6:177-188, 1985; experiments. The authors
BENER Abstract suggested that halothane
No. anesthetic may have compromised
This research was Microwaves applied at temperatures around
undertaken in 20 C had no effect on potassium efflux and
order to determine exposure enhanced oxygen consumption to an
possible nonthermal extent dependent on microwave heating. This effect
effects of was completely reversible and well reproducible by
microwave equivalent conventional heating
exposure. It was membrane The data indicated an absence of ´- (potassium efflux); ´- (potassium efflux);
potassium ion efflux fix ext medium yes EXP VDS in vitro shown first that function; no -/- nn any nonthermal microwave nn nn nn ↑+(potassium efflux ↑+(potassium efflux at
increasing the organ function influence. at thermal levels) thermal levels)
ambient
temperature from
25-30 to 40 C, as
well as decreasing
it from 15 to
3 C enhanced
To investigate the High frequency EMF exposures do not induce
induction of chromosomal aberrations in m5S cells.
chromosomal Furthermore, there was no difference between
aberrations in exposures to CW and PW HFEMFs.
mouse m5S cells
after exposure to
induction of chromosomal high-frequency ´- (chromosomal ´- (chromosomal ´- (chromosomal
aberrations: structural, chromatid- nn nn nn EXP GEN in vitro electromagnetic genotoxicity no -/- nn nn nn sham
abberations) abberations) abberations)
type and chromosome-type changes fields (HFEMFs) at
2.45GHz, cells
were exposed for
2h at average
specific absorption
rates (SARs) of 5,
10, 20, 50
The authors and The results were recorded as the percentage of nn nn sham-exposure epileptiform epileptiform activity: epileptiform activity: decrease (pw)
examined the animals showing audiogenic seizures. The 4th activity:
effects exerted by (control) group did not show any changes in the ´- ´- ( after 2 months) ↓++( one day after increase (pw)
expression of audiogenic seizures electromagnetic initial seizure frequency value of 100% during the ↓+ (after 6 months) exposure until 2
radiation (EMR) whole follow-up period. In the 1st group, percentage of ↓++ (with 18 months) months after decrease (cw)
percentage of survivors on the expression epileptiform activity was at the initial 100% level for survivors: (↑+) (after 18 months) exposure)
(determined 12, 18, 24, and 26 mo of audiogenic 2 mo, then declined and remained at 80% for the ↓(+) ↑+ (after 2 months) attenuation (cw)
seizures in rats. abdominal tumors percentage of ↓+ (after 18 months;
post-exposure) next 4 mo, which was followed by further decline to
Changes over their were observed in survivors: modulation frequency contrary effects
changes of the 20% (a significant decrease, p molecular previously to occur at
activity (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
1) weekly 4
hr to 5-30
mW/cm2
(repeated for
1-56 weeks)
Kues, H. A.; 2) a series of
Hirst, L. W.; 0,26 per 1 single
Johns Hopkins EFFECTS OF 2.45-GHz MW Bioelectro- 0,26; below / 10 cm from acute; monkey
Lutty, G. A.; mW/cm2; 10-30 part: organ
81 Kues, H. A. Univ Applied USA
Johns Hopkins Univ Applied Physics Lab, Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20707
1985 ON PRIMATE CORNEAL magnetics 2.45 2.45 none 100 100 10 10 pulsed nn 5 - 30 2.6 cw ≥ pw close to / nn nn the ocular mW/cm2 temporary; intermittent 0 (cynomolgus, nn 5 (?)
D'Anna, S. A.; eye (sensoric)
Physics Lab ENDOTHELIUM 6(2) / above surface exposures of chronic Macaca fascicularis)
Dunkelberger, G. 5,3-7,8
R. 4 hr
separated by
one or more
weeks;
3) 4
consecutive
daily 4 hr
whole body
waveguide system, (more SAR on
ACUTE LOW-LEVEL MW
or Narda-644 standard gain head region
Lai, H.; Univ. EXPOSURE AND CENTRAL Bioelectro- 0,6 (cylindrical waveguide) horn mounted at the tapered rat (cylindrical histological cut
82 Lai, H. Horita, A.; Washington USA
Dept. of Pharmacology, SJ-30, Univ. ofCHOLINERGIC ACTIVITY:
1988 Washington Sch. of Medicine, Seattle, WA 981952.45 H.L.,A.H.); Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Univ. of Washington Sch. of Medicine, Seattle, WA (A.H.);Center for Bioengineering, Univ. of Washingtoncw = pw Medicine, Seattle, WA (H.L., A.W.G.)
magnetics (RR/ 2.45 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn nn Sch. of above nn nn 45 minutes acute continuous 0 male nn
1,0 (standard gain horn) roof (Sprague-Dawley) waveguide (nervous)
Guy, A. W. Sch. Medicine STUDIES ON IRRADIATION 9(4) over a plastic cage housing system) or tail
PARAMETERS the rat region
(standard gain
horn)
ACUTE LOW-INTENSITY MW 0,6 cylindrical waveguide system
EXPOSURE INCREASES Bioelectro- 1.2 as described by Guy et al
Lai, H.; Univ. of 1; rat cell
83 Lai, H. Dept. of Pharmacology, SJ-30, Univ. ofDNA SINGLE-STRAND 98195 (RR/H.L.)
USA Washington, Seattle, WA
1995 magnetics 2.45 2.45 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn cw = pw above nn (Radio Sci 14(6S):63-74, nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
Singh, N. P. Washington 2 (Sprague-Dawley) (nervous)
BREAKS IN RAT BRAIN 16(3) local SARs in 8 brain 1979;
CELLS regions ranged from 0,5 - 2 BENER Abstract No. B-6559)
SINGLE- AND DOUBLE- cylindrical waveguide system
STRAND DNA BREAKS IN developed by Guy et al.
Lai, H. ; Univ. of RAT BRAIN CELLS AFTER Int J Radiat (Radio Science 14:63-74, rat cell
84 of Washington,Seattle, WA 98195 (RR/H.L., N.P.S.)
Bioelectromagnetics Res. Lab., Center for Bioengineering, Box 357962, Univ. USA
Lai, H. 1996 2.45 2.45 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 2 2 1.2 cw = pw above nn nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
Singh, N. P. Washington ACUTE EXPOSURE TO RF Biol 69(4) 1979; (Sprague-Dawley) (nervous)
EM BENER Abstract No. B-6559),
RADIATION. with a single RF power source
PULSE-MODULATED AND
Univ. of Texas CW MW RADIATION
Physiol rat whole organism
85 Lebovitz, R. M. Lebovitz, R.of Physiology, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, Dallas, TX 75235
Dept. M. USA
Health Science 1983 YIELD EQUIVALENT 1.3 1.3 none 600 600 1 1 pulsed nn nn 5.8 6.7 cw either PW or CW MW. MW), and striatal choline uptake
choline uptake in striatum, frontal nn nn nn EXP NES sodium-dependent pathological -/- yes nn waveguide and waveguide and decrease (pw)
vitro depends on the irradiation system
cortex, hippocampus, and high-affinity choline changes standard gain horn) standard gain horn)
When rats were exposed to either PW or CW MW used (decreased with PW or CW
hypothalamus) uptake. The brain in the miniature anechoic chamber, striatal and MW in the anaechoic chamber but
areas studied frontal cortical choline uptake were both not the waveguide). Changes of ´- (high affinity ´- (high affinity choline
were the striatum, decreased. Choline uptake in the hippocampus this magnitude, which the authors choline uptake, uptake, striatal
frontal cortex, was decreased after exposure to PW MW in the would expect to have significant striatal, waveguide) waveguide)
hippocampus, and chamber, but was not modified with exposure to CW behavioral consequences, can decrease (pw)
hypothalamus -- MW. Hypothalamic choline uptake was not apparently depend on parameters ´- (high affinity ↓+ (high affinity
areas affected by exposure to either PW or CW MW in the of the exposure conditions and choline uptake, choline uptake,
involved of
Inductionin DNA chamber. to PW microwaves did not induce any
Exposure The magnitude of the changes in choline localauthors concluded that acute
The dosimetry. nn sham-exposure nn striatal, standard gain striatal, standard gain
↑+ (DNA-damage, ´- (DNA-damage, increase (cw)
damage in brain DNA damage in rats examined immediately after microwave exposure increases immediatly after immediatly after
cells by acute low- exposure ended. Significant increases (p example, data given in figures for whole brain cells breakage could reflect an increase
electrophoresis nn nn nn EXP technique. Male genotoxicity -/- yes nn hours after exposure increase (pw)
NES vitro exposed to PW microwaves indicated an increase in in the breakage rate or an
technique and fluorescence Sprague-Dawley ended; 1.2 W/kg)
mean DNA migration from approximately 150 impairment of DNA repair
microscopy ) rats were exposed (microns) in sham-exposed controls to 190 at 0.6 processes. No simple explanation
or sham exposed to W/kg and 240 at 1.2 W/kg. Following exposure to exists for the different responses of
continuous (CW) CW microwave radiation, significant increases in brain cell DNA to PW and CW
or pulsed wave DNA damage were seen in rats examined both microwaves. This finding
(PW) circularly immediately and 4 hr after exposure. supports the view that biological
polarized 2,450- responses to microwaves
MHz depend on the parameters of the
microwaves for 2
The authors Both pulsed and CW RF radiation significantly The authors concluded that acute
examined the increased the length of DNA migration single- exposure to RF radiation at an
effects of in vivo strand breaks (p Male Sprague- sham and PW exposure (chi square = 921.5, 13 limit recommended by the Institute breakage of covalent bonding double DNA breaks; double DNA breaks;
nn nn nn EXP Dawley rats were genotoxicity no -/- nn of Electrical and Electronics in the DNA molecule. These sham exposure ´-
breaks (microgel electrophorese) NES vitro degrees of freedom, p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Univ. of
Sheffield
Medical Sch.; EFFECT OF 900 MHz EMF TEM cells powered by a
Lim, H. B.;
Inst.of High ON NONTHERMAL 3; 0,4; function generator, a cell cell culture:
Cook, G. G.; Radiat Res below / 20 minutes; 2 male; 1 cell culture
R/L.A.C.); Electronics and Electromagnetics Div.,Inst. of High Performance Computing,UK
87 Lim, H. B. Performance (H.B.L.); Dept. of Electronic & ElectricalEngineering, Univ. of Sheffield, UK (G.G.C.); Dept. of Medical Physics and Clinical Engineering,Royal Hallamshire Hosp., Sheffield, UK (A.T.B.)
Singapore 2005 INDUCTION OF HEAT- 0.9 0.9 none nn nn nn nn GSM-like 14; nn 2,0; 0.4 cw ≥ pw nn signal generator, and a nn acute continuous 1 (human leukocytes, 3 human
Barker, A. T.; 163(1) close to 1 hr; 4 hr female (immune)
Computing; SHOCK PROTEINS IN 25 3,6 3 healthy volunteers) leukocyte
Coulton, L. A. power amplifier
Royal HUMAN LEUKOCYTES
Hallamshire
Hosp.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS
Lindauer, G. A.; IEEE Trans
SEEKING EVIDENCE OF
Liu, L. M.; Washington Microw beetle cell
88 Lindauer, G. A. WA
Washington Univ., St. Louis,USA 1974 NONTHERMAL BIOLOGICAL nn nn nn nn nn nn nn pulsed nn 8.6 nn cw = pw above nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn nn nn
Skewes, G. W.; Univ. Theory Tech (pupae) (pupae)
EFFECTS OF MW
Rosenbaum, F. J. MTT-22(8)
RADIATION
MITOGEN
RESPONSIVENESS AFTER
Univ. of EXPOSURE OF INFLUENZA waveguide system
Roberts, N. J., Jr.;
Rochester VIRUS-INFECTED HUMAN Radiat Res 16; 4 as described by Lu et al. cell part: cell culture
89 Depts. USA 1987
Lu, S-T. of Medicine, Radiation Biology, and Biophysics, Univ. of Rochester School of Medicine,Rochester, NY 14642
Michaelson, S. M.; 2.45 2.45 none 16 nn nn pulsed nn nn
mW/ml cw = pw above nn (J Microwave Power nn 2 hours acute nn 1 nn nn
School of MONONUCLEAR 110(3) 60 (human, leukocytes) blood (immune)
Lu, S-T.
Medicine LEUKOCYTES TO CW OR 18:121,1983)
PULSE-MODULATED RF
RADIATION
ERC
Lu, S-T.; ABNORMAL
BioServices 4,75 W/kg per W
Brown, D. O.; CARDIOVASCULAR IEEE Trans 1) 2 / 400; transmitted to the brain; L-band (WR650) waveguide rat
Corp.; 0,5; 1) 1;
rg, MD 20879 Lu, S-T. D.O.B., C.E.J., S.P.M.); Dept. ofMicrowave Res., Div. of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Inst. ofINDUCED BYGlen Annex,Washington, DC 20307 (E.C.E.)
90 (S-T.L., Johnson, C. E.; USA 1992 RESPONSES Res., Forest Biomed Eng 1.25 1.25 none 0.5 1 pulsed 2) 6,4 / nn cw = pw above nn near-field nn nn nn 0 (Sprague-Dawley, male 36 whole body cardio-vascular
Walter Reed 16 2) 10 17,15 W/kg per W exposure system
Mathur, S. P.; Elson, LOCALIZED HIGH POWER 39(5) 400 10-12 wk old)
Army Inst. of transmitted to the neck
E. C. MW EXPOSURE.
Res.
pseudorandom
CYTOGENETIC EFFECTS (GSM during
Maes, A.; Vito, Bioelectro- below / TEM cell cell part:
OF 900 MHz (GSM) conversation); 2; 8; 0,4; 2,0; cell culture
91 Vito, Environmental Toxicology, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium, e-mail: annemie.maes@vito.be(RR/A.M., M.C., L.V.)
Maes, A. Collier, M.; Environmental Belgium 2001 magnetics 0.9 0.9 none nn nn nn nn nn cw = pw close to / nn nn 2 hours acute continuous 1 (human nn 8 blood
MICROWAVES ON HUMAN dummy burst 15; 25; 50 3,5; 5,5; 10 and CDMA generator (immune)
Verschaeve, L. Toxicology 22(2) above lymphocytes) (lymphocytes)
LYMPHOCYTES (GSM in stand
by)
Mahrour, N.; IN VITRO INCREASE OF THE
Pologea-Moraru, R.; FLUID-PHASE
Moisescu, M. G.; ENDOCYTOSIS INDUCED Biochim cell
Institut Gustave- exceeding
Transfert de France
ctorologie etMahrour, N. Genes, UMR 8121 CNRS, Institut Gustave-Roussy, 39 rueCamille Desmoulins, 94805BY PULSED RFFrance, e-mail: luismir@igr.fr (L.M.M.) 0.9
92 Orlowski, S.; 2005 Villejuif Cedex, EMF: Biophys Acta 0.9 none 217 217 580 580 GSM-like nn nn 1,3 - 2,6 cw = pw close to nn nn nn nn nn nn (fluid-phase endo- nn nn cell cell
Roussy 10 minutes
Leveque, P.; IMPORTANCE OF 1668(1) cytosis)
Mir, L. M. THE ELECTRIC FIELD
COMPONENT
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 37 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors Heat stress (42 C) caused a time-dependent The authors considered these
examined the induction of HSP 70 and HSP 27. In general, responses random fluctuation, a
potential of low responses to heat stress consequence of the small number
intensity cell phone were more pronounced in monocytes than in of experimental repeats. Other
radiofrequency lymphocytes. No significant differences between groups have reported much higher
(RF) emissions to RF and the sham exposure values. There were a increases in expressions of HSP
induce expression few experiments in which RF exposed cells showed 27 and HSP 70 in human
of heat shock modest increases compared to the conventionally endothelial cells (Leszczynski et
expression of heat shock proteins proteins molecular heated control. al., Differentiation 70:120-129, sham-exposure/ ↑+ / ↑++ ↑+ (induction of
yes suspension yes EXP CEF in vitro (HSPs) in human no -/- nn 2002; BENER Abstract No. 23710) nn ↑+ (induction of HSP)
(HSPs) in human leukocyte cultures biosynthesis shelf control (induction of HSP) HSP)
leukocyte cultures and in human amnion epithelial
as a test of the cells (Kwee et al., Electro
hypothesis that cell Magnetobiol 20:141-152, 2001;
phone radiation BENER Abstract No. 21875),
can induce a respectively.
nonthermal stress One possible explanation for the
response (HSP discrepancy, the authors pointed
induction) in out, is that the cells examined by
human peripheral
Carpenter and none Leszczynski et al. and Kwee et al.
Livstone's (see
abstr. A26834,
1971) experiments
on beetle
pupae are
repeated and
extended. In the
experiments ↑+ (abnormal ↑+ (abnormal
abnormal development nn nn nn EXP TER in vivo conducted, teratogenity no -/- nn nn nn nn nn
development) development)
increased
incidence of
abnormal
development
occurred due to
exposure to
microwave
energy, both CW
and pulsed. This
While there are Exposure of leukocytes to influenza virus and/or
many studies of RFR produced no significant changes in cell viability
the effects of for up to 1 week after exposure. No significant
radiofrequency differences were found between the response of
radiation uninfected RFR-exposed, infected RFR-exposed,
(RFR) on normal and sham-exposed leukocytes to optimal or sub-
"healthy" human optimal concentrations of phytohemagglutinin. The authors conclude that
mononuclear Results were the same for both CW and pulse- influenza virus-infected human
leukocyte viability leukocytes (MNL), cell vitality, cell modulated RFR. MNL do not show significant
by use of cell counts; nn nn nn EXP IMM in vitro no data is no -/- nn nn sham exposure ´- (cell viability) ´- (cell viability) ´- (cell viability)
division effects resulting from subsequent
DNA synthesis available regarding exposure to RFR under the
effects of RFR on reported conditions.
MNL already
challenged by a
commonly
encountered
pathogenic agent,
such as a virus.
This study
Soviet clinicians Mean baseline heart rates of animals in each group
have described a were not statistically different from each other. Underperfusion hypothesis of
syndrome which Respiration rate and mean arterial pressure were Johnson for heart rate
they have called not altered in any group. Changes in heart rate and changes: Total peripheral
"microwave pulse pressure were observed in rats exposed resistance would have to
sickness" which to either 16-Hz PW microwaves or 6.4-W CW The authors suggested that, due to increase to maintain a
consists of such microwaves, but not to lower average power these cardiac deficits and constant mean arterial
symptoms as microwaves. Depression of pulse pressure, abnormal vascular response, the pressure in the presence of
heart rate, mean CVS; bradycardia, tachycardia, or bradycardia were observed microwave subnormal cardiac output. ↓+ (heart rate, blood ↓+ (heart rate, blood
arterial pressure, pulse pressure, yes body nn EXP RES; in vivo tachycardia, physiology no -/- nn sham exposure ´-
when microwaves produced whole-body exposure conditions precipitating Increased peripheral preassure) preassure)
respiration rate, body temperature TMP hypertension, hyperthermia. these physiological deficits should resistance during microwave-
hypotension and be induced hyperthermia was
changes in the T- investigated. contrary to the anticipated
wave. The thermal or hyperthermic
collective response of animals,
symptoms of such constituting an abnormal
a "vegetative physiological djustment.
vascular
syndrome" were
The authors' RF exposure alone did not significantly increase The authors concluded that these
previous studies the level of chromosome aberrations or SCEs data do not provide any supporting
generally indicated above control values in any of the experiments; X- evidence that 900-MHz microwave
a lack of irradiation alone caused the frequency of radiation is genotoxic, either alone
cytogenetic chromosome aberrations to increase and MMC or in combination with a chemical
effects on human significantly increased the SCE frequency; however, or physical mutagen. The results
lymphocytes from co-exposure to RF did not significantly alter agree with most of the published
exposure to either of these effects. studies that found no cytogenetic
chromosome radiofrequency effects of 900-MHz fields. The few ´- (chromosome ´- (chromosome
nn nn nn EXP GEN in vitro (RF) fields, genotoxicity no -/- nn nn shelf control ´-
aberrations studies that reported genotoxic aberrations, SCEs) aberrations, SCEs)
with little evidence effects, the effects fluctuating
of synergistic around statistical significance, are
interaction after co- rather puzzling. It is possible that
exposure 900-MHz microwaves may have
mitomycin-C some very subtle biological effects
(MMC), a chemical that cannot be clearly
mutagen (Maes et demonstrated by currently used
al., Environ Mol cytogenetic methods.
Mutagen
Nowadays, due to The RF exposure (low and high frequencz
the wide use of components) increase of the fluid-phase
mobile phones, the endocytosis rate was observed ( approximately
possible biological 1.5-fold), on three different cell types. This
effects of increase is an all-or-nothing type of response that
electromagnetic is occurring for threshold values comprised between
fields (EMF) 1.3 and 2.6 W/kg for the delivered EMF powers and
become a public between 1.1 and 1.5 V/cm for the electric fields
health general EMF, via their electrical
intensities depending upon the cell type. The
fluid-phase endocytosis rate nn nn nn EXP CEF in vitro concern. Despite cell function no -/- nn component, can perturb one of the nn nn nn ↑+ (endocytosis) ↑+ (endocytosis)
electric component of these EMFs is shown to
intensive research, most fundamental physiological
be responsible for the observed increase.
there are no widely functions of the cells-endocytosis.
Variations of frequency or pulse duration of the
accepted theories electric pulses are shown to be without effect.
about the
interactions
between EMFs
and living cells, and
the experimental
data are often
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 38 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn thermal
nn nn
nn nn
nn thermal
nn nn
nn nn
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 39 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Univ. of Kuopio;
SMY02 signal generator
Markkanen, A.; Kuopio Univ.
APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY (Rohde & Schwarz, Munich, cell
Penttinen, P.; Hosp.;
UV RADIATION IS Bioelectro- 2,5 (1exp); 2,5 (1exp); Germany) with a wideband (yeast, cell culture
Naarala, J.; STUK-Radiation 0,872 0,9 (2
Finland
R/A.M., J.N., J.J.); Dept. of Clinical Microbiology, Univ.of Kuopio and Dept. of Pediatrics, Kuopio Univ. Hosp., Kuopio, Finland (J.P.); STUK-Radiation andNuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland (A-P.S.); Dept. of Environmental Health, Natl. PublicHealth Inst., Kuopio, Finland (P.P.) 0.4 (1exp);
93 Markkanen, A. 2004 ENHANCED magnetics none 217 217 577 577 GSM-like 1 nn 0.4 (1exp); cw = pw close to nn RF amplifier R720FC (RF nn 1 hour acute continuous 0 Saccharomyces nn nn cell (mutant
Pelkonen, J.; and Nuclear (1 exp) exp)
BY AM RF RADIATION IN 25(2) 3.0 (2exp) 3.0 (2exp) Power Labs, Woodinville, cerevisiae, KFy417 yeast)
Sihvonen, A-P.; Safety Authority;
MUTANT YEAST CELLS WA) and KFy437)
Juutilainen, J. Natl. Public
and a modulating unit
Health Inst.
0.05 1) 30
0,15 2
Inst. GLUCOSOAMINOGLYCANS mW/cm 4.2 minutes (pw) rat
2,88 (CW?) organ
94 Matych, S. Matych, S. Occupational Inst. Occupational Medicine, ul. Teresy (GAG) IN THE BRAIN OF
Poland 8, 90-950 Lodz, Poland
1981 Med Pr 32(6) 3 (CW) 1000 1000 1.5 1.5 pulsed nn 0.07 nn nn 6.8 nn above nn nn nn 2) 3-6 hr/day acute continuous 0 (mature,weighing male nn whole body
(PW) 0,75 2 (nervous)
Medicine RATS EXPOSED TO EMF mW/cm 10,8 (pw) 200-250 g)
(CW?)
(cw) 3) ? (cw)
individual loop antennas
(PIOM, Ecole Nationale
INERIS; Superieure de Chimie
EFFECTS OF RF Physique de Bordeaux,
Faculte de
EXPOSURE ON THE
Mausset, A-L.; Medecine de Pessac, France) attached to
GABAERGIC SYSTEM IN the top of the holders above 24
de Seze, R.; Nimes; Brain Res rat histological cut
95 Mausset, A-L. France
INERIS, Parc ALATA, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France, e-mail: Rene.De-Seze@ineris.fr(RR/R.d.S.); Laboratoire de Biophysique 576
2001 THE RAT CEREBELLUM: 0.9 0.9 none 217 217 Medicale, Faculte de Medecine de Nimes, Ave. Kennedy, 30907Nimes Cedex 2,32
576 GSM-like nn nn France (A-L.M., R.d.S.); INSERM U336 Developpement, Plasticite et Vieillissement duSysteme Nerveux, Universite Montpellier Il, Place Eugene Bataillon, BP 106, 34095 Montpellier Cedex5, France (A-L.M., A.P.); Departement d'Information Medicale, Hopital Gaston Doumergue, BP 2
4 cw > pw above nn nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 male (12 sham, 12 whole body
Montpeyroux, F.; Universite 912(1) the animals' heads. The (Wistar) (nervous)
CLUES FROM SEMI- antennas were connected to a irradiated)
Privat, A. Montpellier Il;
QUANTITATIVE
Hopital Gaston 900-MHz RFpower amplifier
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (type RFS 90064, RFPA
Doumergue
Artigues-pres-Bordeaux,
France)
McNamee, J. P.;
exposure system described in
Bellier, P. V.; DNA DAMAGE IN HUMAN
0,1; the cell
Gajda, G. B. LEUKOCYTES AFTER
Health Canada; time-division- 0,26; McNamee et al. (2002) study, (cultured human
McNamee, J. Miller, S. M.; ACUTE IN VITRO Radiat Res close to / cell culture
K1A Canada
nada, 96 1C1, e-mail: james_mcnamee@hc-sc.gc.ca(RR/J.P.M., P.V.B., S.G., S.M.M., E.P.L., B.F.L., A.T.); Science Affairs and Statistics Div., Officeof Policy and Program Services, Health Canada, Environmental Health multiple-access Pasture,Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0L2 (L.M.)
Environmental 2002 1.9 1.9 none 50 50 6700 6700 Center, Tunney's nn nn 0,92; cw = pw nn with an RF single-pole, nn 2 hours acute continuous 1 leukocytes of nn 5x5 cell
P. Lemay, E. P.; EXPOSURE TO A 1.9 GHz 158(4) above (immune)
Health Center (TDMA) 2,4; double-throw switch healthy
Lavallee, B. F. PULSE-MODULATED RF
10 (Mini-Circuits, model ZFSW-2- volunteers)
Marro, L.; FIELD
46)
Thansandote, A.
McNamee, J. P.; waveguide applicators
Bellier, P. V.; NO EVIDENCE FOR 0,1; 0,1; as described by cell
Gajda, G. B.; GENOTOXIC EFFECTS time-division- 0,26; 0,26; McNamee et al. (2002) and (human,
McNamee, J. Radiat Res 1,18 / close to / cell culture
Ontario, Canada, K1A 1C1, e-mail: james_mcnamee@hc-sc.gc.ca(RR/J.P.M., P.V.B.,USA
97 Lavallee, B. F.; Health Canada 2003 A.T.); 24 H EXPOSURE OF
G.B.G., B.F.L., E.L., FROMBiostatistics and Epidemiology Div., EnvironmentalHealth Science Bureau, Safe Environments Programme, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0L2(L.M.)
1.9 1.9 none 50 50 nn nn multiple-access nn 0,92; 0,92; cw = pw nn Gajda et al. nn 24 hours temporary nn 1 healthy donors, nn nn cell
P. 159(5) 3,54 above (immune)
laMarro, L.; HUMAN LEUKOCYTES TO (TDMA) 2,4; 2,4; (Bioelectromagnetics 23:592- 20-60 yr old
Lemay, E.; 1.9 GHZ RF FIELDS. 10 10 598, 2002; BENER Abstract leukocytes)
Thansandote, A. No. 23946)
The Univ. of 0,39
Texas Health
RF (MW) radiation for 350 MHz; TEM Cell (350 MHz), cell
Meltz ML, Science Center;
exposure of mammalian Radiat Res 4,5 below / or anechoic chamber (tissue culture of cell culture
TX Air Force USA Sciences Div., U.S. Air Force Schoolof Aerospace Medicine, Brooks1.2 Force Base, TXnn
at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd CurlDrive, San Antonio,U.S.78284-7800 (RR/ M.M., K.A.W.); Radiation1987
98 Meltz, M. L. Walker KA, 0.35 Air 0.85 78235-5301 (D.N.E.)
nn nn nn pulsed nn 10 cw = pw nn nn 1; 2; 3 hours acute continuous 1 nn nn cell
cells during UV-induced 110 (2) for 850 MHz; close to with a horn antenna (850 MHz human diploid (muscle-skeleton)
Erwin DN School of
DNA repair synthesis 2,7 and 1.2 GHz) fibroplasts)
Aerospace for 1.2 GHz
Medicine
1,3 0,1;
Merritt, J. H.; USAF Sch. STUDIES ON BLOOD-BRAIN Radiat 0.5
(PW 10 (1,3 1; 20, 30, 35 rat nervous
99 Merritt, J. H. Radiation F.; Div., USAF USA 1978 78235
Chamness, A. SciencesAerospace Sch. Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX BARRIER PERMEABILITY Environ 1.2 none 1000 1000 (1,2 pulsed nn / 2 - 75 nn nn above nn nn nn acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
and GHz) 10; minutes (Sprague-Dawley) (BBB)
Allen, S. J. Medicine AFTER MW-RADIATION. Biophys 15(4) GHz)
CW) 50
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 40 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors UV exposure significantly increased apoptosis and
examined the reduced viability of yeast cells compared to control
effects of cells (p controls.
nn nn nn EXP investigated. pathological -/- yes irradiated rats showed hr/d)
(heparin fraction; NES vitro
Mature male rats changes
hyaluronic acid and 2. experiment (pw): Young male rats were exposed an insignificant
chondroitin sulfate) weighing 200-250 to 2880 MHz energy (pulse modulation, 1000 Hz; increase in the
g were subjected pulse width 1.5 usec) for 3-6 hr/day. At an SAR of heparin and
to a 2.8 W/kg, the animals showed a significant increase chondroitin sulfate
single 30-min in the heparin fraction compared to controls. fractions and no
irradiation at 2880 However, at SARs of 6.5 and 8.0 W/kg, the change in hyaluronic
MHz (pulse irradiated rats showed an insignificant increase acid.
modulation, 1000 in the heparin and chondroitin sulfate fractions
neurotransmitter content of the MHz; pulse
The effects of In rats irradiated with the lower power GSM signal The authors concluded that 900 nn sham-exposure ´- ↓+ (mean optical ´- (mean optical decrease (cw)
central nervous system (CNS) radiofrequency (4 W/kg SAR), the mean OD (MOD) of stained cells MHz exposure at relatively high RF density (MOD) of density (MOD) of
(RF) radiation of did not differ significantly from the MOD of sham- energy levels (SAR of 4 or 32 stained cells) stained cells)
(to localize cellular gamma- the type associated irradiated rats, regardless of the cell layer. However, W/kg) appears to decrease cellular
aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the rat with there was a significant 16% decrease in the area of GABA content in the cerebellum. ↓+ (in the area of ↓+ (in the area of
cerebellum a semiquantitative cellular phones on stained processes in the Purkinje cell layer in Phantom measurements suggest stained processes in stained processes in
immunohistochemical assay with CEF; in vivo -> the changes of the the 4 W/kg exposure would the Purkinje cell layer) the Purkinje cell layer)
yes rat phantom yes EXP -/- yes RF-exposed rats compared to sham-irradiated nn
computerized image analysis was END vitro neurotransmitter endocrine system produce only a small temperature
animals (p at nonthermal cond); at nonthermal cond);
vein) fluorescein across the blood- nn nn yes EXP pathological no -/- nn hyperthermic for changes in nn nn nn
EOR vitro examined in male ↑+ (BBB permeability ↑+ (BBB permeability
brain Sprague-Dawley changes permeability of the barrier induced
at thermal cond) at thermal cond)
barrier rats. At a by microwave radiation to occur.
frequency of 1.2
GHz, the
radiation was
delivered at a
pulse repetition
rate of 1000
pulses/sec, a
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 41 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn thermal
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 42 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Universitat
Wolke, S.; TEM cell connected to a
Bonn; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS 16;
Neibig, U.; Bioelectro- pulsed UHF power signal generator cell (myocytes of
Institut fur OF ISOLATED HEART 50; cell
Germany
hrichtentechnik Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany (U.N., R.E.); Physiologisches Institut derUniversitat Bonn, Bonn, Germany (F.G., R.M.); Physiologisches Institut 1.8 Universitat Bonn,Wilhelmstr. 31, D-53111 Bonn, Germany (RR/R.M.)
100 Meyer, R. Elsner, R.; 1996 magnetics 0.9 der 1.3 16 2.5 2.5 (square, GSM- 1 7.62 0,009 - 0,059 / cw = pw below nn (SLRD BN 41004/50, Rohde nn 500 seconds acute intermittent 0 heart of adult nn nn cell
Nachrichten- MUSCLE CELLS EXPOSED 217; (cardio-vascular)
Gollnick, F.; 17(2) like) and Schwarz, Munich, guinea pig)
technik TO PULSED HF EMF 30.000
Meyer, R. Germany)
Braunschweig
rectangular waveguides (1.8
0,08; GHz and 900 Mhz)
Universitat Bonn;
Linz, K. W.; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL 0,48; or TEM cell (180 MhZ), cell
Bergische GSM-like; 0,2;
von Westphalen, C.; AND CURRENTS OF Bioelectro- 0,6; exposure system as (heart muscle
Universitat - German police 1,2; mobile cell culture
31, D-53111 Meyer,Germany, e-mail:meyer@physio.uni-bonn.de (RR/R.M., K.W.L., Germany
101 Bonn, R. Streckert, J.; C.V.); Lehrstuhl fur Theoretische Elektrotechnik,Bergische Universitat - Gesamthochschule Wuppertal, 217 (J.S., V.H.)
1999 ISOLATED HEART MUSCLE magnetics 0.18 1.8 0.9 FRG 217 nn nn nn 0.015 0,72; cw ≤ pw below described by nn nn nn nn 0 myocytes of adult nn nn cell
Gesamt- communication 1,8; telephone (cardio-vascular)
Hansen, V.; CELLS EXPOSED TO 20(8) 0,8; Wolke et al. guinea pig and rat
hochschule standard 2,2
Meyer, R. PULSED RF FIELDS 0,25; (Bioelectromagnetics 17:144- ventricles)
Wuppertal
0,015 153, 1996; BENER Abstract
No. 13747)
EFFECT OF
Mezhevikina, L. M.; ELECTROMAGNETIC SHF-
Mezhevikina, Koltun, S. V.; Acad. Sci. RADIATION ON THE Biofizika 45 (waveguide) - 300 waveguide or stripline slot whole body cell
102 Russia Region, Russia
Inst. of Biological Physics, Acad. Sci. USSR, Puschino, Moscow1990 0.915 0.915 none 500 500 1 1 pulsed nn nn cw = pw above nn nn 20 minutes acute continuous 0 embryo (mouse) nn nn
L. M. Goriushkin, G. E.; USSR MORPHOFUNCTIONAL 35(5) (stripline) irradiators (embryo) (embryo)
Tigranian, R. E. STATUS OF EARLY MOUSE
EMBRYOS
RESPONSE OF cell
Mezykowski, T.;
Instytut ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS (Aspergillus
Mezykowski, Bal, J.; J Microw GMC-500 M (SON-4
103 Warsaw
Instytut Medycyny Lotniczej, Krasinskiego 54, Poland 01-755, Poland AND PHYSARIUM
Medycyny 1980 2.45 2.45 none 600 600 1 1 pulsed nn 10 10 nn cw = pw above nn far-field 1 hour acute continuous 0 nidulans; nn nn cell culture cell culture
T. Debiec, H.; Power 15(2) source source)
Lotniczej POLYCEPHALUM TO MW Physarum poly-
Kwarecki, K.
IRRADIATION cephalum)
human
Res. Inst. of MILLIMETER WAVES IN THE
(patients with part: nervous
Miryutova, N. F.; Balneology and TREATMENT OF
Crit Rev 2-channel "Stella-1" stimulator discogenic para-vertebral (treating neuro-
Miryutova, N. Levitskii, E. F.; Physiotherapy; NEUROLOGICAL 42,19 52 - 78 9; 0,75e-3 medical
Res. Inst. of Balneology and Physiotherapy, Moscow, Russia (N.F.M., E.F.L.); Russia Joint-stockCo., Tomsk, Russia (A.M.K., I.M.M.) Biomed Eng
104 Spinor 2001 78 (pw) 9 1 1 pulsed 8.75E-09 nn nn nn below designed for mm-wave nn 2-4 minutes acute intermittent 1 neurological nn 156 sites; endocrinelogical
F. Kozhemyakin, A. M.; Spinor Joint- MANIFESTATIONS OF (pw) (cw) 10 (noise); 0,001 application
29(5-6) therapy symptoms dermatome symptoms of vertebral
Mavlyautdinova, I. M. stock VERTEBRAL
of vertebral sites osteo-chondrosis)
Co. OSTEOCHONDROSIS
osteochon-drosis)
Ukrainian Acad.
of Agricultural
Sciences;
Mishenko, A. A.; insect
State
Malinin, O. A.; 0,0475 wave-pass tube (waveguide) (Sitophilus
Aerospace Univ. COMPLEX HIGH- J Microw
Rashkovan, V. M.; 2,45 (PW); 5 - 60 granarius L.,
Mishenko, A. "Kharkov FREQUENCY TECHNOLOGY Power 0,01 2.3 - 2.8 microwave to which RF fields from an chronic -
105 Basteev, A. V.; Ukraine
Inst. of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ukrainian Acad. of Agricultural Sciences(A.A.M., O.A.M.); State Aerospace Univ. "Kharkov Aviation Inst." (V.M.R., A.V.B., L.A.B.); Natl.Scientific Center "Kharkov Inst. of Technical Physics" (Y.P.M., V.A.K.)
2000 (PW, 0,900 1 1-2 nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn seconds; continuous 0 Sitophilus oryzae nn nn whole body whole organism
A. Aviation Inst."; FOR PROTECTION OF Electromagn (PW) (cw) killing HF generator and modulator multi
Bazyma, L. A.; CW) (PW, few days L., Tenebrio molitor
Natl. Scientific GRAIN AGAINST PESTS Energy 35(3) were applied
Mazalov, Yu. P.; CW) L., and Alpitobius
Center "Kharkov
Kutovoy, V. A. diaperinus Pz)
Inst. of
Technical
Physics"
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 43 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors In resting control cells, the mean [Ca++]i was 154
examined the +/- 20 nM and remained stable through the 120-min
effects of pulsed duration of the experiment. After treating the control
radiofrequency cells with 135-mM K+ (depolarization at the
(RF) radiation of maximum [K+] used), the average [Ca++]i increased The authors concluded that
the type emitted to 523 +/- 58 nM. No significant effects of RF A small decrease of [Ca++]i in ventricular myocytes
from modern radiation on [Ca++]i under any of the [Ca++]i at 50-Hz from guinea pigs is not affected by
digital wireless experimental conditions were seen. pulse-modulated 900- pulsed 900 to 1,800-MHz RF
changes in fura-2 telecommunications
CEF; MHz exposure; radiation. The negative findings do sham exposure /
fluorescence; nn nn nn EXP in vitro devices on cell function no -/- nn ´- ´- ´-
CVS however its mean not exclude the possibility of cell- shelf control
Ca++ concentrations intracellular value fell within the level effects of high-frequency RF
calcium ion standard deviation of fields on Ca++ levels in ventricular
concentration the control value. myocytes, but make such effects
([Ca++]i) in seem less possible.
isolated heart cells
under athermal
exposure
conditions.
Myocytes were
The effects of None of the RF field exposures significantly
pulsed RF fields on It was concluded that RF fields
affected the MP, AP, L-type Ca++ currents, or
the membrane pulsed according to the GSM
the K+ current in either the rat or guinea pig
potential (MP) and standard or continuous RF fields
preparations. Lowering the temperature (from 36
currents simulating frequency modulated
to 24 C) decreased the amplitude of the L-type
of isolated heart police mobile communications do
Ca++ current by about 50% and shifted the voltage
muscle cells were not interfere with the measured
dependence of the steady state activation and
membrane potential (MP), studied to assess electrical parameters of myocytes.
deactivation parameters of the current by about 5
action potential (AP), the potential of Because long-term effects were /↓++ (Ca++
BMP; mV. The APD90 was increased by about 30%. sham-exposure ´- (ion currents at low ´- (ion currents at low
L-type calcium fix nn no EXP in vitro fields characteristic membrane function no -/- nn not tested and only effects that nn current at low
CVS Irradiation with 900-MHz, 250-mW/kg or 1,800- /shelf control and highet temp) and highet temp)
(Ca++) current, of Global System depend on voltage-gated cells temp)
MHz, 480-mW/kg RF fields had no effect on the
potassium (K+) current for Mobile were tested, it cannot be
current at the lower
Communications definitively stated that RF fields do
temperature.
(GSM) not affect excitable cells. However,
phones and police these results make an influence of
radio equipment to RF fields pulsed according to the
interact with GSM standard on cell membranes
excitable cells. less likely.
Myocytes from
Early mouse No morphological effects of microwaves in 2-
embryos at the and 4-cell embryos. However, in 65% of the 8-
stages of 2, 4, or 8 cell embryos changes similar to those occurring
cells were exposed naturally in later stages of embryo development
for 20 were detected. The cells became more plain
min to 915-MHz and cell surface contacts increased. The effect
microwaves, CW was reversible within 30 min after exposure. The authors suggested that
or PW (500 Hz, 1- Further development to the blastocyst stage was the local nonuniformities of
msec pulse width). local non-uniformities ´- (morphological ↕+ (morphological ↕+ (morphological
morphological changes, EOR; same in control and exposed embryos. C57BL/6 microwave heating ("hot
yes embryos yes EXP in vitro Either teratogenity no -/- of MW heating ("hot nn sham exposure changes in 8-cell changes in 8-cell changes in 8-cell
cell development TER mouse embryos appeared to be more sensitive to spots") could account for the
waveguide or spots") could account embryos) embryos) embryos)
microwaves than those from the hybrid mice CBA x observed electromagnetic field
stripline slot C57BL/6 and CBWA. The differences in exposure effects.
irradiators were conditions (CW or PW, waveguide or stripline) were
used. Microwaves of no importance. Conventional heating of the
heated the embryos to 28-30 C did not induce any considerable
embryos from 20 morphological changes.
C to 25-28 C; this
heating
corresponded to
The effect of After exposure, no changes in survival rate or in
microwaves (MW) frequency of morphological mutation in A.
on genetic nidulans. In P. polycephalum, conventional
processes in heating accelerated DNA synthesis about 2.5 times
Aspergillus nidulans in comparison with the controls, while MW
and Physarum These results do not
irradiation increased DNA synthesis almost 5
polycephalum was lead to the conclusion that the
times.
investigated. observed accelerated effect is of a
survival rate and frequency of Mutants of A. field-specific character or the result
cell vitality;
morphological mutation (Aspergillus yes suspension nn EXP GEN in vitro nidulans no -/- nn of simple thermal activation. The nn shelf control ´- ´- ´-
genotoxicity
nidulans) cultures were accelerated synthesis may reflect
irradiated in the far more efficient volume heating by
field in an anechoic MW or microthermal gradients in
chamber for 1 hr suspensions.
at 10 mW/cm2
using a 2450 MHz
continuous wave
(CW) GMC-500
The or pulsed
sourceauthors Subjective pain relief: significant in nearly all
discussed their patients of group I (combined noise and pulsed mm-
experience with a wave), with 56% reporting their pain completely
new millimeter disappearing; improvement in 70% of the patients in
wave (mm-wave) The authors concluded that
groups II (noise therapy) and III (PW only) , with
technique for 48% of group II and 26% of group III reporting combined mm-wave therapy based
treating on noise and pulsed signals The success of the combined
complete pain dissappearance. However, 3 patients
neurological in group III reported an intensification of their pain produces analgesic and trophic mm-wave therapy was
symptoms of sensations after the first 2 or 3 treatments, which effects. Combined mm-wave ascribed to using 52-78 GHz ↑+ (pain relief; pain ↑+ (pain relief; pain
SEN; in vivo changes of the
pain thresholds nn nn nn EXP vertebral no -/- nn therapy can also affect the radiation that included all nn nn thresholds; tension thresholds; tension
VNS patients neurological system persisted for 1 or 2 hr. Tension symptoms: most
osteochondrosis. functional activity of electrically frequencies carrying symtoms releif) symtoms releif)
pronounced relief in group I. Pain thresholds:
The technique was excitable regions of nerve fibers. physiologically significant
increased 2- and 3-fold in 89% of group I and in
based o applying 2 The combined therapy can information.
85% of group II; no significant changes in group III
types of mm-wave therefore be used to treat patients
patients.
radiation: with neuro-muscular disorders.
continuous wave
noise spanning the
52 to 78 GHz
frequency range,
Grain fodder is Representative data showed that 0.5-msec pulsed The authors concluded that use of nn nn nn ↓+ (killing rate, ↓+ (killing rate,
often highly 47.5-MHz radiation, pulse HF technology can eradicate many proportional to proportional to pulse
contaminated with radiation power of 0.940 J/cm2, applied to grain grain storage pests in an irradiation time) radiation power)
pests, such as samples infested with S. environmentally safe manner.
insects, granarius larvae and adults for 5 to 60 sec killed ↑+ (temperature in increase (cw)
mites, microscopic 71.3 to 96.2% of the the samples) ´- (temperature in the
fungi, and other organisms. The death rate for 60-sec exposure rose samples)
microorganisms, from 42.5% at 1.8 kV/cm, to 53.8% at 2.8 kV/cm,
grain which reduce its growth; and 71.3% at 3.5 kV/cm (representing pulse
killing rate yes yes EXP GRO in vivo nutritional value -/- yes nn
samples life span radiation powers 0.245, 0.615, and 0.940 J/cm2,
and are source of respectively). However, the duration of irradiation
toxic substances. had little effect on S. granarius lethality, the
This study was part proportion of insects killed following irradiation for 5,
of a project 10, 20, and 60 sec being 85.5, 96.2, 89.3, and
dedicated to 71.3%, respectively. This suggested that if the E-
finding alternatives field strength under these conditions was
to chemical increased to 4.0 to 5.0 kV/cm, kill rates of 95 to
disinfection and 100% might be obtained. Irradiation under these
disinfestation for conditions also did
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 44 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
nn nn
yes athermal
nn nn
nn nn
nn thermal (cw)
athermal (pw)
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 45 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
0,35; 0,69;
0,23; 0,48; 1,73; 4,31;
1,19; 2.29; 11.21 for
Morrissey, J. J.; Motorola Corp.; IRIDIUM EXPOSURE 7.79 for average
0,10; Carousel Irradiator described
Raney, S.; Goodwin Inst. for INCREASES C-FOS rostral brain; 0,80;
0,20; below / by Swicord et al.
Heasley, E.; Cancer Res.; EXPRESSION IN THE Neuroscience forebrain; 1,62; 4,05; mouse organ
33322 (RR/J.J.M.); Goodwin Inst. forCancer Res., 1850 NW 69th Ave., Plantation, FL 33313 (S.R.,1999 P.R., M.D.); Dept. of Anatomy andNeurobiology, Univ. of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 (J.H.F.)
106 Morrissey, J. J. USA E.H., 1.6 1.6 none 11 11 9200 9200 IRIDIUM 0,50; nn cw ≤ pw close to / nn (Bioelectromagnetics 20:42- near-field 1 hour acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
Rathinavelu, P.; Univ. of MOUSE BRAIN ONLY AT 92(4) 0,22; 0,44; 10,11; 26,29/ (BALB/c, adult) (nervous)
1,25; above 47, 1999; BENER Abstract
Dauphinee, M.; California at LEVELS WHICH LIKELY 1,10; 2,75;
3.25 No. 18690)
Fallon, J. H. Irvine RESULT IN TISSUE HEATING 7,14 for 0,19; 0,39;
mid-caudal 0,99; 2,47;
forebrain 6.42 /
whole body
1 or 7 hours;
7 hours/day
for
15 or 60
days (cw, female
Navakatikian, M. A.; Marzeev Sci.
THE EFFECT OF MW 0,0001; Fischer 344 male (Fisher
Gordienko, V. M.; Res. Inst. of 0.001 0,0005; rat
Navakatikian, IRRADIATION ON THE Radiobiologiia 2,45 cw pw intermittent (thyroid gland)
Nogachevskaia, S.I.; Communal Mongrel female)
GLAND mW/cm2 12 hours/day female
Tomashevskaia, L. A. Hygiene,
for (mongrel rats)
1, 15, or 60
days (pw,
Mongrel
female rats)
25; molecule (enzyme:
Studies on the interaction of Radiat 125; acetylcholinesterase
Olcerst RB, New York Univ. pulsed 30 minutes; biological molecules;
108 USA NY radiation with
Olcerst RB, Inst. Environmental Medicine, New York Univ. Medical Center, 550 First Ave., New York, MW10016
1978 Environ 2.45 2.45 none 710 710 750 750 nn 21; nn cw = pw above nn nn nn acute continuous 0 in aqueous solution nn nn model system
Rabinowitz JR Medical Center (square) 3 hours cell-free system
cholinesterase. Biophys 15(3) 35; and defibrinated
64 rabbit blood)
U.S. Army
MW ALTERATION OF THE 0,03/60-1600
Oscar, K. J.; Mobility Brain Res pulsed above / rat nervous
109 Oscar, K. J. Equipment 1977D Command, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060
U.S. Army MobilityUSA R& BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 1.3 1.3 none 5 5 - 1000 0.5 0,5 - 20 nn 0.3 - 2.0 nn cw ≥ pw nn nn nn 20 minutes acute continuous 0 male nn nn
Hawkins, T. D. Equipment R & 126(2) (square) close to (Wistar) (BBB)
SYSTEM OF RATS 0,5 - 2,0
D Command
Pakhomov, A. G.; ABSENCE OF NON- G3-24 VHF signal generator
USSR Acad. of with a 50-mW, 50-ohm coaxial nerve (ventral nerve
Pakhomov, A. Dubovlck, B. V.; THERMAL MW EFFECTS ON J Bioelectr 100; 0,5; 10 - 50 part: cell
110 Inst. of Medical Radiology, USSR Acad. of Medical Sciences, Obninsk, Kaluga Region, 249020, USSR
Medical USSR 1991 6.45 6.45 none 100 0.5 pulsed nn nn up to 200 up to100 / nn above nn nn acute continuous 0 cord of earthworm nn nn
G. Kolupayev, V. E.; THE FUNCTION OF GIANT 10(1&2) 1000 5 output feeding a minutes nerve (nervous)
Sciences Lumbricus terrestris)
Pronkevich, A. N. NERVE FIBERS microstrip slot irradiator
HP 8690A
model 337X
sweep
magnetron
COMPARISON OF DOSE oscillator and
McKesson transmitter
Pakhomov, A.; DEPENDENCES FOR Hughes cell:
BioServices; (Applied
Gajsek, P.; BIOEFFECTS OF CW AND Bioelectro- 1277H Saccharo-
Pakhomov, A. W.R. Army Inst. pulsed 1,25 / cw = pw Systems cell cell culture
S Army Medical Res. Detachment of the Walter ReedArmy Inst. of Res., Brooks AFB, USA Antonio, TX (B.E.S.); Directed Energy Bioeffects Div., HumanEffectiveness Directorate, Air Force Res. Lab., Brooks AFB, San Antonio, TX (A.G.P., M.R.M.); Natl.Inst. of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia nn
111 Allen, L.; San 2002 HIGH-PEAK POWER MW magnetics 9.3 9.3 none 10 10 0.5 0.5 nn (P.G.) nn nn amplifier nn 6 hours acute continuous 0 nn nn myces
G. of Res.; (high power) 250 000 (1.25 W) Engineering, (yeast) (growth of yeast cells)
Stuck, B. E.; EMISSIONS USING GEL- 23(2) cervisiae, strain
Natl. Inst. of Inc.) and
Murphy, M. R. SUSPENDED CELL and BY474
Public Health HP 8566B
CULTURES. HP 8566B
spectrum
spectrum
analyzer
analyzer
waveguide waveguide
flange flange
McKesson
exposed with exposed with
BioServices; EFFECTS OF HIGH POWER histological cut
Pakhomov, A. G.; an a model 337X organ
Walter Reed MW PULSES ON SYNAPTIC Bioelectro- (synaptic transmission
Pakhomov, A. Doyle, J.; pulsed nn 250; 1000 / HP 8690A magnetron (hippo-campus of cell:
Army Inst. Walter Reed Army Inst.USA
(RR/A.G.P., J.D.); U.S. Army Medical Res.Detachment of the of
112 of Res., Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX (B.E.S.);Directed Energy Bioeffects Div., Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Res. Lab., Brooks AirForce Base, San Antonio, TX (A.G.P., M.R.M.)
2003 TRANSMISSION AND LONG magnetics 9.3 9.3 none 0.5 10 0.5 2 / 260 250; 1000 cw = pw above nn nn 7 minutes acute continuous 0 male 160 and
G. Stuck, B. E.; (high power) 500 000 000 sweep transmitter rat, Sprague hippocamal
Res.; TERM POTENTIATION IN 24(3) long-term potentiation
Murphy, M. R. oscillator and (Applied Dawley)
Air Force Res. HIPPOCAMPUS in hippocampal slices)
a Hughes Systems
Lab.
8020H Engineering,
amplifier Inc.)
6 minutes /
EFFECT OF GSM 900-MHz GSM phone day for 5
GSM phone Drosophila melano-
Panagopoulas, D. J.; MOBILE PHONE RADIATION Electromagn speaking days groups of 10
Panagopoulas, mobile non-speaking gaster (strain
113 Karabarbounis, A.; Univ. of Athens Dept. of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Univ. of Athens, Panepistimiopolis,15784, Athens, Greece, e-mail: dpanagop@cc.uoa.gr (RR/D.J.P.; L.H.M.); Faculty of nn
Greece 2004 ON THE REPRODUCTIVE Biol Med 0.9 0.9 none 217 217 nn nn GSM-like Physics, Dept. ofNuclear and Particle Physics, Univ. of Athens, Athens, Greece (A.K.) above
0.041 0,436/ nn cw molecular limits established by the FCC for cellular phone expression at
c-fos mRNA expression nn nn nn EXP CEF IRIDIUM operating no -/- nn coupled with effects of restraint nn control/ positive expression at higher expression at higher
vitro biosynthesis exposure in humans. No difference between the higher exposure
signal is used for a and/or normal control (gavaged exposure levels) exposure levels)
effects of CW and IRIDIUM RF radiation. The 2nd levels)
ground-to-satellite- neuron activity near with lindane)
highest radiation doses increased c-fos expression in
to-ground cellular thermoregulatory brain regions,
the cingulate cortex and prepiriform cortex (known to
communications and is not consistent
be involved in emotional and stress responses and
web which has with any direct modulation-specific
thermoregulation) but not in any other brain regions,
recently become interaction of IRIDIUM energy with
nor did the 3 lower doses.
fully operational, brain tissue.
and was named on
the basis
A previous series Male rats showed triiodothyronine levels in their ...and this fact indicated thyroid nn nn nn ↑+ ( 2450 MHz, ↓+ ( 2450 MHz, contrary effects
of experiments blood serum index 1.5 x higher and thyroxine 1.5 gland participation in the adaptation functional activity of functional activity of
studied possible times less than female rats exposed to the same reaction to MW. the gland) the gland)
effects on thyroid conditions. Histological analysis of thyroid gland
functional activity of the thyroid gland samples showed that exposure to continuous 2450
gland function and on the MHz MW increased the functional activity of the
(triiodothyronine and behavior of mature gland, while exposure to pulsed 3000 MHz MW
thyroxine levels in the blood serum) mongrel and decreased its activity. Similar effects were
BEH; Fischer 344 rats
changes of the described previously (Koziarin I.P. and Shvaiko I.I.,
nn nn nn EXP in vivo exposed -/- yes nn
modifying effects of END endocrine system Gig Sanit 3:86-89, 1983; BENER Abstract No.
thyroidectomy (TE) on behavior in to microwave 1217). Comparison of the behavior of rats in each
mongrel rats (animals were irradiation (MW). group showed that TE decreased central nervous
evaluated for locomotory activity in No significant system (CNS) activity, developing after a 14-day
a labyrinth test) changes in serum exposure to MW (17.2 +/- 1.2, 25.9 +/- 2.3, 20.1 +/-
levels 2.1, and 18.2 +/- 2.5 for A, B, C and D groups,
("blood serum respectively). After 30 days of TE with MW the
index") of thyroid animals showed significant activation of their
gland hormones behavior compared to unexposed TE, treated
thyroxine and CW and square fact modulated irradiation
animals, and thiswaveindicated thyroid glandhad no
effect on the total cholinesterase activity and in
morphological and the levels of magnesium and calcium in cell-free These studies showed no direct
activity of external
A 30-min uncooled exposure at a power density of 125 mW/cm2 caused a significant drop in the initial velocity of theserum in a temperature controlled system.
mples of the purified enzyme in aqueous solution and control samples.yes
fix EXP ENA in vitro pathological no -/- enzyme. However, in this experiment, the temperature was allowed to rise during irradiation and was 60 C after 30 min. At this temperature, thermal denaturation would cause irreversible changes in the enzyme structure. Microwave radiation of defibrinated rabbit blood had no effect on the total cholinesterase activity at levels of 21, 35, and 64 mW/cm2 for both continuous wave and sq
nn effect of microwave radiation on nn shelf control ´- (enzyme activity) ´- (enzyme activity) ´- (enzyme activity)
acetyl-cholinesterase medium
changes Effects were observe when the ext temperature was acetylcholinesterase activity.
not controlled.
The effect of A single 20-min exposure to either pulsed (square Microwaves appear to induce nn nn nn ↕+ (mannitol uptake, ↕+ (mannitol uptake, amplification (pw,
microwave temporary changes in the 2 2 depending on PFD)
wave) or continuous wave (CW) 1.3 GHz 0.3 mW/cm to 0.03 mW/cm )
exposure on the microwave energy induced an increase in the permeability of the blood-brain cause the same
uptake of uptake of radiocarbon-labeled D-mannitol at system of rats for small molecular magnitude of change
saccharides in the average power densities of less than 3.0 weight saccharides. as pw)
brain mW/cm2. The permeability change was greatest in
of male Wistar rats the medulla, followed in decreasing order by the The effect of peak power on
were studied. A cerebellum and hypothalamus, with small or mannitol seemed to be greater
single 20-min morphological and
BBB; in vivo -> negligible changes in the hippocampus and cortex. than the effect of pulse width,
uptake of saccharides in the brain nn nn nn EXP exposure to either pathological -/- yes nn
NES vitro Although permeability increases were observed for and both appeared to have a
pulsed (square changes
mannitol as well as for inulin, they were not greater effect on permeability
wave) or observed for dextran. In general, mannitol uptake than the pulse rate.
continuous wave increased with increasing power density for
(CW) 1.3 GHz both pulsed and CW microwave signals up to
microwave energy 0.5-2.0 mW/cm2 where the brain uptake index
induced an (BUI) started to level off and then decrease.
increase in the Increased permeability was observed both
uptake of immediately and 4 hr after microwave exposure
radiocarbon-
Functional activity Different combinations of microwave parameters,
in the giant axon of either synchronous or asynchronous with stimuli, did The authors concluded that there
the isolated ventral not affect nerve function, as determined by was no evidence of athermal
conductivity and action potential
external nerve cord of significant changes in AP latency or conduction in microwave effects on the function
(AP) latency in the giant axon of the fix yes EXP SIG in vitro membrane function no -/- nn nn shelf control ´- (nerve function) ´- (nerve function) ´- (nerve function)
medium the earthworm exposed compared to unexposed nerve fibers. of the giant axon of the ventral
isolated ventral nerve cord
(Lumbricus nerve
terrestris) was cord of Lumbricus terrestris.
examined during
The authors Maximum cell density was measured at a distance The biological
compared dose- of about 6 mm above the matching plate, where the PW radiation may exert a specific
effects of CW and
response effects in temperature during exposure was 35 C (optimal) effect on yeast cell growth, with a
PW irradiation were
the growth and of about 7 mm for CW and PW. The cell threshold at a peak SAR of
somewhat different
response of density in the remaining slices decreased sharply 20-30 W/kg. The authors
in the first 3 slices.
yeastcells toward the matching plate and more gradually away concluded, however, that high
For example in the
(Saccharomyces from it, as would be expected from the temperature power PW irradiation of yeast cells
first slice(the highest
cervisiae, strain distribution curve. (local maximum at the exposed gel
SAR) relative growth
cell density; BY474) to surface) did not produce specific
gel nutrient cell vitality, cell was 110.2 +/- 3.3% of control (matching
OD; yes yes EXP CEF in vitro extremely high no -/- bioeffects when compared to CW nn nn no specific bioeffects no specific bioeffects
medium division the control value after temperature)
SAR power microwave radiation at the same
EHPP irradiation and
pulse (EHPP) and average SAR, although this
96.1 +/- 7.6% of the
continuous wave conclusion is tentative and could be
control value following
(CW) microwave "adjusted" in the future by using
CW irradiation. This
radiation using more sophisticated and accurate
difference was
gel-suspended cell techniques. Any specific EHPP on
not statistically
cultures. Yeast cell cell growth would be minuscule,
significant (Student's
suspensions were even if it proves to be real.
paired t-test). No
prepared in a gel
The authors At 4 min (8 min into the experiment) the PS significant differences The authors concluded that the
examined the amplitude increased to 162 +/- 5% of the initial value only microwave
effects of in sham exposed controls, but only to 146 +/- 5% effect observed in these
extremely short, and 132 +/- 8% under EHPP exposure at 0.25 and 1 experiments was a transient PS
Population spikes (PS); tetanic tissue high power kW/kg, respectively. CW radiation exposure suppression that occurred during
microwave produced similar departures from sham control ↑++ (PS amplitude
stimulation of LTP or synaptic yes (hippocamp yes EXP SIG in vitro organ function no -/- nn irradiation. The suppression, which a thermal mechanism sham exposure ↑+ (PS amplitude) ↑+ (PS amplitude)
pulses (EHPPs) on values, increases to 146 +/- 9% and 131 +/- 8% of by LTP induction)
transmission al slices) occurs uniformly in potentiated and underlying the PW effects.
synaptic the initial values at 0.25 and 1 kW/kg, respectively. nonpotentiated PSs, reflects an
transmission and At a 1 kW/kg SAR, both CW and EHPP exposure effect of irradiation on
long-term decreased the PS amplitude by 20-30% when the PSs themselves rather than on
potentiation (LTP) applied prior to tetanus. This degree of suppression, LTP.
in however, did not change the efficacy of LTP
The authors Reproductive capacity of flies exposed to The authors concluded that RF One proposed mechanism for sham-exposure ´- ↓+ (emergent pupae ↓++ (emergent pupae attenuation (pw)
examined the nonmodulated emissions from the GSM phone in emissions from a GSM phone the observed effects is that per maternal fly, per maternal fly,
effect of Global the first experiment was decreased from an are highly bioactive, causing GSM phone radiation males and females males and females
System for Mobile average 12.2 +/- 0.57 pupae/maternal fly to 9.975 +/- significant alterations in the decreases the rate of germ exposed) exposed)
Telecommunication 0.31 pupae/maternal fly, a decrease of 18.24% reproductive capacity of insects. cell proliferation decrease (pw)
s (GSM) cell phone compared to the control value (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
analog digital
cellular cellular
telephone; telephone;
6
Hewlett Hewlett
16 (AM)
Packard Packard
50 (AM
signal signal
Penafiel, L. M.; ROLE OF MODULATION IN square
generator, generator,
Litovitz, T.; THE EFFECT OF MW ON Bioelectro- wave) cell flasks, each
The Catholic pulsed model model 8657B, cell culture: cell culture
114 Penafiel, L. M. Krause, D.; USA
Dept. of Biology, The Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, DC 20064 (D.K., A.D., J.M.M.);Vitreous State none The Catholic 60 (AM America, Washington, DC 20064 (RR/T.L., L.M.P.)
1997 ORNITHINE magnetics 0.835 0.84 Lab., 50 Univ. of nn nn 0.96 nn 2.5 cw = pw close to nn nn 2 - 24 hours chronic continuous 0 (murine L929 nn containing 3
Univ. of America (square) 8657B, with with L929 (muscle-skeleton)
Desta, A.; DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY 18(2) or FM, fibroblast) x 10(6)
radiofrequenc radiofrequency
Mullins, J. M. IN L929 CELLS sinusoida
y plug-in plug-in model
l signal)
model 83522A;
65
83522A; Hewlett
600
function Packard
generator 8403A
(TENMA modulator to
Medical Signal from Hewlett
PRELIMINARY SMC1 Rhode Packard
Roberti, B.; Biological Lab. ; 0,6-0,9
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE 1,5-2,0 (185 and Schwarz model 8616
Heebels, G. H.; The Lab. for (10GHz); whole organism
EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVEL Ann N Y hr); super high generator and 185 hours; rat
edical Biological Lab. TNO, Rijswijk 2100,C.; Netherlands; The Lab. for Electronic Developmentsof the Armed Forces, Oestgeest, The Netherlands
115 Roberti, B. Hendricx, J. The Electronic Netherlands 1975 3 10.7 none 769 769 1.3 1.3 pulsed 180 0,5-1,0 nn cw pw (Bioelectromagnetics 19:459- hours embryo fibroblast of
Baty, J. D.; Cancer Biology 468, 1998; BENER muscle-skeleton)
MICRONUCLEI IN C3H multiple access mouse)
Roti Roti, J. L. Abstract No. 18421)
10T(1/2) CELLS (CDMA)
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 49 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors Exposure to CW 835-MHz microwave radiation The authors concluded that AM nn control ´- ´- (ODC activity) ↑+ (ODC activity; AM increase (pw)
investigated the had no effect on ODC activity, except for a small, microwaves at an SAR of 2.5 16, 55, 60 and 65 Hz)
effects of but statistically significant increase at 6 hr when the W/kg are capable of altering the
extremely low- ODC activity ratio (OAR), defined as the mean value biological activity of cells in ´- (ODC activity; AM 6
frequency (ELF) of the ratio of ODC activity in exposed samples to culture while FM microwaves at and 600 Hz)
modulated and that of matched control samples, was 1.3 +/- 0.2 the same power level appear to
CW 835-MHz (p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
minidisk
player,
modulated by
THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC a frequency
La Regina, M.; frequency
Washington EXPOSURE TO 835.62 MHz synthesizing Qualcomm
Moros, E. G.; division multiple
Univ. Sch. of FDMA OR 847.74 MHz CDMA MW Beta 1 4 hours/day,
Pickard, W. F.; Radiat Res access (FDMA); 150+/- rat
121 Roti Roti, J. Dept., Washington Univ. Sch.Medicine;
Div.,Radiation OncologyL. USA Louis,MO 63110 (E.G.M., W.L.S., J.L.R.R.); Biostatistics0.8356 0.8477 Univ. Sch. ofnn
of Medicine, Box 8061, 660 South Euclid, St.2003 RF RADIATION ON THE Div., Washington none Box8061, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, MO 63110 (J.B.); Dept. of Electrical Engineering, WashingtonUniv., St. Louis, MO = pw (W.F.P.)
Medicine,nn nn nn nn 1.3+/-0.5 cw 63130 above nn generator prototype cell nn 5 days/week, temporary intermittent 0 female, male 480 whole body whole organism
Straube, W. L.; 160(2) code division 0.25 (Fisher 344)
Washington INCIDENCE OF (Hewlett- phone (type for 2 years
Baty, J.; multiple access
Univ. SPONTANEOUS TUMORS IN Packard CD-3000)
Roti Roti, J. L. (CDMA)
RATS 8675A),
output spread
by a 4-way
divider
Hook, G. J.; EVALUATION OF Motorola, Inc. signal sources
Radiation and
Spitz, D. R.; PARAMETERS OF frequency
Cancer Biology and the RTL cell
Sim, J. E.; OXIDATIVE STRESS AFTER modulated CW as described by Moros et al.
Div.; Radiat Res 20 - 22 (J774.16 macro- cell culture
122 Roti Roti, J. Washington Univ., R.;
of Radiation Oncology, L. USA
Higashikubo, St.Louis, Missouri 63108 (G.J.H., J.E.S., R.H., E.G.M., J.L.R.R.); Dept. of Radiation Oncology, B180Medical Laboratories, 0.8477 Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1181 (D.R.S.); Div. of Biostatistics,Washington Univ., St. Louis,nn
2004 IN VITRO EXPOSURE TO 0.8356 Univ. of none nn nn nn nn (FMCW); code nn Missouri 63108 (J.D.B.) 0,67 - 0,93 cw = pw below nn nn acute nn 0 nn nn cell culture
Washington 162(5) (Bioelectromagnetics 19:459- hours phages (J7) of (immune)
Baty, J. D.; FMCW- AND CDMA- division multiple 468, 1998; BENER
Univ.; Univ. of mouse)
Moros, E. G.; MODULATED RF RADIATION access (CDMA) Abstract No. 18421)
Iowa;
Roti Roti, J. L. FIELDS
cylindrical waveguide system
described by Malyapa et al.
Lagroye, I.;
(Radiat Res 149:637 645,
Anane, R.;
1998; BENER Abstract No.
Wettring, B. A.; MEASUREMENT OF DNA
18045), fed by a 10-kW
Moros, E. G.; ENSCPB; DAMAGE AFTER ACUTE
signal generator cell
Straube, W. L.; Washington EXPOSURE TO PW 2450 Int J Radiat rat
123 Roti Roti, 4511 France
Cancer BiologyDiv.,J. L. Forest Park Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108, e-mail: rotiroti@radonz.wustl.edu (RR/J.L.R.R.,B.A.W., W.L.S., M.L., M.N.); Dept. of Electrical Engineering,none
2004 2.45 2.45 Washington Univ. Sch. of Medicine, St.Louis, MO 63110 (W.F.P.); Div. of Biostatistics, Washington Univ. Sch. of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110 (J.B.)
500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 2 1.2 cw = pw above nn (model PH40KB/1708B, nn 2 hours acute continuous 0 male 11 + 11 + 8 whole body (nervous,
Laregina, M.; Univ. Sch. of MHz MW IN RAT BRAIN Biol 80(1) (Sprague-Dawley)
SierraCom, Hopkinton, MA) DNA in brain cells)
Niehoff, M.; Medicine CELLS BY TWO ALKALINE
and a
Pickard, W. F.; COMET ASSAY METHODS
20-W power amplifier (model
Baty, J.;
GRF 5008, GTC RF
Roti Roti, J. L.
Products,
Inglewood, CA)
Laszlo, A.; frequency
THE HEAT-SHOCK FACTOR
Moros, E. G.; domain multiple
Univ. IS NOT ACTIVATED IN cell
Davidson, T.; Radiat Res access (FDMA); below / mobile
124 of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Dept. of Radiation Oncology, Washington Univ. Sch. ofMedicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
Div.Roti, J. L.
Roti Washington USA 2005 MAMMALIAN CELLS nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 0,6; 5 cw = pw nn nn nn acute continuous 1 (hamster; mouse; nn nn cell cell
Bradbury, M.; 164(2) code domain above telephone
Sch. Medicine EXPOSED TO CELLULAR human mammalian)
Straube, W.; multiple access
PHONE FREQUENCY MW
Roti Roti, J. (CDMA)
Persson, B. R. R.;
INCREASED PERMEABILITY
Salford, L. G.; 58
OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN Ann N Y rat nervous
125 Salford, L. G. Brun, A.; Radiation
Lund Univ. Hosp. Dept. of MedicalSweden Physics, Lund Univ. Hosp., S-221 85 Lund, Sweden (B.R.R.P., J.L.E.,L.M.); Div. none
1992 0.915 0.915 of Experimental Neuro-oncology, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Lund Univ. Hosp., S-221 85 Lund,Sweden (L.G.S.); Dept. of Neuropathology, Lund Univ. Hosp., S-221 85 Lund, Sweden (A.B.)
8 8 - 215 nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn TEM-cell nn 1 or 2 hours acute continuous 0 female, male (23 cw, 35 whole body
BARRIER INDUCED BY Acad Sci 649 (Sprague-Dawley) (BBB)
Eberhardt, J. L.; pw)
MAGNETIC AND EMF
Malmgren, L.
Div. of
Experimenta
l
Neurooncolo
gy, Dept. of
Neurosurger
y, Lund EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 7 hours/day,
Univ., 221 4; 0,0077;
Salford, L. G.; OF BRAIN TUMOUR 5
85 Lund, Bioelectro- 8; 570; 0,016;
Brun, A.; DEVELOPMENT DURING below / days/weeks rat organ
126 Salford, L. G. Lund Univ. Sweden 1993 chem 0.915 0.915 none 4 16; 570 600 (50 pulsed /1-2 nn 1.67 0,030; cw > pw nn TEM-cells nn temporary intermittent 0 female, male 74 whole body
Persson, B.R.R.; Sweden EXPOSURE TO above for a total (Fischer 344) (nervous)
(RR/L.G.S.); Bioenerg 30 50; Hz) 1,00;
Eberhardt, J. L. CONTINUOUS AND PULSED of 9-15
Dept. of 200 0,4
915 MHz RF RADIATION exposures
Neuropathol
ogy, Lund
Univ., 221
85 Lund,
Sweden
(A.B.);
Dept. of
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 52 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors There were no significant differences among final
examined the body weights or days of survival for either male
effects of chronic or female rats in any group. Majority of animals in
exposure to the 3 groups remained healthy and in good
frequency-division condition. No significant differences in tumor
multiple-access incidence in any organ were found between rats in The
(FDMA) or code- the authors concluded that chronic
division multiple- CDMA or FDMA exposure groups and the sham exposure to 835.62-MHZ FDMA or
histological abnormalities, tumor in vivo -> access (CDMA) exposure group. 847.74-MHz RF
nn nn nn EXP TUM cell-phone cancer no -/- nn nn sham exposure ´- (tumor incidence) ´- (tumor incidence) ´- (tumor incidence)
incidence vitro radiation had no significant effect
like radiofrequency on the incidence of spontaneous
(RF) radiation on tumors
the incidence of in Fisher 344 rats.
spontaneous
tumors
in rats. A total of
480 male and
female Fisher 344
rats were included
The authors Neither FMCW nor CDMA irradiation had any
examined the significant effect on the examined endpoints of
potential of oxidative stress in optimally or sub-optimally
oxidative stress: pro-oxidant frequency- stimulated or NO-inhibited (L-NIO treated) cells.
production, nitrite modulated The authors concluded
(NO2-) production, total glutathione continuous-wave that the results of these
content, oxidized glutathione (FMCW) radiation experiments provide no evidence
sham exposure/pre-
(GSSG) centered at 835.62 that exposure of
exposure (murine
content, glutathione peroxidase MHz and code cell vitality; J7 cells to cell phone-like RF
CEF; interferon or ´- (oxidative
(GSH-Px) activity, manganese- fix nn nn EXP in vitro division multiple molecular no -/- nn signals, at or below the permitted nn ´- (oxidative stress) ´- (oxidative stress)
ENA lippopolysacharide stress)/
dependent access biosynthesis standard
to induce oxidative
superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) (CDMA) radiation SAR levels, causes significant
stress)
activity, and copper- and zinc- centered at 847.74 oxidative stress or significant
dependent MHz, cell phone modulation
superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) type radiofrequency of oxidative stress responses.
activity (RF) fields, to
induce or modulate
oxidative stress in
mammalian cell
The authors Gamma irradiation caused a significant increase in The authors concluded that
examined the DNA damage, evidenced by significant increases in exposure to 2450-MHz PW
potential of acute comet length, compared to sham exposure using microwaves at an SAR of 1.2 W/kg
exposure to PW both the Singh et al. or the Olive et al. version of the does not induce detectable DNA Since DNA damage is
2450-MHz damage when 2 variants of the believed to be a first step in
assays. Exposure to PW 2450-MHz microwave
microwaves to comet assay (with or without PK) mutagenesis and a step
radiation was not associated with any detectable
induce DNA are used to detect the damage. involved in many mechanisms
DNA damage using two 2 versions increases in comet length compared with cells
damage in rat These results do not confirm the of neoplastic transformation,
of the comet assay: one, described from sham-exposed rats using both assays.
the negative results of this and sham exposure/
by Singh et al. (Int J Radiat Biol GEN; in vivo -> brain cells, work of Lai and Singh, who ´-/↑++ (comet
nn nn nn EXP assessed using 2 genotoxicity no -/- nn the Malyapa et al. (1998) study positive control (X ´- (comet length) ´- (comet length)
66:23-28, 1994) and the other by NES vitro reported RF radiation-induced length)
versions of the do not support the view that ray)
Olive et al. DNA damage in rat brain cells.
comet assay. This low-level 2450-MHz
(Exp Cell Res 198:259-267, 1992). These results, however, are
study was microwave radiation
consistent with negative results
designed to verify demonstrates mutagenic or
reported in the Malyapa et al.
reports of carcinogenic potential
(1998) study, in which exposure
DNA damage by detectable by the comet assay.
of rats to continuous wave 2450-
Lai and Singh MHz radiation did not induce
(Bioelectromagnetic DNA damage in brain cells. The
s 16:207-210,
Laszlo, A., Moros, No increase in the DNA-binding ability of HSF in
E. G., Davidson, cultured mammalian cells as a consequence of any
T., Bradbury, M., exposure tested, within the sensitivity of our assay.
Straube, W. and
Roti
Roti, J. The Heat-
Shock Factor is not The results do not support the
Activated in notion that the stress response is
Mammalian Cells activated as a
´- (DNA-binding ´- (DNA-binding ability
DNA-binding activity of HSF nn nn nn EXP CEF; TUM in vitro Exposed cell transformation no -/- nn consequence of exposure to nn nn nn
ability of HSF ) of HSF )
to Cellular Phone microwaves of frequencies
Frequency associated with mobile
Microwaves. communication devices.
Radiat. Res. 164,
163-172
(2005).There has
been considerable
interest in the
biological effects
Several reports of Albumin leakage was found in 3/20 control The authors concluded that RF nn control ↑(+) (albumin ↑+ (albumin leakage) ↑++ (albumin leakage) amplification (pw)
have appeared in animals, 11/23 rats exposed to CW microwaves, radiation increases the leakage)
the literature and 28/35 rats exposed to 8-215 modulated 915- permeability of the BBB. While
indicating MHz microwaves. These results indicated that this effect was found for continuous
alterations of pulsed EMFs are particularly effective in altering the radiation, it was even more
the selective permeability of the BBB to albumin. pronounced for pulsed RF
permeability of the radiation at 8-215 Hz.
blood brain barrier
(BBB) following morphological and
leakage of endogenous albumin in vivo ->
nn nn nn EXP BBB exposure of pathological -/- yes nn
and fibrinogen vitro
experimental changes
animals to static
magnetic fields
(SMF), low-
frequency time-
varying magnetic
fields (TVMF),
and/or
radiofrequency
The authors No animals showed any RF radiation induced
conducted a study behavioral changes and changes in rectal The authors concluded that RF
to examine the temperature. All rats (irradiated and controls) radiation administered under the
effects of developed tumors. The size of the necrotic areas conditions
continuous and was not related to irradiation modality, tumor size, or of this study does not promote
pulsed 915-MHz time from inoculation to death. No significant tumor growth. The authors
radiofrequency conjecture that pairs where tumor
differences in tumor size were seen between any
(RF) radiation on size increased more in exposed
irradiated rat and its control and between pulsed sham exposure/ pre-
brain tumor animals may represent
NES; in vivo -> and CW radiation, within the irradiated group. exposure (rat-
tumor growth yes rectal no EXP development in cancer no -/- nn animals that are sensitive to RF nn ´- (tumor size) ´- (tumor size) ´- (tumor size)
TUM vitro glioma cell line for
rats. Seventy four exposure. Additionally, since the
tumorogenesis)
male and female RG2\ strain is very aggressive
F344 rats were (producing tumors within 3 wk), the
inoculated tumor growth\ rate may not be
intracranially with malleable to external stimuli such
5,000 RG2 cells, a as the RF. Additional studies using
rat glioma cell line RF radiation with higher SARs are
originally in progress.
derived from an
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 53 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 54 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
TEM-cell
PERMEABILITY OF THE based on that previously
Salford, L. G.; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER 8; constructed at the National
Bioelectro- Bureau of Standards
Brun, A.; INDUCED BY 915 MHz EM 16; 570; 0,2 - 3 / 3,3 (50 Hz, rat nervous
y, Lund Univ., 221 85 Lund, Sweden(RR/L.G.S.); Dept. of Neuropathology, Lund Univ., 221 85 Lund, Sweden (A.B.); Dept. of MedicalRadiation Physics, Lund Univ., 2221 85 Lund, Sweden 8
127 Salford, L. G. Lund Univ. Sweden 1993 chem 0.915 0.915 none (J.L.E., B.R.R.P.) 4000 pulsed nn 0.33 (0.2 W) cw pw nn microwave power generator nn temporary intermittent 0 female, male 154 whole body
(50 Hz) 6.670 above for about (Fischer 344) (nervous)
Persson, B. R. R.; WIRELESS CELLULAR 3(6) 217; 1,00; (MCL model 15 222)
3 - 5 weeks
COMMUNICATION 50 0,4
4-217 0,8 - 1,6 /
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER W/kg per W of input power
1002
Persson, B. R. R.; PERMEABILITY IN RATS Wireless (4 570; below /
pulsed 2 minutes - rat (630 nervous
130 Salford, L. G. Salford, L. G.; Sweden Univ. EXPOSED TO EMF USED IN
Lund Univ. Hosp. Radiation Physics Dept., Lund 1997 Hosp., S-221 85 Lund, Sweden, e-mail:Bertil.Persson@radfys.lu.se (RR/B.R.R.P.) 4
Networks 0.915 0.915 none 8.3 570 4.000; 0,001 - 10 nn pw: 0.0004 - 0.008 cw = pw ? close to / TEM-cell nn acute continuous 0 female, male whole body
(square) 16 hours (Fischer 344) irradiated, (BBB)
Brun, A. WIRELESS 3(6) 16 6.000 0.02 - 0.08 above
372 sham)
COMMUNICATION 50 0.11 - 0.95
217) 1.7 - 8.3
EFFECTS OF CW, PULSED, pulsed (square);
Sanders, A. P.; Bioelectro-
AND SINUSOIDAL-AM MW 250; amplitude AM: 10; rat organ
131 Sanders, A. P. Joines,c/o Joines, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Duke Univ., Durham, NC 27706
W. T.; Duke Univ. USA 1985 magnetics 0.591 0.591 none 250 5 5 nn 1,0-13,8 nn cw ≥ pw above nn nn nn 5 minutes acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
ON BRAIN ENERGY 500 modulated (4- 20 (Sprague-Dawley) (nervous)
Allis, J. W. 6(1)
METABOLISM 32 Hz)
Santini, R.; B16 MELANOMA 2,5
INSA; Bioelectro-
Hosni, M.; DEVELOPMENT IN BLACK hours/day mouse
Einstein 69621,R.
lbert132 M.H.); de France
Santini, Villeurbanne,France (RR/ R.S.,Faculte Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, INSA, Villeurbanne, (H.P.); Laboratoirede Physiologie Immunologie, Faculte de Sciences, Limoges, France (P.D.)
1988 magnetics 2.45 2.45 none nn nn 10 10 pulsed nn 1 1.2 cw = pw above nn nn nn temporary intermittent 0 female nn whole body muscle-skeleton
Deschaux, P.; MICE EXPOSED TO LOW- up to 690 (C57BL / 6J)
Sciences 9(1)
Pacheco, H. LEVEL MW RADIATION hours
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 55 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The authors Across all experiments, albumin leakage was
conducted a study detected in 8% of the control animals and 30%
to investigate the in irradiated animals. The difference was
effects of statistically significant. Following irradiation with CW The authors concluded that both
continuous and microwave radiation, 40% of the brain sections CW and pulsed 915-MHz
pulse-modulated stained positively for albumin. Following exposure to microwaves can open up the BBB
915-MHz the pulsed microwaves, 25, 26, 34, and 26% of the for albumin passage, while
These findings also indicate
leakage microwave brain sections from animals irradiated with 8, 16, 50, fibrinogen leakage is rather limited ↑+(albumin
radiation on the morphological and that moderate BBB leakage is ↑++(albumin ↑++(albumin
of the BBB (penetration of albumin in vivo -> and 200-Hz pulsed microwave radiation stained (the fibrinogen molecule is larger leakage),´-
nn nn nn EXP BBB blood brain barrier pathological no -/- nn induced, at least partially, by a sham exposure leakage),´- leakage),´- (fibrinogen
and vitro positive for albumin. The difference in overall than the albumin molecule). The (fibrinogen
(BBB) in rats. changes nonthermal interaction with (fibrinogen leakage) leakage)
fibrinogen) albumin-positive staining between animals exposed question of whether opening the leakage)
Previous efforts to microwave EMFs.
to the pulsed and CW microwave radiation, 28 and BBB represents a health hazard
study BBB effects 30%, respectively, was not statistically significant. requires further investigation as
of microwave No fibrinogen-positive staining was detected. does determining the extent of the
radiation have not thermal effect.
utilized assays with
adequate
sensitivity and
specificity. In a
The authors In microwave-exposed animals, extravasation of
studied the effects albumin was found in traditionally BBB-weak
of pulse-modulated areas as well as in the semioval center on both
microwaves on sides, joined by the callosal body. The
blood brain barrier extravasation was asymmetrical and spotty and was The authors concluded that the
(BBB) permeability frequently found centered around small vessels. localized nature and selectivity of
in rats. Male and The albumin leakage was frequently taken up by BBB leakage (i.e., for the smaller
female Fischer glial and neuronal cells in the vicinity of a capillary. molecular marker only) make this
morphological and
in vivo -> 344 rats were No extravasation of fibrinogen was observed under minor effect rather difficult to ↑+(albumin ↑++(albumin leakage) ↑++(albumin leakage)
albumin; fibrinogen nn nn nn EXP BBB exposed for 2 hr to pathological no -/- nn nn sham exposure
vitro any conditions. When the data were analyzed on a detect. Further investigations are leakage) ´- (fibrinogen leakage) ´- (fibrinogen leakage)
915-MHz cw changes
per rat basis, 5 of 62 controls and 56 of 184 needed to determine if the BBB
microwave exposed rats showed albumin extravasation through effects are thermal or nonthermal
radiation (35 rats) the BBB. CW microwave exposure induced in nature, and if they constitute a
or 915-MHz albumin extravasation in 40% and PW in 28%. potential health hazard.
microwaves pulse The proportion of rats showing extravasation of
modulated at albumin through the BBB did not vary significantly
repetition rates of 8 with pulse rate and SAR. When the exposed rats
(32 rats), were divided into low-SAR and high-SAR groups, a
16 (38 rats), 50 (41
The authors difference inrats showed any signs ofifstress = 2.5
None of the response was detected SAR
examined the associated with irradiation. All 154 pairs of animals
capability of RF developed rounded polycyclic brain tumors with well-
fields of the type defined boundaries. No significant differences in
associated with tumor size between irradiated and sham- The authors concluded that, under
wireless irradiated rats were seen in any experiment. For their
communication example, in rats inoculated with RG2 tumor cells, the experimental conditions, extensive
devices to promote sham exposure/ pre-
mean tumor size in animals irradiated with CW 915- daily irradiation with RF fields
brain exposure (RG2 and
tumor growth NES; in vivo -> MHz radiation and their matched controls was 29 +/- similar
yes rectal no EXP tumorigenesis in a cancer no -/- nn N32 cell ´- (tumor size) ´- (tumor size) ´- (tumor size)
in brain TUM vitro 22 and 18 +/- 13 mm3, respectively (p=0.10, to those associated with wireless
rat innoculation for
Student's t-test) and 20 +/- 15 in PW irradiated and communications devices does not
model. RG2 and tumorogenesis)
20 +/- 17 mm3 in their matched controls , promote
N32 cells, cell lines respectively (p=0.96). growth of transplanted brain tumor
derived from rat cells.
gliomas induced by
ethylnitrosourea,
were injected into
the head of the
right caudate
The authors The average fraction of rats showing penetration of The authors concluded that nn sham-exposure ↑(+) (BBB ↑+++ (BBB ↑+ (BBB permeability; amplification (cw)
examined changes the BBB ("pathological rats") was 0.17 +/- 0.02 exposure to microwave radiation permeability) permeability) 4, 217 Hz)
in blood-brain among sham-exposed controls, and was 0.39 +/- has an unequivocal effect on BBB ↑++ (BBB
barrier (BBB) 0.03 among all irradiated rats exposed at levels permeability under the specified permeability; 8.3, 50
permeability of above 1.5 J/kg, a statistically significant increase experimental conditions. The Hz)
rats exposed to (p modulated 915-MHz radiation, the average
determined by examining the nn nn nn EXP BBB wireless pathological -/- yes nn leakage that may be harmless to
vitro fraction of pathological rats being 0.50 +/- 0.07 and
sections for staining by albumin and communication changes the brain. Nonetheless, potential
0.35 +/- 0.03, respectively, compared to
fibrinogen using devices. Fischer health hazards associated with
corresponding control values of 0.19 +/- 0.05 and
immunohistochemical techniques 344 male and opening the BBB while using
0.15 +/- 0.03 (both p pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
EFFECTS OF MW Neurosci cell
(no affiliation 55 different cell
133 Seaman, R. L. Seaman, R. L. (no affiliation given) USA 1977 RADIATION ON APLYSIAN Res Program 2.45 15 none nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn acute continuous 0 (ganglion of snail nn cell
given) cells (nervous)
GANGLION CELLS. Bull 15(1) Aplysia)
SLOW AND RAPID
2,45 cell
Univ. Texas RESPONSES TO CW AND e.g.
Seaman, R. L.; J Microw 1,5 (PW close to / (Aplysia californica, cell
134 Seaman, R. L. Health Science USA
Dept. Physiology, Univ. Texas Health Science Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235
1978 PULSED MW none 5000 5000 0,5 0,5 pulsed nn nn e.g. 7 7; nn nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn > 37 cell
Wachtel, H. Power 13(1) (PW) and above neuron, abdominal (nervous)
Center RADIATION BY INDIVIDUAL 1 / 400
CW) ganglion, sea-slug)
APLYSIA PACEMAKERS
INTER-BEAT INTERVALS OF
cell
Louisiana Tech CARDIAC-CELL 1,2-12,2 PW cell culture
Bioelectro- (cardiac cell
Seaman, R. L.; Univ., Ruston, AGGREGATES DURING pulsed; close to / cell culture: (cardio-vascular:
dical 135 Seaman, R. L. Tech Univ., P.O. Box 3185, Ruston, LA 71272-0001(RR/R.L.S.); Dept.1993
Engineering, Louisiana USA of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Emory Univ.,magnetics (R.L.D.)
Atlanta, GA 2.45 2.45 none nn nn nn nn nn nn 1,2 - 86,9 cw ≥ pw nn nn near-field 190 seconds acute continuous 0 aggregates of nn 13
DeHaan, R. L. LA; Emory EXPOSURE TO 2.45 GHz pulsed (square) 12,0-43,5 above heart interbeat intervalls of
14(1) White-Leghorn
Univ., Atlanta CW, PULSED, AND SQUARE- square wave heart)
chick embryo)
WAVE-MODULATED MW.
DEPENDENCE OF MW-
biological molecules;
INDUCED DNA
Semin, Iu. A.; Russian Acad. Radiats Biol molecule cell-free system
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
136 Semin, Iu. A. Shvartsburg, L. K.; of Medical Russia
Medical Radiological Res. Centre, Russian Acad. of Medical Science, Obninsk, 249036 Russia
2002 Radioecol 1.05 2.39 2.05 4 4 25000 25000 pulsed nn 0.6 0.06 nn cw > pw above nn radiating antenna aperature far-field 30 minutes acute continuous 0 (DNA of mouse nn nn cell (cell component, DNA
DESTABILIZATION ON THE
Zhavoronkov, L. P. Science 42(2) thymus) from
MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF
thymus)
THE POLYNUCLEOTIDE
Servantie, B.;
Marine-Centre
Gillard, J.; COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
d'Etudes et de
Servantie, A. M.; THE ACTION OF THREE J Microw
Recherches 1.000; 0,15; rat whole organism
d'Application du Service de Sante pour la Marine-Centre d'Etudes et de RecherchesBiophysiologiques appliquees a la Marine, 83800 Toulon Naval, France
137 Servantie, B. Obrenovitch, J.; France 1976 TYPES OF MW FIELDS Power 2.45 9.4 none 1000 0.15 pulsed nn 5 0.7 nn cw > pw above nn nn nn 15 days temporary continuous 0 nn nn whole body
Biophysiologique 2.000 0,5 (white) (behavior)
Bertharion, G.; UPON THE BEHAVIOR OF 11(2)
s appliquees a
Perrin, J. C.; THE WHITE RAT
la Marine
Creton, B. J.
equipment described by
Sidorenko (in: Krylov (ed.),
THE ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL
the Nonlinear Dynamics
BIOELECTRIC BRAIN Bioelectro-
The method for Analysis of nervous
Sidorenko, A. ACTIVITY chem
138 Sidorenko, A. V. Byelorussian Belarus
Dept. of Radiophysics and Electronics, The Byelorussian State Univ., 4 Scoryna Ave., 220050Minsk, Belarus,nn
1999 nn nn e-mail: saetch@1spec.belpak.minsk.by
nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn Electrocortigrams in Different nn nn nn nn 0 rat nn nn whole body (brain electrical
V. INFLUENCED BY MW OR BY Bioenerg
State Univ. Functional States, activity)
THE INTRODUCTION OF 48(1)
Advances in Synergetics,
STRYCHNINE.
BGU, Minsk, p. 168-172,
1997)
funnel
funnel antenna
antenna
fed by a
fed by a
source
source
EFFECTS OF MW consisting of
consisting of
RADIATION AND an
Sidorenko, A. Sidorenko, A. V.; Byelorussian Bull Exp Biol an rat part:
139 Belarus
Byelorussian State Univ., Minsk, e-mail: A.Sidorenko@RFE.BSU.UNIBEL.BY (RR/A.V.S., V.V.T.)
2000 STRYCHNINE ON 42.2 42.2 none 1 1 30 30 pulsed nn 0.15 nn cw = pw close to nn conductivity- nn nn nn nn 0 nn nn nervous
V. Tsaryuk, V. V. State Univ. Med 130(9) conductivity- (bred) head
CEREBRAL BIOPOTENTIALS modulated p-i-
modulated p-i-
IN NARCOTIZED RATS n diode and
n diode and
an ESU-1
an ESU-1
electric
electric
stimulator
stimulator
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 58 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Comparative No difference between the effects of CW and
studies of pulsed radiation for the majority of observations.
microwave and Convectively temperature changes of 0.1-2.7 C
thermal effect on were found to affect the firing rates of white cells.
Aplysia ganglion Irradiation temperature increases were duplicated by
cells were convective heating in 29 white cells. However, ↓+ (interspike interval
performed. ↓+ (interspike interval
decreased interspike interval, as seen in some ´- (interspike in some white cells at
neuronal cell firing rate, interspike Ganglionic in some white cells at
white cells at the onset of irradiation, was never interval in white the onset of
interval, interburst interval, warming was the onset of
produced by a simple rise in environmental /control (convective cells; interburst irradiation; interburst
sensitivity in the lowest effective yes nn yes EXP SIG in vitro produced membrane function no -/- nn nn nn irradiation; interburst
temperature. Likewise, a decreased interburst warming) interval in burster interval in burster
absorbed power, sensitivity of convectively by interval in burster cells
interval in burster cells at the termination of cells at decresing cells at the
extracellular currents introduced flushing warm at the termination of
irradiation was never produced by an temperature) termination of
water through an irradiation)
environmental temperature decrease. The lowest irradiation)
enclosed space effective absorbed power (LEAP) in about 50% of
surrounding the the white cells was less than 15 mW/cm3. The
chamber sensitivity of the white cell to The largest critical
housing the value of the extracellular current density in the test
ganglion. chambers, affecting the white cells was 110 uA/cm2
Microwave
Transmembrane For about 118, the cells, radiation of for 10 Hz,
for DC andhalf of3730, and 8250 uA/cm2 sufficient nn One possible mechanism for control (warming by nn ↕+ (changes in firing ↕++ (changes in firing amplification (pw)
potentials of intensity consistently reduced the firing rate; for the above changes is an effect convection) rate) rate; bei niedrigerem
individual the remainder of the population, effective on one or more of the SAR als cw)
pacemaker intensities reduced the firing rate during most membrane's components,
neurons in the irradiations but increased the firing rate during perhaps by changing the ionic
abdominal others. For all beating pacemakers, post-irradiation conductance or by altering a
ganglion of Aplysia firing rate returned to the pre-irradiation rate after 1- receptor's ability to combine
firing rates, measured as interspike californica were with a chemical agent.
2 min. The smallest SAR that produced slow
interval (ISI) recorded during changes of firing rate was determined for 39
nn nn nn EXP SIG in vitro microwave membrane function -/- yes nn
beating pacemakers from 29 ganglia and was found
(transmembrane potentials of irradiation to be 7 mW/g. In addition to the slow, graded ISI
individual pacemaker neurons) to study the effects changes, rapid changes in ISIs were also observed
of microwaves on in eight beating pacemakers from eight different
excitable cells. For ganglia. A rapid change consisted of an increase in
every beating firing rate within one ISI of the onset of irradiation.
pacemaker Within 25 sec after the immediate decrease in ISI,
studied, a slow the ISI gradually increased until it nearly reached the
change in firing pre-irradiation value. The smallest SAR causing a
measured
rate, There are as The interbeat interval decreased The microwave
rapid change in ISI was 1 mW/g. during CW or
contradictory square-wave modulation exposures at 42.0-86.9 The authors concluded that the
reports in the W/kg, which was consistent with established effects cardiac cells were affected by
literature regarding of elevated temperatures. In the lower SAR range athermal as well as thermal effects
the sensitivity (1.2-12.2 W/kg) pre- and post-exposure interbeat of microwave exposure. They
external of excitable intervals were not significantly different. However, suggested that it should be
interbeat interval yes medium; no EXP CEF in vitro vertebrate tissues organ function no -/- analysis indicated that decreases in mean interbeat nn nn nn nn ↓+ (interbeat intervals) ↓+ (interbeat intervals)
possible to isolate such athermal
sample to microwave intervals during the beginning of CW exposure were effects in experiments at low SARs
frequency larger than predicted based on temperature (below 2 W/kg) with temperature
electromagnetic changes, while the increases at the end were controls within tight limits to
fields under opposite to the small decreases predicted by eliminate thermal effects.
constant temperature changes. With PW exposures at 8.4-
temperature 12.2 W/kg, the observed decrease in mean
In an earlier Continuous and pulse-modulated exposures nn Thus, the results of this study sham-exposure ´- ↑+ (DNA duplexes ↓+ (DNA duplexes contrary effects
publication (Semin produced opposite effects. Comparison with the do not contradict an became more stable) became more
et al., Radiats Biol curves for non-exposed DNA solutions showed that assumption that microwave- instable)
Radioecol 35:36- in the former case (CW exposures), the curves were induced relaxation of DNA
41, flatter and had lower maxima, indicating that DNA secondary structure can be
1995; BENER duplexes became more stable, whereas in the latter explained by generation of
DNA unwinding time Abstract No. acoustic waves in the
case, the curves were steeper and showed higher
13806), the maximal values, implying a more labile structure. molecule.
(melting curves were monitored by authors assumed
changes in extinction at 270 nm, fix nn no EXP GEN in vitro that microwave- genotoxicity -/- yes nn
using a induced
UV-2100 (Shimadzu) destabilization of
spectrophotometer. ) the DNA double
helix may be due
to specific
(nonthermal)
effects of
electromagnetic
(EMF)
field Behavioral The CW and PW (0.5 usec) produced behavioral
perturbations alterations; on the contrary, the PW (0.15 usec)
induced in the produced
white rat were only weak alterations.
studied after two
weeks exposure to
2.45 GHz It is postulated that the action of
continuous wave microwave fields on the behavior of
locomotor activity, emotivity, field, 9.4 GHz, rats is linked to the peak power
watchfulness, nn nn nn EXP BEH in vivo 0.15 usec, 2000 behaviour no -/- nn density and not to the average nn nn nn ↕+ (behaviour) ↕+ (behaviour)
exploratory activity Hz and 9.4 GHz, power density. Moreover, this
0.5 usec, and 1000 action seems to be independent of
Hz microwave the modulation of the field.
fields. Rats were
first
exposed to a 9.4
GHz field
modulated with
2000 Hz, 0.15
The effects of Exposure to impulse modulated microwaves The author concludes that nn pre-exposure ´- ↕+ (ECG changes) ↕++ (ECG changes) amplification (pw)
microwave caused reproducible changes in the ECG microwave irradiation or strychnine
radiation and spectra. For example, irradiation shifted the injection induces reliable changes
strychnine on brain maximum frequency from 10.35 Hz at time 0 to in the ECGs of rats that can be
electrical 28.33-24.4 Hz at 1-2 min after the start of exposure, detected by nonlinear dynamic
activity were then 7.62-4.39 Hz by 5-7 min after exposure. methods.
Electrocortigram (ECG) pattern studied in rats. Irradiation also increased the contribution of higher
(analog of human Electrocortigrams frequency components (12-30 Hz) to the power
electroencephalograms) (ECGs), the animal changes of the spectrum. The response to CW microwaves
nn nn nn EXP CNS in vivo analog -/- yes nn
neurological system showed a less regular pattern. When analyzed by
analyzed by the spectral correction of human nonlinear dynamics, both pulsed and CW
method electroencephalogr microwave radiation caused ECG changes
ams, were indicative of brain power activation.
performed on rats The calculated values of the Ek were close to 10(-
anesthetized with 1 3). Strychnine also induced activation of brain
g/kg ip uretanum. electrical activity, the most pronounced effect being
ECG data were observed 20 min after injection. The maximum
analyzed by the frequency increased from 15.62 Hz at time 0 to
The correction
spectral authors 27.34 Hz after 15 min, thensignificantly decreased
Urethane-induced narcosis declined to 9.08 at 30
summarized their the maximum power in the total ECoG spectrum (4
experiments fold) compared to the baseline control value 10 min
investigating the after urethane administration, CD and SKE.
effects of Microwave irradiation and strychnine induced urethane:↓+(maxim
microwave changes in ECoG spectral parameters that were um power in the
radiation and Changes in ECoG activity
opposite to those induced by urethane. MW of total ECoG
treatment with probably reflect enhanced /pre-exposure
electrocortico-gram (ECoG); narcotized rats caused a shift in the power spectrum spectrum, CD,
urethane and The authors concluded that the excitability of (urethane to ↑+ (maximum power ↑+ (maximum power
correlation dimension (CD); changes of the to higher frequencies; a significant increase in CD SKE);
nn nn nn EXP CNS in vivo no -/- nn effects of the MWS are similar to cerebral structures and depress CNS); in the total ECoG in the total ECoG
standardized Kolmogorov entropy strychnine on neurological system and no significant change in SKE. Strychnine strychnine:↑++
electrocephalogram those caused by strychnine. complex effects occurring in (strychnine to excite spectrum, CD, SKE) spectrum, CD, SKE)
(SKE) caused the same effects as MWs, but more (maximum power
the dynamics of CNS)
pronouncedly: the maximum power in the total in the total ECoG
(electrocorticogram bioelectric processes
ECoG spectrum was increased 3 fold; CD and SKE spectrum, CD,
(ECoG)) activity in showed a significant increase. SKE)
rats. Random
bred rats
anesthetized with 1-
g/kg urethane
(injected i.p.) and
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 59 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn nn
yes athermal
thermal,
nn
athermal
nn athermal
nn nn
nn nn
nn nn
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 60 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Univ. of
CAN ELECTROMAGNETIC
Pau, H. W.; Rostock;
FIELDS EMITTED BY Otolaryngol
Sievert, U.; Federal Inst. for mobile human part: sensoric
: hans-wilhelm.pau@med.uni-rostock.de (RR/H.W.P.) ( U.S.); Federal Inst. forOccupational Safety2005Health, Res. GroupPHONES
140 Sievert, U. Germany and MOBILE 2.7 Vibration, Electromagnetic Fields, Berlin, Germany(S.E.); Inst. for Measurement nn Control Techniques, Univ. of Rostock, Germany (W.W.)
Head Neck 0.8896 0.8896 nn nn nn and nn GSM-like 2.2 nn nn nn nn nn near-field nn nn nn 1 nn 13
Eggert, S.; Occupational telephone (volunteers) ear (ear)
STIMULATE THE Surg 132(1)
Wild, W. Safety and
VESTIBULAR ORGAN?
Health;
Universitatsklinik
CAN MOBILE PHONE mobile mobile mobile
Sievert, U.; und Poliklinik fur Otolaryngol standardized
EMISSIONS AFFECT phone phone phone sensoric
Hals-Nasen-Ohrenkrankheiten, Kopf- und Halschirurgie "OttoKomer," Doberaner Str. 137-9 18057 Rostock, Germany, e-mail: uwe.sievert@med.unirostocke.de(RR/U.S.)
k fur 141 Sievert, U. Eggert, S.; HNO, Kopf- und Germany 2005 Head Neck nn nn nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn near-field nn nn nn 1 human nn 12 nn
AUDITORY FUNCTIONS OF emissio emissio emission mobile phone devices (ear)
Pau, H. W. Halschirurgie Surg 132(3)
COCHLEA OR BRAIN STEM? ns ns s
"Otto Komer"
University of
Rostock,
Institute of
Cell Biology
and
Biosystems
Simko M,
Technology, Hsp70 expression and free
Hartwig C,
Division of radical release after exposure cell
Lantow M, University of
Environment to non-thermal radio-frequency Toxicol Lett (monozytes cell line cell culture
142 Simko M Lupke M, Rostock Germany 2006 1.8 1.8 none 217 217 576 576 GSM-like nn nn 2 cw = pw close to nn nn nn 1 hour acute continuous 1 nn nn cell culture
al electromagnetic fields and 161 (2006) Mono (immune)
Mattsson MO,
Physiology, ultrafine particles in human Mac 6 of human)
Rahman Q,
Albert- Mono Mac 6 cells
Rollwitz J
Einstein-Str.
3, D-18059
Rostock,
Germany.
Singh SP, horn antenna
Rai S, Athermal physiological effects
Inst. of fed by a
Rai AK, of MW on a cynobacterium 2,04; cell
Technology; Med Biol Eng pulsed S-band, VHF signal generator
143 Singh SP Tiwari SP, India Dept. Botany, Varanasi-221005, India (A.K.R.,nn
Dept. of Electronics Engineering, Inst. of Technology, Varanasi-221005, India (S.P.S., S.);2.42 of 2.97
1994 Nostoc muscorum: 2.71 10000 10000 S.P.T., S.S.S., J.A.); Banaras Hindu Univ., Varanasi-221005, India (S.R.)
nn nn 1,98; nn cw = pw above nn near-field 1 hour acute continuous 0 (Cyanobacterium nn nn cell culture cell culture
Banaras Hindu Comput 32(2) (square) (S470, ECIL, Hyderabad,
Singh SS, evidence for EM-memory bits 1.92 Nostoc Muscorum)
Univ. India),
Samarketu, in water
near field
Abraham J
Smialowicz, R. J.; ASSESSMENT OF THE
Health Effects 78;
Riddle, M. M.; IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS Bioelectro- rectangular strip-transmission
Smialowicz, Research Lab., 17,7; 1 hour mouse
144 Experimental Biology Div., Health Effects Research Lab., EPA, Research1982
Weil, C. M.; USA TriangleOF MICE IRRADIATED WITH
Park, NC 27711 magnetics 0.425 0.425 none 250 250 1 1 pulsed nn 7.7 cw = pw above nn nn temporary intermittent 0 female nn whole body immune
R. J. EPA, Research 5; line for 5 days (BALB/c)
Brugnolotti, P. L.; CW OR PM 425-MHz RF 3(4)
Triangle Park 1,25
Kinn, J. B. RADIATION.
Frederic Joliot-
EFFECTS OF MODULATED waveguide:
Curie Natl. Res.
Somosy, Z.; AND CONTINUOUS MW function generator and
Inst. for 0,0024; 0,0024;
Thuroczy, G.; IRRADIATION ON THE 0,000798; 0,000798; microwave generator,
Radiobiology Scanning pulsed 0,244; 0,244; below / embryo cell culture
145 Somosy, Z. Kubasova, T.; Frederic Joliot-Curie Natl. Res.1991 for MORPHOLOGY AND CELL
Hungary Inst. Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, P.O. Box 101, H-1775Budapest, Hungary (RR/Z.S., G.T. 16 L.D.S.); Dept.nn General Zoology, Eotvos nn
2.45 2.45 none 16 T.K, nn of Lorand Univ.,Budapest, Hungary (J.K.)
0,00798; 0,00798; cw = pw nn connected by a directional nn nn nn nn 0 nn nn cell
and Microsc 5(4) (square) 0,24; 0,24; close to (mouse 3T3) (mouse embryo 3T3)
Kovacs, J.; SURFACE NEGATIVE 0,0798 0,0798 coupler and coax waveguide
Radiohygiene; 2,4 2,4
Szabo, L. D. CHARGE OF 3T3 adapter to a TE10 mode
Eotvos Lorand
FIBROBLASTS waveguide
Univ.
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 61 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Objectives In no volunteer could EM radiation-induced
Pulsating nystagmus be recorded. In the human temporal
electromagnetic bone very weak caloric effects could only be found
(EM) radiation in the tissue layers next to the radiation source
emitted by mobile (antenna of the mobile phone), whereas deeper
phones regions (horizontal semicircular canal) seemed
is often unaffected (at least less than 0.1 degrees C).
incriminated for These results do not support the
temperatures of human temporal EOE; in vivo causing tissue changes of the theory that mobile phone-induced
yes tissue (ear) nn EXP alterations by no -/- nn nn nn nn ´- ´-
bones TMP probands neurological system EM radiation may cause caloric
caloric effects. negative effects in the human ear.
In particular, the
eye and the ear
were regarded as
possible "hot
spots,"
with heating up to
1 degrees C, in
which EM radiation
Problems No impact on auditory brain stem reflexes
addressed: recordings in terms of absolute and interpeak
Despite their latencies could be found.
abundant spread,
mobile phones are
suspected by a Together with the results of a
major share of the previous article concerned with the
population to vestibular part of the inner ear, we
There are no adverse
cause adverse can state that there are no adverse
auditory brain stem EOE; in vivo changes of the effects of mobile ´- (auditory brain stem ´- (auditory brain stem
nn nn nn EXP effects on no -/- effects of mobile phone emissions nn nn nn
reflexes EOR probands neurological system phone emissions on reflexes ) reflexes )
health and welfare. on the ear function, at least on a
the ear function.
The ear as the short-term range. Of course, any
sense organ next long-term effects cannot be
to the individual excluded by our study.
device has rarely
been investigated
for short-term
effects in this
regard.
The contemporary Mono Mac 6 cells are capable to internalise UFP,
urban environment and that this phagocytic activity is connected to an
has become increased release of free radicals. This increase (40-
increasingly 45% above negative control) is stronger than the
complex in its effect of heat treatment. On the other hand, none of
composition, the employed RF exposures showed any effects
leading to on free radical levels. Co-exposure of RF and
Therefore, we conclude that in the
levels of the superoxide radical discussions UFP did not potentiate the UFP effect either. Our ↑+(free radical
regarding possible investigated Mono Mac 6 cells, RF
anion or the stress protein heat- molecular investigations showed a significantly increased /positive control levels) ´-(free radical levels) ´-(free radical levels)
yes nn nn EXP CEF in vitro novel health no -/- nn exposure alone or in combination nn
shock protein (Hsp70) in the human biosynthesis Hsp70 expression level by heat treatment in a time- (heat treatment) ´- (HSP) ´- (HSP)
with UFP cannot influence stress-
monocyte cell line Mono Mac 6 effects. Two dependent manner, whereas UFP, RF, or UFP+RF ↑+ (HSP, heat)
factors that related responses.
were without any effect.
recently have
received
considerable
attention are
ultrafine particles
(UFP; pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
EFFECTS OF MODULATED
"Frederic Joliot-
AND CONTINUOUS MW
Curie" Natl. standard horn antenna
IRRADIATION ON fed by a
Somosy, Z.; Res. Inst. for
PYROANTIMONATE 0,2; 0,2; 0,33
Thuroczy, G.; Radiobiology Scanning pulsed TKI (model TR) microwave mouse histological cut
146 Somosy, Z. Hungary H-1775Budapest, none
"Frederic Joliot-Curie" Natl. Res. Inst. for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, P. O. Box 101, 2.45
1993 PRECIPITABLE CALCIUM 2.45 Hungary (RR/Z.S., G.T., G.J.K.); Dept. of General Zoology, Eotvos Lorand Univ., 0,5;
16 16 nn nn nn Budapest,Hungary (J.K.)
0,5; 0,82; cw = pw above nn nn 3 hours acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
Koteles, G. J.; and Microsc 7(4) (rectangular) generator coupled to an (CFLP) (digestive)
CONTENT IN JUNCTIONAL 1 1 1,64 /
Kovacs, J. Radiohygiene; OMKER function
COMPLEX OF MOUSE generator
Eotvos Lorand
SMALL INTESTINE.
Univ.
as described by Somosy et al.
(Scanning Microsc
"Frederic Joliot- EFFECTS OF MODULATED
7:1255-1261, 1993;
Curie" Natl. MW AND X-RAY
BENER Abstract No. 11756)
Somosy, Z.; Res. Inst. for IRRADIATION ON THE
0,1;
Thuroczy, G.; Radiobiology ACTIVITY AND Scanning pulsed mouse histological cut
147 Somosy, Z. Hungary
"Frederic Joliot-Curie" Natl. Res. Inst. for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, P. O. Box 101, 2.45
1994 Hungary (RR/Z.S., G.T., G.J.K.); Dept. of General Zoology, Eotvos Lorand Univ., Budapest,Hungary (J.K.)
H-1775Budapest, none
2.45 16 16 nn nn nn 0,5; nn cw = pw above nn (standard horn antenna nn 1 hour acute continuous 0 male nn whole body
Koteles, G. J.; and DISTRIBUTION OF CA++ Microsc 8(3) (square) (CFLP) (digestive)
1 fed by a
Kovacs, J. Radiohygiene; ATPASE IN SMALL
TKI (model TR) microwave
Eotvos Lorand INTESTINE EPITHELIAL
generator coupled to an
Univ. CELLS.
OMKER function
generator)
cw = pw
pw (15 min, 30 seconds
Teng, J.; NO NONTHERMAL EFFECT IEEE Trans 1W) or
Universite rabbit
de Tournai, D. C.; OBSERVED UNDER MW Microw 1; cw (16 min; asymmetrical dipole implanted nn 16 minutes continuous; part:
148 Teng, J. Catholique Belgium
Microwaves Lab., Universite Catholique Louvain, Batiment Maxwell, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve,Belgium
1996 4.2 4.2 none 6 6 200000 3 pulsed nn nn nn nn acute 0 (New Zealand nn nn nervous
Duhamel, F.; IRRADIATION OF SPINAL Theory Tech 2 1W) micro-antenna (near-field) (cw) intermittent spinal cord
Louvain seconds albino)
Vander Vorst, A. CORD 44 cw (30 sec,
2W) ? (pw)
standard gain
horn antenna funnel antenna
fed by a
coupled with source
model Litton consisting of
Thomas, J. R.;
EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVEL Industries an 30 min once rat
Finch, E. D.; Naval Medical Ann N Y 2,45 9,6 2,86 clearly whole organism
149 Thomas, J. R. USA Behavioral Sciences Dept., Naval Medical Res. Inst., Bethesda, MD20014 (J.R.T., L.S.B.); Biophysics Div., Environmental Biosciences Dept., Naval Medical Res. Inst.,Bethesda, MD 20014 (E.D.F.,nn
Experimental Psychology Div., 1975 MW RADIATION ON 500 500 1 1 pulsed nn 1,0 - 25 D.W.F.) cw = pw nn model conductivity- far-field or twice a chronic intermittent 0 (Sprague Dawley, male 4 whole body
Fulk, D. W.; Res. Inst. Acad Sci 247 (cw) (pw) (pw) above (conditioned behavior)
BEHAVIORAL BASELINES L5001A modulated p-i- week 60 days old)
Burch, L. S.
driven by a n diode and
custom- an ESU-1
designed electric
regulated stimulator
power supply
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS
Thomas, J. R.; OF PULSED AND CW 2.8- Bioelectro- rat
Naval Medical close to / whole organism
150 Thomas, J. R. Schrot, J.; USA
Naval Medical Res. Inst., Bethesda, MD
1982 GHz magnetics 2.8 2.8 none 500 500 2 2 pulsed nn 1 to 15 mW/cm2 nn cw = pw nn nn nn 30 min acute continuous 0 (albino, 320-330g, male 4 whole body
Res. Inst. above (behavior)
Banvard, R. A. MW ON TEMPORALLY 3(2) 240 day old)
DEFINED BEHAVIOR.
0.001-
SOMATICO AUTONOMIC
0,020; means of a part:
Vagin, Iu. E.; USSR Acad. of FUNCTIONS OF RABBITS 1; 14-mm-aperture antenna
Biol Nauki 0,030; medical "He-Gu" muscle-skeleton;
151 Vagin, Iu. E. Res. L. V.; Russia
Vagina,Inst. of Normal Physiology, USSR Acad. of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Medical 1985 EXPOSED TO A VHIF EMF 2.375 2.375 none 1 25; nn nn pulsed nn nn nn nn nn 3-10 minutes acute continuous 0 rabbit nn 11
(10) 0,100; application fed by a acupuncture nervous
Batsiuro, S. G. Sciences AT ACUPUNCTURE 100 "Mirta-01" device
0,500; point
POINTS
1,000
right hand right hand
polarized polarized
planar planar
Johannes spiral antenna spiral antenna
Gutenberg- (AEL-ASO (AEL-ASO rat
Vollrath, L.;
Universitat 1658 AA, 1658 AA, AEL- (Sprague-Dawley;
Spessert, R.; NO SHORT-TERM EFFECTS Bioelectro- 0,6 - 0,36 for the rats;
Mainz; close to / AEL-Defense Defense 15 minutes - Dark-Agouti); organ (neuro-
nberg-Universitat Mainz, Becherweg 13, D-55099 Mainz, Germany(RR/L.V., R.S., T.K., M.K.); Deutsche Bundespost Telekom, Forschungsinstitut beim FTZ, Darmstadt,Germany (H.H.)
152 Vollrath, L. Kratzsch, T.; Germany 1997 OF HF EMF ON THE magnetics 0.9 0.917 none 217 217 nn nn GSM-like nn 0,1 - 0,6 cw = pw nn far-field acute continuous 0 nn nn whole body
Deutsche 0,04 for the hamsters above Corporation), Corporation), 6 hours endocrine)
Keiner, M.; MAMMALIAN PINEAL GLAND. 18(5)
Telekom fed by a fed by a hamster
Hollmann, H.
Forschungsinstit Hewlett- Hewlett- (Djungarian)
ut Darmstadt Packard Packard
model 8657 model 3314A
transmitter pulse
generator
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 64 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The effects of CW Exposure to the CW fields or to modulated The authors concluded that low- These data support the view sham-exposure ´- ´- (distribution of ´- (distribution of
and modulated low- microwave radiation (0.1 mW/cm2) did not alter frequency modulated microwaves that extremely low-frequency calcium-containing calcium-containing
intensity the distribution of calcium-containing pyroantimonate can alter the calcium distribution in electromagnetic fields may pyroantimonate pyroantimonate
microwave deposits. Irradiation with 0.5 and 1-mW/cm2 tissues without thermal effects. modify the calcium content deposits; 0.1 deposits; 0.1
radiation on the modulated microwaves caused marked changes and/or distribution in cell mW/cm2) mW/cm2)
calcium content of in the distribution of the deposits. The deposits were membranes and disturb
intestinal epithelial now located on the cytoplasm side of the lateral cellular functions regulated by ´- (distribution of ↕+ (distribution of change (pw)
changes in calcium content of cells were studied the calcium signal transduction calcium-containing calcium-containing
membrane, in the tight junction, and in other areas
intestinal epithelial cells, measured in mice. Male pathway. pyroantimonate pyroantimonate
BMP; in vivo -> of the lateral plasma membrane. These changes
by changes in the distribution of nn nn nn EXP CFLP mice were cell function -/- yes nn deposits; 0.5 and 1 deposits; 0.5 and 1
CEF vitro were reversible--24 hr after exposure the
pyroantimonate deposits by whole body mW/cm2) mW/cm2)
distribution of the deposits was similar to that of the
transmission electron microscopy irradiated with CW controls. Exposure to CW microwave radiation did
or amplitude not alter the distribution of the pyroantimonate
modulated 0.1, deposits.
0.5, or 1-mW/cm2,
2,450-MHz
microwaves for 3
hr. The modulated
radiation
The effects of Immediately and 1 and 3 hr after irradiation with 1- The authors concluded that Since both modulated sham-exposure ´- ´- (CaATPase activity) ↓+ (CaATPase decrease (pw)
modulated mW/cm2 modulated microwaves, CaATPase modulated microwave and X-ray microwave and X-irradiation activity)
microwave and X- activity was inhibited on the lateral membrane. irradiation decrease CaATPase have been shown to act on
ray irradiation on The amount and distribution of CaATPase activity activity in small intestine epithelial components of the membrane
calcium 24 hr after irradiation did not differ significantly from cells. signal transduction process
transporting the control values. Irradiation with CW microwaves (i.e., multiple second
Changes in CaATPase activity adenosine did not affect CaATPase activity. Irradiation with 1- messenger pathways including
(by cytochemical technique) triphosphatase Gy X-rays caused a transient reduction in lateral protein kinase C-, cAMP- and
in vivo -> (CaATPase) membrane CaATPase activity. Irradiation with 5-Gy Ca++ dependent
nn nn nn EXP ENA activity in small cell function -/- yes nn mechanisms), they
distribution of CaATPase vitro X-rays, however, caused a decrease in lateral
(by transmission electron intestine epithelial membrane CaATPase activity that persisted for up presumably play a role in
microscopy) cells were to 24 hr. inducing changes in calcium
examined. Male pump ATPase activity.
CFLP mice were
whole body
irradiated with
square-wave
modulated (16 Hz)
AnCW 2,450-MHz
or in vivo The experimental results showed that there is a MW Thus, it was concluded that a MW nn nn nn ↓+ (latency and ↓+ (latency and
experiment was effect on the SEP response of the nervous effect takes place, whichdecreases amplitude of the SEP amplitude of the SEP
amplitude and latency of the conducted on the system after a long period of irradiation, and the latency and amplitude of the response) response)
somatosensory evoked potentials nervous system of that these variations are reversible. Computations SEP response, and that the effect
(SEP) in the cortex anesthetized, of power deposition and of a bioheat equation, as a is of thermal origin. Nonthermal ↑+ (temperature ↑+ (temperature
spinal changes of the
for yes yes EXP NES in vivo New Zealand no -/- function of MW irradiation duration, revealed a nn effects were not observed. increase of the spinal increase of the spinal
cord neurological system
variation of the cerebral activity albino rabbits, temperature increase of the spinal cord for long cord; 16 min, 1W or cord; 15 min, 2W)
from somatosensory stimulation weighing about 3.5 pulsed irradiation during 15 min under an 30 sec, 2W)
(with an electrode) kg each, to incident power of 2 W; for continuous irradiation
observe the during 30 sec under an incident power of 2 W;
somatosensory and for continuous irradiation during 16 min
The authors The 3 types of microwave radiation produced The authors concluded that low- nn sham-exposure nn ↑++ (time out ↑+ (time out amplification (cw)
examined the changes in response rates on the multi FR DRL level microwave radiation can responses; 2.45 responses; 2.8 and
effects of low-level schedule. Responding on the FR schedule (which produce behavioral changes in MHz, 7 mW/cm2) 9.6 MHz)
microwave varied at baseline from 1.40 to 2.70 responses/sec) animals trained to respond on
radiation on the was disrupted after irradiation, leading to a marked multiple reinforcement schedules.
behavior of rats decrease in the overall response rate. Responding Generally, the low rates of ↓+ (responding on ↓++ (responding on amplification (pw)
trained to respond on the DRL schedule (which varied from 0.06 to responding produced by the DRL the FR schedule) the FR schedule; 2.86
in a task involving 0.08 response/sec at baseline) was increased. The schedule increased after GHz, 20 mW/cm2)
response rate (fixed intervall multiple schedules percentage increase over control levels (up to irradiation, the high rates of ↑++ (responding on
nn nn nn EXP BEH in vivo of reinforcement. behaviour -/- yes nn responding on the FR schedule ↑+ (responding on the DRL schedule;
schedule of food reinforcement) approximately 130%) was most evident at the
Four highest exposure levels for S-band pulsed and X- decreased, and the number of the DRL schedule) 2.86 GHz)
experimentally band radiation. The number of responses that responses during the time-out ↑+++ (responding on
naive male occurred during the time-out period was also period increased after irradiation. the DRL schedule; 2.9
Sprague Dawley increased after irradiation. More detailed analysis of These results also show that not GHz)
rats, 60 the response data on the DRL schedule showed that only do low levels of microwave
days old at the exposure to 9,600-Hz radiation appeared to irradiation produce effects on the
start of the study, increase DRL response rates above control values central nervous system, as
were used in at lower dose rates than the other 2 types of evidenced by behavioral changes,
experimentsof low-
The effects where radiation. The largest increase in response rates
Alterations of normal performance were more but the changes are influenced by
It is concluded that under the nn nn nn ´- ↕+ (alterations of change (pw)
power-density pronounced after a 30-min exposure to the PW conditions explored in the present normal performance;
pulsed-wave (PW) field than to the CW field. The rate of emission of study behavior is more sensitive to 10 and 15 mW/cm2)
and continuous appropriately timed responses declined after pulsed fields than to continuous
wave (CW) exposure to PW at 10 and 15 mW/cm2, whereas fields at the same power levels,
2.8-GHz exposure at the same power levels to the CW field and such differential sensitivity
microwave (MW) did not consistently affect the rate of responding. must be considered in analyzing
irradiation on Change in performance associated with MW the biological effects of MW
response time in conditioned behavior in rodents exposure was not necessarily related to a general exposure.
nn nn nn EXP BEH in vivo were behaviour -/- yes nn
behavior decline in responding; in some instances, increases
investigated. Four in overall rates of responding were observed.
240-day-old male
albino rats,
weighing 320-330
g, were
conditioned by a
complex
reinforcement
schedule that
Analgesic effects Pulp irritation induced jaw movement, respiratory
of local microwave rhythm drastically decreased and became unstable.
irradiation of the Conventional acupuncture treatment restored the
"He-Gu" respiration rate from 86 +/- 28 cycles/min to 182 +/-
acupuncture 40 cycles/min, significantly decreased its instability,
point and its The authors contended that the
and weakened jaw movement. MW radiation in
dependence upon thermal effect of intense radiation
the power range of 1-20 mW weakened jaw
impaired the
radiation intensity movement and decreased respiratory rhythm /control acupunctur: ↓+
specific analgesic response.
indices of pain: respiration rate, jaw SEN; and modulation changes of the instability to the same extent as conventional (acupuncture)/ pre- (respiration rate, ↓+ (jaw movement at ↓+ (jaw movement at
nn nn yes EXP in vivo were no -/- nn Mechanisms of the microwave nn
movement VNS neurological system acupuncture. The analgesic effect of "microwave exposure (pulp its instability, jaw low power densities) low power densities)
studied in rabbits. effect in the context of the role of
acupuncture" strongly depended on output power irradiation) movement)
Respiration rate acupuncture points in control of
(less pronounced as output power increased) and
and jaw movement biological functions are being
did not depend on the modulation regimes. In
served as indices of investigated further.
contrast with conventional acupuncture, neither
pain severity during kind of microwave treatment restored the
a 10-min direct respiration rate.
irritation of a tooth
pulp by a 50-Hz,
4- to 24-uA electric
The authors No evidence that EMF exposure either at night or in
investigated the the afternoon affected the behavior of the animals.
effects of high The experiments were conducted using
frequency simultaneous exposure and sham exposure. These
microwaves on experiments showed no significant exposure-
pineal In one of the
related effects on pineal NAT activity or serum
functions in rats experiments, The authors concluded that CW
pineal melatonin concentrations in either the rats or
and hamsters. nocturnal NAT activity 900-MHz EMFs or 917-MHz EMFs
functions: serotonin hamsters. No significant exposure-related ´- (pineal NAT ´- (pineal NAT
Sprague-Dawley was slightly higher in pulsed at 217 Hz under the ´- (pineal NAT activity,
N-acetyl-transferase (NAT); END; in vivo -> changes of the changes in synaptic ribbon profile numbers activity, serum activity, serum
nn nn nn EXP and Dark-Agouti no -/- exposed rats than in conditions used in these nn sham-exposure serum melatonin
Pineal synaptic ribbon profile MEL vitro; in vivo endocrine system were detected. melatonin melatonin
rats and controls, but the experiments have no short-term concentrations)
numbers; concentrations) concentrations)
Djungarian difference was effects on the mammalian pineal
melatonin
hamsters were not statistically gland.
exposed or sham significant.
exposed to CW
900-MHz or PW
900-MHz
microwaves pulsed
at 217 Hz for 15
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 65 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
yes athermal
yes nn
yes thermal
nn nn
nn nn
yes nn
nn nn
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 66 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
5 10 minutes
4;
intervals
16
(1 min on, 1
THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY min off, 1min
1 min
OF SYMMETRICAL AREAS on,…)
Vorob'ev, V. V.; Fiziol Zh Im I 4Hz
OF THE RAT CEREBRAL circular antenna
Konovalov, V. F.; Russian Acad. M 1 min off organ
153 Vorob'ev, V. V. Russia
Inst. of Cell Biophysics of Russian Acad. Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia 0.945
1994 CORTEX DURING THE USE 0.945 none 4 20000 20000 pulsed nn 0.1 nn cw = pw above nn positioned at the top of the nn (3 intervals acute intermittent 0 rat nn 8 whole body
Gorelkova, T. F.; Sciences Sechenova 1 min 16 (nervous)
OF cage without
Gal'chenko, A. A. 80(12) Hz
A LOW-INTENSITY UHF exposure, 2
1 min off
FIELD intervals with
1 min 4
exposure)
Hz
….
AIL-type 125-microwave
Wachtel, H.; EFFECTS OF LOW- source,
Ann N Y 1,5 2,45 1000 - 20) directional coupler, and the (neuron) (nervous)
Joines, W. ISOLATED NEURONS stripline
National Inst. nerves
McRee, D. I.; PULSE MW EFFECTS ON Radiat Res waveguide part: histological cut
155 Wachtel, H. Natl. Inst. Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
Environmental USA 1982 2.45 2.45 none 50 50 10 10 pulsed nn nn 10 10 cw = pw above nn nn nn nn nn 0 (frog, nn nn
Wachtel, H. NERVE VITALITY 91(1) exposure system sciatic nerve (nervous)
Health Sciences Rana-pipiens)
head of the animal in a
waveguide,
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
design as by Oscar and
Environmental PERMEATION IN THE RAT Bioelectro- Hawkins rat
Ward, T. R.; below / part: nervous
156 Ward, T. R. USA
MD-74, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Protection 1985 DURING EXPOSURE TO magnetics 1.7 1.7 none 1000 1000 0.5 0.5 pulsed nn 0.03 - 1.0 0,1 / 200 cw = pw nn near-field 30 minutes acute continuous 0 (Sprague-Dawley, male nn
Ali, J. S. close to (Brain Res 126(2):281-93, head (BBB)
Agency LOW-POWER 1.7-GHz MW 6(2) mature)
1977;
RADIATION.
BENER volume II(2):
Abstract No. 5127)
model 299
model 299
standard gain
standard gain
wave line horn
wave line
antenna
horn antenna
with a S-band
with a S-band
waveguide
waveguide
Weiter, J. J.; ASCORBIC ACID CHANGES coupled to a lens
coupled to a
Finch, E. D.; Naval Medical IN CULTURED RABBIT Ann N Y 2,45 2,86 Raytheon nn (rabbit part: organ
157 Weiter, J. J. USA
Environmental Biosciences Dept., Naval Medical Res. Inst., Bethesda, MD 20014
1975 none 500 500 1 1 pulsed nn 0-250 nn nn nn nn nn Litton 10 minutes acute continuous 0 nn nn
Schulz, W.; Res. Inst. LENSES AFTER MW Acad Sci 247 (cw) (pw) model 4J31 (far-field) New Zealand, lens (sensoric)
Industries
Frattali, V. IRRADIATION magnetron white, adult)
model L5001
driven by a
magnetron
Manson
Laboratories
model 275
pulse tube
modulator
100 -
900
(The
energy
dosage
is histological cut
regulated (thermo-regulatory
Biomed Tech by
Wildervanck, rabbit; part: (heating pattern,
158 Wildervanck, A. none Jousterweg 4, Netherlands
HASKERHORNE [Fr], 9350, Netherlands
1978 PULSED MW-DIATHERMY (Berlin) 2.45 2.45 none 100 60 60 pulsed nn nn nn nn nn nn Diatron-1500 Diatron-1500 nn 20 minutes acute nn 0 nn nn
A. varying dog gluteal muscle temperature elevation,
23(7/8) the pearl chain
number formation)
of
pulses
over
eight dial
settings
from
ALTERATIONS IN ACTIVITY 100-900
AT AUDITORY NUCLEI OF
THE RAT INDUCED BY
EXPOSURE TO MIW
Wilson, B. S.;
RADIATION:
Zook, J. M.; Research Brain Res 0,918 2,45 2,5; rat 7 (exposed)
159 Wilson, B. S. USA
Center Technology Applications, Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
1980 AUTORADIOGRAPHIC none 10 10 20 20 pulsed nn 2,5 / 12500 nn cw ≥ pw above nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 nn whole body sensoric
Joines, W. T.; Triangle Inst. 187(2) (CW) (PW) 10 (Sprague-Dawley) 4 (control)
EVIDENCE USING [14C]-
Casseday, J. H.
DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 67 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
The effects of The first experimental periods, which were without nn The authors suggested that pre-exposure experimental ↕+ (electrical activity ↕+ (electrical activity change of hemisphere
exposure to low- irradiation, revealed an asymmetry in the these microwave effects could periods without changes in the left changes in the right
intensity UHF frequency spectra of the electrical activity in the result from alterations of the irradiation hemisphere) hemisphere)
radiation on the left brain neurochemical status, revealed an
lateral and right hemispheres. The cortex of the left which, in turn, could arise from asymmetry in the
asymmetry of the hemisphere demonstrated higher amplitude rhythms changes in the blood-brain frequency spectra
cortical in the 10-30 Hz band, and lower amplitude rhythms barrier function or in the of the electrical
lateral electroencephalogr in the 1.5-4 Hz band compared to the right sensitivity of neuromediator activity in the left
asymmetry of the cortical aphic pattern was changes of the hemisphere. Microwave irradiation virtually receptors. and right
nn nn nn EXP CNS in situ assessed in -/- yes nn hemispheres.
electroencephalographic pattern; neurological system eliminated the frequency asymmetry in the lower
Electrocorticograms rats. Artifact-free frequency band, and decreased it in the higher
cortical electrodes frequency band. After cessation of exposure, the
made of a frequency asymmetry was partially restored.
conductive carbon Analysis of the frequency spectra during the first 10
material were sec of exposure established that the CW field
chronically caused electrical activity changes in the
implanted in the left hemisphere, while pulse-modulated fields
left and right induced changes in the right hemisphere. The
hemispheres of 8
The authors Changes in the were statistically were often and
described effects magnitude of ISIsignificant (t-seen The authors concluded that they
summarized their during irradiation at microwave intensities of detected reproducible microwave-
research less than 5 mW/cm2. In 4 cases were the induced effects
examining the thresholds for ISIs changes above 20 mW/cm2 and on firing patterns at power levels
effects of low- in 10 cases- below 10 mW/cm3. Effects on the below 10 mW/cm2. Depending on
intensity interburst intervals (IBIs) occured in 7 pacemaker which head model is used, these
microwaves on cells below 10 mW/cm2 in 3 cases. No significant power levels correspond to power
isolated marine differences between CW and PW were seen in that might be absorbed by cortical
firing patterns: interspike intervals gastropod ganglia the effects on ISI. Temperature control neurons in a person exposed to a sham-exposure/
yes nn yes EXP SIG in vitro neurons. Ganglia membrane function no -/- nn "safe" free-field microwave nn ´- ↕+ (ISIs) ↕+ (ISIs)
(ISIs) and interburst intervals (IBIs) experiments indicated that, in most cases, control (heating)
isolated increasing the temperature produced effects on intensity of anywhere from 10 to 1
from Aplysia were the ISIs that were approximately equivalent to mW/cm2. Whether or not these
used in microwave irradiation at 20 mW/cm2 or greater. effects can be considered harmful
experiments where In a few cases, unexpected effects occurred. For cannot be determined, but it
they were exposed example, irradiation of a neuron with 2.45-GHz appears
to 1.5- or radiation at a Po of 0.5 W caused complete almost certain that the effects
2.45-GHz cessation of firing, whereas heating in the same would disrupt ongoing information
microwave temperature range (21.5-22.5 C) caused an processes if they were to occur in
radiation at power
The effects of increase in firing rate. Experiments with MW effects
In all cases a significant decrease occurred in an intact nervous system.
pulsed microwave the
(MW) radiation on survival time of the exposed nerves, as
the vitality of frog compared with the unexposed nerves. However,
sciatic nerves were It is suggested that the MW effect
the magnitude of this effect was essentially the
investigated and on nerve
same in all three cases of exposure and was also
compared with vitality may result from an
comparable with the effect seen earlier with CW MW
effects of interference with long-term
radiation of equivalent SAR.
continuous-wave regulatory processes (such as
survival time of the exposed nerves nn nn nn EXP CEF in vitro (CW) MW cell vitality no -/- nn interfering with maintenance of nn sham-exposure ´- (survival time) ↓++ (survival time) ↓++ (survival time)
radiation. Isolated adequate ionic concentration
sciatic nerves of gradient across the membrane)
frogs (Rana rather than interference with the
pipiens) were mechanism for action potential
exposed to 2.45- firing.
GHz pulse-MW
radiation in a
waveguide
exposure system.
The authors Small (0.22 C maximum) but statistically
conducted a study significant increases in temperature were found
designed to follow in two brain regions of exposed animals, the
up previous work midbrain and stratum. No change in uptake of either
by Oscar tracer was found in any of the brain regions as
and Hawkins The authors conclude, on the
compared with those of sham-exposed animals,
(Brain Res basis of their results and other
indicating that there were no changes in
126(2):281-93, recent reports in the literature, that
permeation.
1977; BENER morphological and there is little evidence that low-level
permeability of BBB (radioactivity in in vivo -> ´- (BBB
yes brain yes EXP BBB volume II(2): pathological no -/- nn microwave irradiation affects the nn sham-exposure ´- (BBB permeability) ´- (BBB permeability)
brain) vitro permeability)
Abstract changes blood-brain barrier, although
No. 5127) who possible changes in blood flow at
reported dramatic these low power levels cannot be
increases in ruled out.
permeation of the
blood-brain
barrier as
measured by
mannitol and inulin
The authors Exposure to CW microwave radiation for 10 min at The authors concluded that nn nn nn ↓+ (AA concentration) ↓+ (AA concentration)
examined the power densities of 0 to 250 mW/cm2 caused a irradiation of rabbit lens ↑+ (opacification, if ↑+ (opacification, if
effect of linear power density-related decrease in lens AA preparations with CW or pulsed AA concentration AA concentration was
AA content (AA + microwave was pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
Research
MECHANISMS AND
Triangle Inst.,
PHYSIOLOGIC J
Wilson, B. S.; Research 10: 2,5;
USA SIGNIFICANCE OF Durham,Bioelectricity
e Program Office, Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (B.S.W.);Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Duke Univ.,MW
160 Wilson, B. S. 1985 NC 27709 (W.T.J.)
2.45 2.45 none nn nn 10 pulsed nn nn nn nn above nn nn nn nn nn nn 0 rat nn nn nn sensoric
Joines, W. T. Triangle Park; 20 10
ACTION ON THE AUDITORY 4(2)
Duke Univ.,
SYSTEM
Durham
Univ.of Naples waveguide
Federico II; CYTOGENETIC DAMAGE IN GSM-like 16
d'Ambrosio, G.; 0,0623
Interuniversity HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES Bioelectro- (GMSK phase Rohde Schwarz SME 03 cell (8 males)
Massa, R.; (cw); mobile female (?), cell: cell culture
161 Zeni, O. Centre for and
Dept. of ElectronicItaly Telecommunication Engineering, Univ. of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio,21, 80125 Naples, Italy, e-mail: gdambros@unina.it nn
2002 FOLLOWING GMSK PHASE magnetics 1.748 1.748 none nn nn nn (RR/G.d., R.M.); Interuniversity Centre forInteraction Between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems, Naples, Italy (G.d., R.M., M.R.S., O.Z.);Natl. Res. Council a IREA, Naples, Italy (M.R.S., O.Z.)
modulated nn 1,17 - 3,93 cw = pw close to signal source with - built-in nn 15 minutes acute continuous 1 (human
Rosaria Scarfi, M.; 0,0594 telephone male lymphocyte (immune)
Interaction MODULATED MW 23(1) microwave GMSK modulation mode, lymphocytes) > 500
Zeni, O. (pw)
Between EMF EXPOSURE radiation) coupled to a TWT amplifier lymphocytes
and Biosystems (Varian VZS 6951 K2 BDEK)
Zeni, O.; CNR-Inst. for
GSM signal
Chiavoni, A. S.; Electromagnetic LACK OF GENOTOXIC
produced by a human cell culture:
Sannino, A.; Sensing of EFFECTS (MICRONUCLEUS CW signal
Radiat Res 0,2; below / modified 24; 44: 72 (healthy volunteers, 12 female, 8 peripheral- cell culture
162 Zeni, O. Antolini, A.; Environment Italy
ICEmB at CNR-Inst. for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment (IREA), via Diocleziano, 0.9
2003 INDUCTION) IN HUMAN 328-80124Napoli,none e-mail: scarfi.mr@irea.cnr.it (RR/M.R.S., O.Z., A.S.); TILab, viann Reiss Romoli274, 10148 Torino, Italy (A.S.C., A.A., D.F.); ICEmB cwDept. of Physics, Univ. of Bologna, VialeBerti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy (F.B.)
0.925 Italy, nn nn nn nn GSM-like G. nn 1.6 at ≥ pw nn generator; near-field temporary intermittent 1 20
160(2) 1,6 close to commercial hours age 32 +/- 9 yr male blood lympho- (immune)
Forigo, D.; (IREA); LYMPHOCYTES EXPOSED TEM cell
cellular phone; lymphocytes) cytes
Bersani, F.; TILab; IN VITRO TO 900 MHz EMF
TEM cell
Scarfi, M. R. Univ. of Bologna
0,8 - 1,2 0,8 - 1,2
THE EFFECTS OF 860 MHz averaged averaged
RF RADIATION ON THE over the over the
George Motorola Integrated AC76
Zook, B. C.; INDUCTION OR Radiat Res brain, brain, 6 hours/day rat organ
163 Zook, B. C. Washington USA
George Washington Univ., Ross Hall, B-12, 2300 I St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037 (RR/B.C.Z.);Depts. of none
2001 0.860 0.860 Pathology11.1 of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, George Washington1
and 11.1 15000 15000 pulsed Univ., Washington, nn
DC20037 cw = pw below nn near-field chronic intermittent 0 nn 900 whole body
Simmens, S. J. PROMOTION OF BRAIN 155(4) 0,27-0,42 0,27-0,42 Radio Services source 22 months (Sprague-Dawley) (nervous)
Univ.
TUMORS AND OTHER averaged averaged
NEOPLASMS IN RATS. over the over the
whole body whole body
* Sorting-Name technical application
To identify
similar studies,
the table is
sorted with the
nn
name of this
column.
Sometimes
this name is
not the first in technique for remote determination of breathing frequ. in unrestrained animals using RF EM waves
dielectric measurement
electronical weapon
industrial heating
medical application
medical heating
microscopic RF dosimetry
microwave killing
microwave oven
microwave thawing
mobile telephone
radar System of Body
in vivo endocrine
neuro-endocrine
reproductive
sensoric
thermo-regulatory
immune
muscle-skeleton
cardio-vascular
respiratory
haematopoetic
nervous
digestive
whole organism
in vitro biological molecules
cell-free
cell organelles
cell Example: cell (nervous)
cell culture /
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V.
Seite 70 von 100
cell culture (organic)
2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
Microwave hearing The MWAS spectrum of the thresholds for the The authors concluded that
or responses of the responses to the microwave pulses spanned the CF thermoelastic expansion of fluids
auditory system to range of 0.3 to 30 kHz. The frequency content of and structures within the inner ear
microwave pulses the MWAS spectrum could be expressed as a is the major mechanism by which
(perceived as sinusoidal function of the form sin(x)/x. This was auditory stimuli are produced by
clicks) is one of the taken as evidence in support of the thermoelastic microwave pulses. The frequency
most widely expansion mechanism. In the rat experiment, spectra of these stimuli are ↑+ (level of metabolic
microwave induced auditory stimuli studied and changes in the pattern of dGlu uptake by the inferior indistinguishable from the spectra activity, dGlu uptake, changes in the pattern
(MWAS): metabolic activity induced accepted colliculus indicated that the MWAS spectrum for the of rectangular pulses of the same in nuclei in the of dGlu uptake by the
EOE; changes of the
in the inferior colliculus; yes cochlea yes EXP in vivo effects of low- no -/- microwave pulses was very broad and was similar to nn duration as the microwave pulses. nn nn nn ascending auditory inferior colliculus;
TMP neurological system
uptake of carbon-14 (14C-) tagged power nonionizing that induced by the acoustic clicks and noise. A The observed behavioral effects of pathway; increase of thermoelastic
2-deoxy-D-glucose (dGlu) radiation on model based on the thermoelastic hypothesis microwave exposure can be intracochlear expansion
biological systems. indicated that the area in the MWAS spectrum explained on the basis of temperature)
Early wherein microwave pulses would be expected to intracochlear heating. Very small
studies indicated produce effective auditory stimuli would be bounded shifts in inner ear temperature, for
that these effects by the upper limit of hearing (31 kHz in the cat), the example, can produce large
did not involve maximum level of peak power, and the individual changes in an animal's sensitivity
electrophonic spectral curves for each pulse duration as described and suprathreshold responses to
heating
The authors by the function sin(x)/x.
Exposure to CW or GMSK phase modulated environmental sounds.
The authors concluded that, under nn control ´- ´- (CBPI) ´- (CBPI)
examined radiation did not significantly affect the CBPI in their experimental conditions, CW ´- (Micronuclei ↑+ (Micronuclei increase (pw)
cell cycle progression and cytogenetic frequency) frequency)
any experiment (mean CBPIs were 1.87 +/- 1.748-GHz radiation does not
chromosome damage (Micronuclei damage induced in 0.055 in unexposed cultures, 1.83 +/- 0.08 in CW affect MN frequency, whereas
frequency) human exposed cultures, and 1.99 +/- 0.063 in GMSK irradiation with GMSK phase
lymphocytes by exposed cultures). Exposure to CW radiation only modulated radiation increases
Cytotoxicity and changes in cell Gaussian minimum did not significantly alter MN frequency, but the MN frequency. They noted
proliferation shift keying exposure to GMSK phase modulated radiation that the intensity level used in their
(by classifying 500 lymphocytes (GMSK) phase
external significantly increased the group mean MN experiments was substantially
according to their number of yes no EXP GEN in vitro modulated genotoxicity -/- yes nn
medium frequency (0.89 +/- 0.01%, p indication that RF irradiation altered the incidence of fatal
body weight; nn nn nn EXP TUM exposure cancer no -/-
vitro incidence of the tumors at any of these sites. brain tumors than
incidence of brain tumors to RF radiation of sham-exposed rats
the type emitted by and the cage controls.
cellular phones Neither of these
induced or represented a
promoted statistically significant
brain tumors or elevated risk.
other
malignancies.
Fifteen groups of
Class Type of study
nn
nn nothing named
experimentelle biologisch-medizinische Studien in vivo
EXP
in vivo probands
in vivo patients
in vitro
in vivo -> vitro
in vitro; in vivo
in situ
epidemiology
chemical model system
physical model system
literature
ervous)
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 71 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
nn thermal
nn nn
(athermal)
nn nn
nn nn
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 72 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Nu Author Publication Exposure Test-Objects
mbe
Proximity Number Parts of
Stu Sorting- Pulse repetition Pulse Intensit Powerflux-density Technical Exposure device Kind
Names Affilation Address Country Year Title Journal Frequency Modulation Specific absorption rate (SAR) to Duration of exposure Human Biological object Gender of organism System of body
dy Name * frequency width y (PFD) application (device to generate the field) of exp.
SAR objects exposed
avarage energy threshold
clearly acc. acute=
Abbreviations: CW- PW- CW- PW- deposit CW- PW- pw above intermittent (type, age) cell list below
MW = Microwave(s) n.n. chron= male, nn
[mW/cm2] [W/Kg] cw ≤ pw (ref. 0,08 component;
PW = Pulsed Wave near life
cw ≥ pw W/kg / model
RF = Radiofrequency common common (SAR- or PFD- common mark means: time
mark means: mark means: value)
2 W/kg) not differently mentioned
not differently not differently multi=
organ
histological cut
in situ cell Example: cell (nervous)
organ
chemical model system chemical model
physical model system physical model system
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 73 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Measurement Classification Objectives and Results
Biological
Measured Temperature Temperatu Type of
Class Category Abstract endpoint Difference between CW and PW effects Biological effects of CW and PW exposure
parameters control re effects? study
of view
kind of effect
yes (caused by Tendencies
no yes sham-exposure cw vs. pw or vs. control
fix Point of irridation) acc. Kind of difference (without statistical
acc. The authors conclude/ Action-hypothesis / shelf control / ↑+; ↑++; ↓+; ↓++; ↕+; ↕++ ("changes"); ´-; nn
=contro measure pull-down- significance)
list below suggest… (if mentioned) pre-exposure/
lled ment menu
no control/ n.n.
nn yes; 104 59
sham/control cw pw effect categories
no 63.8% 36.2% (uncompleteley simplified)
ervous)
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 74 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
Thermal
nature of
Reversibility
effect
of effect
(if
mentioned)
yes/no/nn
Forschungsgemeinschaft Funk e.V. 2f7970c4-fa63-48a5-bb8d-bba54b3501af.xlsstudies
Seite 75 von 100
Werner Alsbach / Jürgen Zschernitz / Margarita Simeonova Ausdruck vom 11/16/2011
number of
technical application publications
technique for remote determination of
8
breathing frequ. in unrestrained 0
animals using RF EM waves
dielectric measurement 0
electronical weapon 0 7
industrial heating 0
medical application 6
medical heating 0
microscopic RF dosimetry 0 6
microwave killing 1
microwave oven 0
microwave thawing 0
mobile telephone 7 5
radar 3
nn 146
163 4
3
2
1
0
measurement
determination
electronical
technique for
dielectric
remote
of…
electronical
weapon
industrial
heating
medical
application
medical
heating
microscopic
RF dosimetry
microwave
killing
microwave
oven
Number of publications per technical application
microwave
thawing
mobile
telephone
radar
number of
year
publications
2006 2
2005 8
2004 5 14
2003 6
2002 8
2001 12
2000 2 12
1999 5
1998 0
1997 8
1996 8 10
1995 2
1994 7
1993 4
1992 4
1991 3
8
1990 3
1989 3
1988 7
1987 4 6
1986 3
1985 8
1984 5
1983 3 4
1982 8
1981 1
1980 7
1979 3 2
1978 7
1977 3
1976 2
1975 8
1974 1
0
1973 0 1960 1965 1970 1975
1972 1
1971 0
1970 0
1969 1
1968 0
1967 1
1966 0
1965 0
1964 0
1963 0
1962 0
1961 0 14
1960 0
summa 163 12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Number of publications p.a.
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
Number of publications p.a.
2000 2005
number of
country
publications
Argentina 0
Australia 1
Austria 1 80
Belarus 2
Belgium 2
Brazil 0
Bulgaria 0
70
Canada 5
China 1
Costa Rica 0 60
Czech Republic 0
Denmark 0
Finland 3 50
France 5
Germany 9
Greece 1 40
Hungary 5
India 1
Israel 0 30
Italy 7
Japan 2
Netherlands 2
New Zealand 0
20
Poland 5
Romania 0
Russia 12 10
Saudi Arabia 0
Slovakia 0
Slovenia 0 0
Czech…
South-Korea 0
Brazil
Austria
Finland
Argentina
China
France
Belgium
Canada
Costa Rica
Denmark
Australia
Bulgaria
Belarus
Spain 0
Sweden 9
Switzerland 2
Turkey 0
UK 2
Ukraine 2
USA 75
USSR 8
Yugoslavia 1
nn 0
163
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
India
Israel
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
New Zealand
Poland
Romania
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Number of publications per country
Slovakia
Slovenia
South-Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
UK
Ukraine
Ukraine
USA
USSR
Yugoslavia
number number frequ. number number
frequ.
of publ. of publ. up to of publ. of publ.
[GHz]
min. max. [GHz] min. max.
0.0001 1 0 0.1 3 0 minimal frequency
0.0005 0 0 0.2 1 0 60
0.001 0 0 0.4 4 0
0.01 1 0 0.6 7 5
0.01312 0 0 0.8 0 0
0.05 1 0 1 47 45
0.07 0 0 1.2 3 2 50
0.147 0 0 1.4 7 8
0.18 1 0 1.6 3 1
0.22 1 0 1.8 5 7
0.27 2 0 2 2 2
0.35 1 0 2.1 1 1
0.425 1 1 2.2 0 0 40
0.46 2 2 2.3 0 0
0.5 1 0 2.4 2 2
0.546 1 0 2.5 47 41
0.591 1 1 2.6 0 0
0.6 1 1 2.7 0 0 30
0.835 1 0 2.8 7 9
0.83562 7 0 2.9 0 1
0.84 1 1 3 3 8
0.84774 0 7 4 0 1
0.86 1 1 5 1 1
0.872 1 0 6 2 4 20
0.88 2 1 7 1 1
0.89 1 1 8 0 0
0.9 17 15 9 2 1
0.902 2 2 10 3 7
0.915 10 12 > 10 9 10 10
0.925 0 1 nn 5 5
0.917 0 2 mobile phone 2 1
0.918 2 1 163 163
0.945 1 1
1 1 1
0
1.05 1 0
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.2
0.1
0.6
1
1.2 2 2
1.22 1 1
1.25 2 2
1.3 4 5
1.5 2 0
1.6 1 1
1.7 1 1
1.748 1 1
1.8 3 5
1.9 2 2
2.06 1 1
2.375 2 1
2.39 0 1
2.4 0 0
2.42 1 0
2.45 46 41
2.75 0 3
2.8 7 6
2.86 0 1
2.88 0 0
2.95 1 1
2.97 0 1
3 2 6
3.1 0 1
4.2 1 1
5.5 1 1
5.6 1 3
5.8 0 0
6.45 1 1
7.1 0 0
8.4 1 0
8.42 1 1
9 0 0
9.3 3 3
9.4 0 1
9.6 0 3
9.7 0 0
10 0 0
10.4 0 0
10.7 0 1
12.4 0 1
15 0 1
17 0 1
27.12 0 0
37.5 0 0
40 1 0
42.19 0 0
42.2 1 1
53 0 0
54 1 0
72.2 2 1
mobile phone 2 1
78 2
76 1 1
nn 5 5
163 163
Number of publications per frequency
minimal frequency in the study
1.4 maximal frequency in the study
1.6
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.7
2.9
1.2
1.8
2
2.1
2.3
2.6
2.8
4
5
7
3
6
(up to) Frequency [GHz]
8
9
10
> 10
frequ.
frequ. number number
up to
[Hz] of publ. of publ.
[Hz]
0.00001 1 1 20
0.001 1
0.1 0 5 20
0.167 0 10 28 60
0.5 7 50 55
1 11 100 19
1.7 0 500 49
2 0 1000 29
2.5 4 5000 4 50
3 1 10000 3
4 12 upper 1
5 3 nn 47
6 7 275
7 1 MEHRFACHNENNUNGEN MÖGLICH!
40
8 10
9 2
10 8
11 1
11.1 1
30
12 1
13 2
16 22
17 1
21 1
22 2
20
25 2
30 1
32 4
40 1
50 16 10
60 2
75 2
80 1
83 0
100 14 0
110 1 1 5
138 2
200 3
217 19
250 5
300 1
350 0
370 1
400 1
413 1
500 15
555 1
600 2
700 1
710 1
769 1
935 1
1000 22
1200 1
2000 1
5000 2
6000 1
10000 2
30000 1
1E+12 0
nn 47
MEHRFACHN
ENNUNGEN
275 MÖGLICH!
Number of publications per
pulse repetition frequency (min.)
5 10 50 100 500 1000 5000 10000
(up to) frequency [Hz]
10000 upper nn
width
width number number
[µs] of publ.
up to
of publ. Number of public
[µs]
0.01 1 1 25
0.1 1 5 24 80
0.15 1 10 14
0.5 7 50 6
1 15 100 2
1.2 1 500 2 70
1.3 2 1000 8
1.5 1 5000 0
2 13 10000 4
2.7 2 50000 4 60
3 2 100000 0
5 3 500000 0
6 1
50
7.1 0 1000000 0
10 14 nn 74
10.9 0 163
20 3
40
30 3
60 1
65 1
100 1 30
500 2
570 5
576 2
577 1 20
580 1
750 1
2000 1
5000 1 10
4000 3
6000 2
6670 1
6700 1 0
9200 1 1 5 10 50 100
10000 1
15000 1
20000 1
25000 2
400000 0
750000 0
1000000 0
100
Number of publications per pulse width
100 500 1000 5000 10000 50000 100000 500000
(up to) pulse width [µs]
1000000 nn